Generally speaking, topics are also set in four directions: content words, function words, personality expression and content induction. Score 12, generally set 3-4 questions.
Generally speaking, the last topic is evaluated from the perspective of the full text, so you should read the last topic first and have a general understanding of the article. Then, read the original text carefully and make a preliminary understanding with your own sense of language. In this process, words must be combined with the topic to understand.
The third step is to enter the actual problem-solving link: 1, the content word in classical Chinese. It is necessary to analyze the form and meaning of the content words examined.
Infer common words from the same pronunciation, connect with the context, deduce the meaning, and then bring the meaning given in the option into the original text. If you find that the language is fluent and reasonable, it means that the explanation is correct and there is no objection. Generally speaking, the definition of notional words that have never been heard is often correct, which is the interference of topic setting.
2. Function words in classical Chinese. Students must have practiced a lot of function words when preparing for the exam. When doing this topic, you must first determine the meaning of this word in other sentences you have encountered, and put this meaning in the sentences in the test questions for verification. If it makes sense, it should be correct.
3, personality performance questions. The first thing to find out is the option that can't express the required characters in the stem, and the interference option is excluded first.
When doing this problem, the common problem is arrogance. It is necessary to impose other people's personality or irrelevant personality on the protagonist and try to avoid such mistakes as much as possible. 4. Content induction questions.
First, find out the options in the text to explain the corresponding sentences, and then read them carefully to accurately grasp the original meaning. It should be noted that the mistakes in the wrong question options are often very detailed, mainly from the perspective of reverse order, making things out of nothing, confusing people's stories and so on.
First, to judge whether the added words are correct, which words should I focus on in the translation of complex notional words in ancient Chinese, and how to train myself to answer such questions. Use several methods: exclusion substitution (substituting the explanation given after it into the original text to see whether the sentence is correct or not, and incorrect is wrong) reasoning (using glyphs to push-that is, looking at the meaning revealed by the writing structure of the word, using grammar to push-that is, analyzing the sentence components that the word acts as to get its part of speech, and using context to push-that is, combining the contextual meaning of the text to understand the meaning of the word) Second, add some words with the same meaning and usage.
First, master the meaning and usage of 120 notional words 18 function words that are often tested in the college entrance examination. . .
2. How to review a classical Chinese text should be clearly explained in several steps, grasp the stage as a whole (1), and define the requirements and test sites.
Before reviewing the classical Chinese in the college entrance examination, we must take a class to explain the requirements of the classical Chinese college entrance examination and the relevant situation of the college entrance examination over the years, so that students can have an overall grasp. This will not only help to cultivate students' enthusiasm for review, but also enable students to know themselves and know each other, so as to be targeted.
1, general requirements: can read simple classical Chinese. The simple criteria are: (1) vocabulary: common words and sub-common words in classical Chinese.
(2) Grammatical structure: adopting common classical Chinese sentence patterns. (3) genre: non-professional academic works.
(4) Content: Unfamiliar knowledge of ancient culture or difficult background of ancient culture is rare, and allusions are rarely used. (5) Style: typical classical Chinese works (ancient vernacular is not included in the examination).
Mr. Liu once quoted four works of Mr. Wang, such as Mencius, Historical Records, Meng Qian Bi Tan and Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. 2. Specific test site requirements: (1), understanding ① Understand the meaning of common notional words in the text.
② Understand the usage of function words commonly used in classical Chinese. ③ Understand different sentence patterns and usages from modern Chinese (the college entrance examination in higher vocational colleges still involves understanding or translating the content of articles).
④ Understand and translate the sentences in the text. (2) Analysis and synthesis ① Select and extract the information in the text.
② Summarize the main points and central ideas. ③ Analyze and summarize the author's views and attitudes in the article.
(2) Firmly establish a knowledge tree and preliminarily master the basic knowledge involved in each test center. Through the study of junior high school and senior high school, students have accumulated some classical Chinese knowledge, but it is chaotic in their minds. At this time, students should be helped to firmly establish a knowledge tree of classical Chinese according to the test sites.
