Du Fu (712～770)
Poet of the Tang Dynasty. The words are beautiful. His ancestral home is Xiangyang (now part of Hubei), and he was born in Gong County, Henan. Because he once lived in Shaoling in the south of Chang'an City, he was recommended by Yan Wu as Jiedu staff officer in Chengdu and a member of the Ministry of Inspection and Engineering; later generations called him Du Shaoling, Du Gongbu.
Du Fu was born in a family with a "Confucianism and officialdom" and a literary tradition. He was the grandson of the famous poet Du Shenyan. He studied poetry at the age of 7 and became famous at the age of 15. After the age of 20, it can be divided into 4 periods.
From the 19th year of Kaiyuan (731) of Xuanzong to the fourth year of Tianbao (745), Du Fu lived a romantic life of "Qiu Ma Qing Kuang". He once roamed around Wuyue and Qi Zhao areas. During this period, he went to Luoyang to take the imperial examination and failed. In the third year of Tianbao's reign, he became close friends with Li Bai in Luoyang. They broke up the following autumn and never met again. There are more than 20 poems written by Du Fu in this period, most of them are Wulu and Wugu, represented by "Wang Yue".
From the fifth to the fourteenth year of Tianbao, Du Fu was trapped in Chang'an and was in poverty. He constantly devoted himself to powerful people in order to advance in officialdom. In the sixth year, he took the "Zhiju" examination; in the tenth year, he presented three "Da Li Fu" which were appreciated by Xuanzong and ordered the prime minister to test the articles; but there were no results. It was not until October of the 14th year, one month before the Anshi Rebellion, that he was appointed as the right guard and led the governor to join the army. The frustration of his official career and personal hardship forced him to realize the corruption of the rulers and the suffering of the people more objectively, making him gradually become a poet who cared about the country and the people. Creation has undergone profound and huge changes. It has produced immortal masterpieces such as "The Troops' Chariots", "The Beauty's Journey", "Out of the Fortress Before", "Out of the Fortress Behind", "Five Hundred Words of Praise for the Journey from Beijing to Fengxian County" and "The wine and meat in the Zhumen are smelly, and there are people who freeze to death on the road." Bones" is a warning. There are about 100 poems handed down from this period, most of which are ancient poems of five or seven characters.
From Suzong to Deyuanzai (756) to the second year of Qianyuan (759), the Anshi Rebellion was at its peak. Du Fu also went through many hardships, but his creative achievements were great. After the fall of Chang'an, he went north to Lingwu to defect to Su Zong, but was captured on the way and was trapped among thieves for nearly half a year. After risking his own life, he escaped from Chang'an and returned to Fengxiang. Soon after, he disobeyed the decree due to the housing case and almost died. After Chang'an was recovered, he returned to Beijing and took up his original post. In May 758, he was demoted to Huazhou Si Gong and joined the army, bidding farewell to Chang'an forever. During this period, Du Fu had a clearer understanding of reality, and successively wrote "Sorrowful Chen Tao", "Spring Outlook", "Northern Expedition", "Qiang Village", "Three Officials", "Three Farewells" and other handed down works. Masterpiece. In 759, there was a great famine in Guanfu. Du Fu was disappointed with politics. He resigned after the Beginning of Autumn and passed through Qinzhou and Tonggu before arriving in Chengdu at the end of the year. There are more than 200 poems handed down from this period, most of which are masterpieces of Du's poems.
In the 11 years from the first year of Shangyuan of Suzong (760) to the fifth year of Dali of Daizong (770), Du Fu stayed in Shuzhong for eight years and Jing and Xiang for three years. In the spring of 760, he built a thatched cottage by the Huanhua River in Chengdu and lived there on and off for five years. During this period, he was exiled to Zi and Langzhou due to chaos. In 765, when Yan Wu died, Du Fu lost his support and his family left Chengdu. He stayed in Yun'an due to illness and moved to Kuizhou in the late spring of the following year. He left the gorge in 768 and visited Jiangling and Gong'an before arriving in Yueyang at the end of the year. During the last two years of his life, he had no fixed place to live. Wandering between Yueyang, Changsha, Hengyang and Leiyang, most of the time was spent on the boat. In the winter of 770, Du Fu died on the ship from Changsha to Yueyang at the age of 59. Before his death, he wrote a 36-rhyme long poem "Lying on the Pillow and Reading in a Wind-Speed ??Boat", which contains the sentence "The blood of the battle still flows, and the sound of the army continues to this day", still thinking about the national disaster. In these 11 years, he wrote more than 1,000 poems (including more than 430 poems by Kuizhou), accounting for five-sevenths of all Du poems. Most of them are quatrains and verses, and there are also long arrangements. Famous works include "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind", "Hearing the Official Army Takes Henan and Hebei", "Eight Poems of Autumn", "Climbing High", "Another Present to Wu Lang", etc.