The main framework of knowledge tree includes words, words, sentence patterns and translation. Characters include pronunciation and font; Words include content words such as ancient and modern meanings, polysemy, flexible use of parts of speech (including causative, intentional, behavioral and other usages), function words such as adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and exclamations, and dual-class words such as conjunctions, synonymous compounds, compound words and compound function words and some disyllabic words with relatively fixed semantics; Sentences such as judgment sentences, passive sentences, inversion sentences, interrogative sentences, component ellipsis sentences, etc. Translation includes literal translation (primary) and free translation (secondary).
Firmly constructing the knowledge tree can make students have a more comprehensive and systematic overall grasp of classical Chinese, and the review is more targeted. So, how can we firmly establish a knowledge tree in students' minds? The author thinks that teachers should help students learn from bottom to top in about three weeks according to the trend of knowledge tree, and the content of learning should be comprehensive to help students remember and understand initially.
Take the test sites for learning content words as an example. The contents are as follows: (1) Analyze the test sites; Review the college entrance examination questions about this test center in recent 23 years and understand its examination methods; More importantly, it is necessary to summarize the basic knowledge involved in this test center (such as monosyllabic words, polysemous words, flexible use of parts of speech, ancient and modern different meanings, interchangeable words, etc.). ), and the entry work should be done carefully. For example, for 120, we should sum up their common meanings and find as many examples as possible to confirm them. The study, combing and induction of other test sites are also roughly the same.
Second, the stage of consolidating the knowledge of classical Chinese in textbooks In the current tense review preparation, many teachers and candidates often ignore textbooks when reviewing classical Chinese. Some candidates believe that the classical Chinese examination in the college entrance examination comes from extracurricular activities, and there is no need to spend too much effort on the classical Chinese in the textbook; Some teachers only pay attention to the systematic review of the syllabus in the test center, but do not pay full attention to the teaching materials.
In the practice of college entrance examination counseling and interpretation of college entrance examination papers, the author deeply understands that this is undoubtedly a practice of abandoning the characters in textbooks. First, it is most important to learn classical Chinese and cultivate a sense of language.
Only by reading more and accumulating over time can we gradually understand and master the language characteristics of classical Chinese. With the gradual enhancement of the sense of language in classical Chinese, your sense of language in classical Chinese will naturally form.
The classical Chinese in the textbook is the most classic, concentrated and standardized, which is carefully screened by experts and scholars and arranged in the middle school textbook. If we study through these articles, we should say that we have basically laid a foundation for one's classical Chinese.
If you reread and consolidate all the classical Chinese in the textbook before the exam, or even recite it once, and then review the notes after the text several times to deepen your memory, it will definitely be of great benefit to the college entrance examination! Second, the proposition principle of the college entrance examination should be based on the knowledge points in the textbook, and the proposer will never choose articles from outside the textbook to test the questions. In the final analysis, the college entrance examination is the transfer and extension of textbook knowledge to extracurricular activities, and it is to examine the level and ability of students to use textbook knowledge to solve extracurricular problems.
In other words, the topic is outside the classroom and the answer is in the classroom. The assessment content of classical Chinese is nothing more than content words, function words, sentence patterns, translation and understanding. As long as we have a good grasp of the content words, function words and sentence patterns appearing in textbooks, it is not difficult to assess these knowledge points in the college entrance examination, and it is easy to understand and translate classical Chinese after the college entrance examination.
Looking at the college entrance examination questions in recent years, they all have the above characteristics. This paper briefly analyzes the reading of classical Chinese in the college entrance examination in Guangdong Province in 2006.
The first question is this: the incorrect interpretation of the words added in the following sentence is A. A reassuring promise that people can help others in an emergency. B. As my mother said, she went to see C. Tan Xie and refused to accept it. My mother apologized for her great difficulties. Give her mother food and hug her mother ... The word "Xie" in item C is a common content word with multiple meanings. Such as the peacock flying southeast: "Xie Mu Matchmaker".