More than 1,400 Du poems exist. It profoundly reflects the overall social picture of the Tang Dynasty for more than 20 years before and after the Anshi Rebellion, and vividly records Du Fu's life experience; it closely combines social reality with personal life to achieve the perfect unity of ideological content and artistic form; it represents the development of Tang Dynasty poetry. The highest achievement. It is called "the history of poetry" by future generations. However, Du Fu did not objectively narrate and write history with poetry; instead, he expressed his subjective feelings through unique artistic means while deeply and extensively reflecting reality. As Pu Qilong said: "Shaoling's poems reflect one person's temperament, and the events of the three dynasties will be reflected in them" ("Du Xinjie"). Since the late Tianbao period, Du Fu has written a large number of political poems on current affairs. Short stories such as "Washing the Soldiers and Horses", "Feelings", "Beauty's Journey", "Three Quatrains", "Sick Orange", "Song of the Thatched House Broken by the Autumn Wind", "Wu Lang Presented Again", and long stories such as "Book of Kuizhou" Although their contents are different, they all combine personal emotions and facts, and have a strong lyrical color. There are a large number of war themes in Du's poems. Du Fu had different attitudes towards wars of different natures. Those that oppose the imperial court's excessive military force and consume the national power include "The Troops and Chariots" and "Going to the Foot of Houyuan Mountain Again"; those that support quelling the rebellion and resisting foreign aggression include "Two Poems of Watching the Western Soldiers Pass by Guanzhong and Standing for Order", "Guarding the Soldiers", and "At the End of the Year" "wait. The two poems "Before Leaving the Fortress" and "Later Leaving the Fortress" not only praised the heroic bravery of the soldiers, but also condemned the king's insatiable pursuit of borders and the arrogance and luxury of the general. They summarized the unfortunate fate of countless brave soldiers with the confession of a soldier. In "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", the poet sympathizes with the suffering of the people and resents the barbarian Latins; but with the enemy at hand and lack of troops, he can only endure the pain and tearfully comfort the conquered. It shows the sharp and complex conflicts in the author's heart. Du Fu has many poems praising nature.
The object of singing is often related to both oneself and current events. It is a blend of emotions, scenes and current events, not just a blend of situations. The most representative ones are "Spring Hope" and "Sword Gate".
Du Fu also has some poems that praise painting, music, architecture, dance, utensils and agricultural production, which also reflect the author's feelings and have the characteristics of the times. There are also some poems in Du Ji's poems, which are not strong in the atmosphere of the times and have relatively indifferent personal feelings, especially some poems written in thatched cottage in Chengdu. This is a manifestation of his state of mind after a long period of wandering and getting a temporary rest. In poems such as "Screen Traces", "For Farmers", "Field House", "Xu Bu", "Water Threshold Relieves Heart", "Back Tour", "Spring Night Joyful Rain", the poet has a deep appreciation for flowers, plants, trees, birds, animals, fish and insects. There is delicate observation, infinite love and profound understanding of the dynamics. It reflects another aspect of Du Fu's poetry and person. Most of Du Fu's poems about missing relatives and friends are sentimental and full of love. For example, "Moonlight Night" misses my wife, and "Moonlight Night Remembers My Brother" misses my younger brother. Among the many poems in memory of friends, the one in memory of Li Bai is the most prominent. From the time he broke up with Li Bai until his later years, there were 15 poems written in memory of or talking about Li Bai. It shows his admiration and friendship for Li Bai. Du Fu also used poetry to discuss poetry. In "Drama as Six Quatrains", "Odd Titles", and "Twelve Poems to Relieve Boredom" (Parts 4 to 8), he expressed the idea of ??"turning to multiple teachers" and "different genres as styles". The artistic proposition of abandoning the past and present and creating great poems by oneself. During the period when he was trapped in Chang'an and wandering in the southwest, in order to advance as an official and maintain his livelihood, Du Fu also wrote some poems with boring content and low style about giving gifts to the powerful and offering peace and entertainment. There are many five-character rhythms among them.