According to the original text, Chang Yungong's mother Zhang wanted to take refuge in her son's friend Tan Jingxian, but she was not accepted. Finally, she had to go to Jinling to find Du Yiyuan. It can be concluded that "thank you" should mean "decline" rather than "apology". The "one" in item B only means "go and arrive". According to the context, Changmu followed someone to see Tan Jingxian, so it was interpreted as "going".
3. Seek the common sense of classical Chinese in the college entrance examination, sum up the common sense of literature, don't confuse it, and always pay attention to distinguish some easily confused knowledge, such as remembering some literary thoughts and representative figures of different schools; The recitation of famous sentences and articles ultimately depends on dictation on paper. When reviewing, we must combine recitation with dictation, and we must be careful when dictation, so as not to make mistakes such as typos, missing words and inverted sentences. Also pay attention to punctuation and tone.
This testing center is up to standard. 1. "Where the soul evokes, vanilla will give birth to three families; At that time, Xiang Liu should know the heart of Jiuge. This couplet is about () A. Jia Yi B. Zhuge Liang C. Qu Yuan D. Wen Tianxiang Answer: C. (The couplets are embedded with the names of Qu Yuan's poems "Evocation of Soul" and "Nine Songs", and Qu Yuan's poems use herbs as a metaphor for noble qualities. Qu Yuan was exiled in Xiangjiang River and Yuanjiang River.
From the content point of view, it is consistent with Qu Yuan. Emotionally, I expressed my regret and sympathy. ) 2. The following works, writers and countries (or dynasties) are all correct: () A. Journey to the West-Wu Cheng'en-Divine Comedy in Ming Dynasty-Dante-German B. Garden in the Mirror-Li Ruzhen-Tom in Ming Dynasty? The Adventures of Sawyer-Mark? Twain-American C. The West Chamber-Wang Shifu-Don Juan in Yuan Dynasty-Byron-Englishman D. Peach Blossom Fan-Kong Renshang-Red and Black in Qing Dynasty-Mo Bosang-French Answer: C (A A. Dante, the author of Divine Comedy, is Italian, not German; B. Li Ruzhen, the author of "Jing Hua Yuan", is from the Qing Dynasty, not the Ming Dynasty; The author of Red and Black is French Stendhal, not Mo Bosang.
(13) "One father and three sons are great writers, handed down from generation to generation, and Emei has a high proportion of * * *." The "three fathers and sons" in this poem are () A. Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi B. Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe C. Ban Biao, Ban Gu, Ban Chao D. Du Fu, Du Mu and Du Xunhe. Answer: b) A poem in the stem is written by Comrade Zhu De for Susan Temple in Sichuan, and the correct answer should be B.
In item A, although Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are also great writers, they also have poems that have been handed down to this day, but they do not conform to the content of "Emei is higher than * * *" in the poem. In item C, although Ban Biao, Ban Gu and Ban Chao are three fathers and sons, Ban Biao and Ban Gu are both famous for their historiography, while Ban Chao is a celebrity, which is inconsistent with the content of "all great writers" in the poem.
Du Fu, Du Mu and Du Xunhe in Item D are not father and son, and they are even less poetic. )。
4. How to review the classical Chinese in the college entrance examination? The first step, from the first year of high school, every time you finish learning a book, during the winter and summer vacations, students are required to review and recite all the articles that are required to be recited during the holidays (there are also teachers' requirements here), and recite them in exercise books for three years.
This is a step to clarify the key points, aiming at memorizing the key points, forming the interactive effect of oral writing and enhancing memory. Second, in the first half semester of senior three, read all the classical Chinese titles of 1-6 textbook by morning reading (it is best not to include ancient poems and operas at this time, and it will be better if these two parts are reviewed separately). The order is 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 6, and read three mornings every week.