Du's poems are diverse in structure and have their own strengths. They work in various genres and are able to innovate and create new things. His five-character ancient poems integrate feelings, travels, and expressions of feelings; they are broad, profound, and capable of doing anything, opening up the realm of the Five Ancients in the Tang Dynasty; his representative works include "Five Hundred Words of Ode to the Heart from Beijing to Fengxian County", "Northern Expedition", "Qiang" "Village", "Gift to the Eight Imperial Guards", "Three Officials", "Three Farewells". Seven-character ancient poems are good at stating opinions, with bold and melancholy emotions, and a strange and steep style; such as "Song for Zheng Guangwen when Drunk", "Washing the Soldiers and Horses", "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind", "Song of the Year", etc. His five and seven-character rhyme poems are extremely skillful; the five rhymes include "Looking at Spring", "Walking with Li Bai at the End of the Day", "Back Tour", "Joyful Rain on a Spring Night", "Water Threshold to Heart", "Walking at Night", "Walking with Love at Night", "Climbing Yueyang Tower", seven rhymes such as "Xiang Shu", "Ye Lao", "Wen Guanjun took over Henan and Hebei", "Sufu", "White Emperor", "Five Poems of Generals", "Eight Poems of Qiuxing", "Climbing High" etc.; Tang Dynasty rhymed poetry rarely surpasses them. Du Fu also had many five-character rhymes and several seven-character rhymes, which greatly developed the rhymes. His "A Hundred Rhymes to the Guests of Zheng Supervisor and Li in Kui Mansion in Autumn" is 1,000 words long. However, Du Fu's rhymes also included many allusions and social works. His quatrains express emotions on the scene, reflect current events, and open up the argumentative style in the quatrains, which is a different approach and has made great contributions. The content of Du's poems is broad and profound, with sincere and rich emotions; artistically, it combines the culmination of classical poetry, and innovates and develops it; it greatly expands the field of poetry in terms of content and form, and has a wide impact on later generations. Du Fu was also revered as a saint of poetry by later generations. Du Fu lived in poverty throughout his life, and his poem "I have been suffering for hundreds of years, but I have never found a close friend" (Du Fu's "Southern Expedition"). However, after his death, he was highly praised by Fan Huang, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen, Bai Juyi and others. Du's poems had a profound influence on the literary and artistic thought of the New Yuefu Movement and Li Shangyin's modern allegorical poems about current events. But it was after the Song Dynasty that Du's poetry received widespread attention. Wang Yu, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu. Wen Tianxiang even regarded Du Fu's poems as the spiritual force to uphold national integrity. The influence of Du Shi, from ancient times to the present, has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art.
In the past thousand years, the trend of governing Du has been endless. In the Song Dynasty, there were many special books on the chronology, classification, and annotations of Du's poems, such as Wang Zhu's "Collection of Du Gongbu", Guo Zhida's "Jiujia Annotation of Du's Poems", Lu Bianci, and Cai Mengbi's "Du Gongbu Thatched Cottage Poetry Notes" ", "Divided Notes on Du Gongbu's Poems" edited by Xu Juren. There are more than a hundred annotations of Du's collections in later generations. The more popular ones include Qian Qianyi's "Annotation on Du Gongbu Collection", Qiu Zhao'ao's "Detailed Annotations on Du's Poems", Yang Lun's "Jingquan of Du's Poems", and Pu Qilong's "Reading Du Xinjie". Both the old and new "Book of Tang" contain Du Fu's original biography. After the two Song dynasties, there were very rich texts commenting on and explaining Du's poems in poetry notes. In 1964, Zhonghua Book Company compiled "Compilation of Classical Literature Research Materials: Du Fu Volume" and compiled "Parts of Tang and Song Dynasties". In the late Ming Dynasty, Wang Si published "Du Zui", and in the Qing Dynasty, Shi Hongbao published "Du Shi Shuo". In addition, Zhonghua Book Company also compiled the more important papers since the May 4th Movement into the "Collection of Research Papers on Du Fu". Biographies and new research monographs include Feng Zhi's "Biography of Du Fu", Xiao Difei's "Research on Du Fu", Fu Gengsheng's "On Du Fu's Poetry", and Zhu Dongrun's "A Narrative of Du Fu". More detailed chronologies include Wen Yiduo's "Chronicles of Mr. Shaoling" and the "Chronicles of Du Fu" from the Sichuan Literature and History Research Institute.