Students are required to read each article twice, with notes in the first time, with the emphasis on reading notes and explaining the meaning; The second time, read through the whole article. If you have recited it, review it again. The reason why they are arranged in the previous order is to improve the review efficiency (generally, the fifth volume will be talked about in the third year of high school, and the sixth volume will be talked about in about two months, so that these two volumes can be reviewed in time).
This step focuses on students' personal activities, and the teacher only gives guidance. The purpose is to familiarize yourself with the content of the text, and on the surface, try to enhance your sense of language and familiarity. Step 3: At the end of last semester in Senior Three, teachers and students spend one month in class reviewing the texts one by one.
This step is the most critical step, especially the deepening and perfection of the second step. Ask the teacher to prepare lessons carefully. Formally, it seems to be speaking classical Chinese, but in essence, the teacher must be familiar with the knowledge points of every classical Chinese in the whole set of textbooks. When reviewing in class, we should come up with the essentials, draw inferences from others, pay attention to the connection between knowledge and practice, sum up the rules and teach them to fish.
Therefore, in this review process, we must highlight the key points, make each lesson useful, and fully reflect the continuity and relevance of the knowledge system, as well as the spirit of taking methods in class and using them after class. Only in this way can we achieve a qualitative leap from the accumulation of quantity, a deep understanding from superficial familiarity, and then use it calmly.
5. How to learn Chinese well in senior high school (mainly classical Chinese and reading) Learning classical Chinese is three points: reading more, reciting more and practicing more.
The ancients learned classical Chinese by heart.
You can sing even if you can't write poetry! Although we don't have to shake our heads like the ancients, their habit of attaching importance to reading is undoubtedly worth learning and learning from. When we say "read more", we should not only read textbooks, but also read books. If there is an opportunity, we should also read as many classical Chinese works as possible, such as "
"、"
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Wait, expand your horizons as much as possible. "Multi-memorization" means that all texts required to be memorized should be memorized.
Recite, it is best to write it down word by word, or even
Don't make a mistake! But don't think it's just "rote learning". If you can stick to it, then, imperceptibly, you will naturally master ancient language habits and
Method, your ability to read classical Chinese will naturally be cultivated. "Practice more" means to mention
One of the shortcuts to oral and reading ability is not only to finish the after-class training seriously, but also to do more classification training of related words and expressions, so as to broaden our horizons and improve our comprehensive quality.
My classical Chinese has always been good, and I almost got full marks in the college entrance examination that year. I think the main reason is that I have a good sense of language, because I like reading many books about history, so I generally know a little, plus I usually remember a little key words, right.
,
,
I have a good command of classical Chinese, but I didn't touch it because I graduated from college. I slowly forgot it, and now I forget a lot.
Reading comprehension learning:
Reading comprehension is also a major item in the college entrance examination. I think it is necessary to expand my reading and cultivate my sense of language. Reading comprehension generally summarizes the general idea of the article or the role of a sentence in the article. . . In fact, just understand the author's writing intention and the general idea of the article.
Chinese learning is an accumulation process, and it is impossible to advance by leaps and bounds. So only down-to-earth is the best way.
Expand reading, including modern Chinese, classical Chinese, poetry and China history. This is of great help to reading, poetry appreciation, composition and classical Chinese learning. The more you read, the stronger your sense of language. Some questions can be answered without asking why.
6. Reading Skills of Classical Chinese The focus of learning classical Chinese is mainly on the pronunciation, sentence breaking, sentence meaning understanding, reciting exquisite paragraphs and summarizing the main points of the article. In recent years, in order to better improve the reading ability of classical Chinese, simple reading of classical Chinese outside textbooks has been expanded.
Study guide: 1. Correct pronunciation with the help of textbooks and reference books. Rare words in classical Chinese; Polysyllabic words; Common words; Ancient name; Place names still retain ancient characters.
These are the key points of study. 2. Learn to read aloud on the basis of understanding the meaning of the sentence, and pause between words according to the meaning. In ancient Chinese, monosyllabic words were mostly used to express the meaning, so don't misread two adjacent monosyllabic words as compound words in modern Chinese.
Long sentences can be broken according to the context, and the modal particles at the beginning of the sentence can be paused. 3. Understand the meaning of the sentence ① Understand the meaning of the sentence with the help of text notes and reference books.
② Understand the changes of ancient and modern meanings and correctly understand the meaning of sentences. ③ Understand the meaning of the sentence in the context.
4. If you want to recite beautiful paragraphs quickly and remember them firmly, you should first read the text correctly, word by word, without losing words, and read them carefully word by word. After reading it, you should consider reciting it. The most important thing for a new text is to read it correctly first, otherwise it is difficult to correct the habit of reading the wrong place. Secondly, reading comprehension, only by understanding the content can we recite it accurately.
Third, when reciting a long article, you can divide it into small paragraphs and "break it all". Fourth, with the help of association and body movements, help students memorize.
Fifth, continuous review, no one can remember at once, and planned repeated training can enhance memory. Sixth, recite the central difficulties and mistakes, and focus on writing notes.
5. Summary of the main points of the content According to the content of the article, questions are generally asked: Who wrote it, described what, introduced what characteristics, and expounded what kind of truth. To answer these questions, we must understand the article sentence by sentence, layer by layer and paragraph by paragraph. The reading method is the same as modern Chinese. Although classical Chinese is far from our life, its study has a clear scope. No matter which knowledge topic, it is mainly textbooks. Therefore, as long as ordinary students are willing to work hard, their grades in classical Chinese will be better.
7. What is the secret of reading ancient Chinese in the college entrance examination? It's best to give an example. Thank you. Analysis of ancient Chinese reading in college entrance examination over the years.
In recent two years, there are two kinds of reading questions in ancient Chinese in the spring exam Chinese volume: one is art (painting) criticism; Another problem is the comparative reading of two narrative essays, the latter is the reading of narrative characters. The contents of the test are: 1, function word analysis; 2. Interpretation of notional words; 3. Understanding and functional analysis of idioms; 4. Sentence translation and feature comparison; 5, article induction; 6. Characteristic understanding; 7. Short-term expansion and play; 8. Common words.
The test questions involve most of the main points of classical Chinese reading in senior high school, so the study and review must be solid and comprehensive. Let's give some examples to illustrate: Reading questions in the spring exam in 2002 (6) Read the following and complete questions 23-26 A.
Zhao Xiang mainly studied in the period of the Prince, followed by the period of Russia and Asia, and then followed by the period of the Three Horses and Three Empresses. He said to the master, "I haven't finished teaching you bending."
He said: "I have used up all my skills, but if I use them, I will pass." Where is the royal family? Only when the horse is comfortable in the car and the people's hearts turn to the horse can we move forward quickly and far-reaching.
Now the monarch wants to arrest the minister, but he dare not arrest the minister first. And the heart is in the minister, why turn to the horse? The reason why this gentleman came later. "
B. If you want to taste the fish in Cross Creek, you can kill two fish with one stone, and the first fish is the easiest to get. When B died that day, he got a pole and asked A, "The bait is the same, and the water he caught is the same. What's the difference? " A said, "When we went fishing, we knew there were fish but I didn't know there were fish. Our eyes are fixed and our spirit remains unchanged. The fish forgot it was me, so it was easy to catch it.
Zi Yi fish, Mu Yi fish, God changes, fish dies. what do you think of it ? "B for its teaching, even take several fish. I sighed and said, "What's the purpose! It means almost Tao. "
23. Write down the meaning of adding some words in the following sentence: Three horses are easy to get, and three days later, today's monarch, he wants to catch Minister B, and what he gets is also about fish. 24. Compare the words added in the following two groups of sentences and choose the right one. ① Too much use/throwing pole to ask A, ① Same meaning, ② Different meaning, ② Same meaning, C, ① Different meaning, ① Different meaning. In the performance of the characters, dialogue is the main part in paragraph A, and there is also dialogue in paragraph B, so the narrative is more complete. These two articles contain the same principles and can be summarized as follows.
Answering 23 questions depends on knowledge accumulation, simple grammatical analysis and sentence meaning understanding. "Yi" is often used as an adjective, meaning "easy and simple"; When used as a verb, it means ① "despise and underestimate", ② "trade and exchange" and ③ "change and change".
The word "one" in this sentence is a verb, and the sentence should be "change, change" The common meanings of "arrest" in ancient Chinese include ① grasping and arresting, ② catching up and catching up, ③ matching, matching (table comparison) and so on. See the sentence is racing, driving, it should be 2 to "catch up" and "catch up".
"Jing" in ancient Chinese means "unexpected", "complete" and "finished", while "Jing Ri" means "all day". In ancient Chinese, "one" has two basic usages: a verb and a noun, which mean "expectation" and "intention, mind and hope" respectively. The sentence is related to fishing, and "one" is the subject of the sentence, so it should mean "intention", "purpose", "wish" and "hope".
Therefore, we must pay attention to accumulation, master the usage of common notional words, and learn to do grammatical analysis and contextual analysis. The analysis of function words commonly used in exams also needs knowledge accumulation and grammatical analysis.
The common usage of "er" in ancient Chinese is as a conjunction, or as a sequential connection, or as a turning point, or as a juxtaposition, or as a modification, and sometimes "er" also passes through "er"; "Dan" is a conjunction in modern Chinese, but it is an adverb in ancient Chinese, meaning "only, only". The words "Ze" and "Nai" in the second paragraph have the function of connection, but "If you use them, you will pass them" has a turning point with "You have exhausted your skills" in the text, and this word "Ze" means "lack". "Nai is seeking answers" and the last article are serialized, and this "Nai" means "then, then".
Judging from this, the meanings of "then" and "nai" in ② are different, so C is chosen. Knowledge accumulation and grammatical analysis are essential to solve translation problems such as 25 questions, otherwise it is difficult to accurately translate sentences into modern Chinese.
What we should pay special attention to here are: interchangeable words, compound words with partial meanings, different meanings in ancient and modern times, flexible use of parts of speech, special sentence patterns and fixed compound words. The word "zhi" in "I haven't finished bending" is between the subject and the predicate, so it doesn't need translation.
"Yu" means "driving" rather than "riding", "unfinished" means "teaching", and the sentence should be "ba", so it can be translated as "you haven't taught me the driving skills completely". Therefore, it is very important to grasp the usage characteristics of words and the structural characteristics of sentences in order to translate ancient Chinese sentences well.
A brief analysis of the writing characteristics and text meaning of 26 questions. To answer such questions, we must first understand the article, then grasp the main points and characteristics, and then carefully examine the questions to be targeted.
The first unprecedented sentence in question 26 is both restrictive and suggestive. The previous sentence also said "different", so what is different from "one party" must be "two parties" or "many parties", and the observation article is determined as "comparison between the two parties"
The second space should pay attention to "expression of characters", that is, "how to express characters" (description). The latter sentence has "narration" and the former sentence has "dialogue of characters", so this space must not be filled with "narration". Looking at the article, it is easy to determine that it is "action description".
The third space is to summarize the similarities between the two texts, which requires us to grasp the key sentences. There is a rhetorical question in article A: "Since the priority lies with the minister, why should we focus on the horse?" Emphasize that the "heart" should be in the horse.
There are "eyes don't blink, god doesn't change" and "sigh" sentences in article B, emphasizing that "meaning" can't move. The similarities between the two are naturally "concentration", "concentration" and "no distraction".
To sum up, the study and review of ancient Chinese must pay attention to accumulation, analyze the accumulated knowledge and grasp its basic characteristics. On this basis, we should carry out appropriate training, learn grammar and context analysis, grasp ideological content and appreciate artistic characteristics in training, and fundamentally improve the reading ability of ancient Chinese.