Fan Zhongyan is a famous strategist, politician, official to deputy prime minister. He understood the people's sufferings and the political, economic and military problems in the Song Dynasty, and advocated eliminating the accumulated disadvantages, but failed to achieve it. Fan Zhongyan's poems are only five, but they add fresh content and open up the artistic conception with a broad mind, such as "Fisherman's Passion, Qiu Lai Scenery":
The scenery in Qiu Lai is different, and Hengyang Goose is unknown. Around, the sound of the horn sounded, thousands of miles away, and the long smoke closed.
A glass of turbid wine is Wan Li's home, but Ran Yan hasn't come home yet. Qiang tube covered with frost, people do not sleep. The general was white-haired and in tears.
It depicts the vast scenery of the frontier fortress and the feelings of recruiting talents to serve the country. The style of ci is desolate and tragic, and it is the first of its kind.
Zhang Xian was once the magistrate of Anlu County and was called "Zhang Anlu". His poems are as famous as Yan Shu and Ouyang Xiu, and his slow words are as famous as Liu Yong. Zhang Xi 'an was infatuated with romance all his life, especially liked to use the word "shadow" to express the obscurity and charm of natural scenery, and was awarded the title of "Zhang Sanying" because of famous sentences such as "clouds break the moon and show shadows".
Zhang Xian took the lead in using prefaces in ci, which broke the traditional formula of words without title and tone, strengthened the directionality and detail of ci description, and some prefaces were marked with the words "send, farewell and gift", which made ci have poetic singing and response functions.
Wang Anshi is good at all aspects of poetry. Although there are not many words, he is also good at it, such as his masterpiece "Guizhixiang". The biggest change of Wang Anshi's ci is that he began to melt into the deep historical sentiment of politicians. For example, his word "Guizhixiang" reposes the reflection of the landscape on the rise and fall of the Six Dynasties, with picturesque scenery and lofty artistic conception.
Liu Yong was the first person who really began to change the style of Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty, and achieved the greatest success. Liu Yong took part in the imperial examination when he was young, but he failed many times. Liu Yong, who was disheartened, began to associate with geisha frequently and went deep into their lives. Later, he wrote all these vivid life contents into his own words.
By the age of 50, Liu Yong was finally admitted to the Jinshi, and then worked as a small official in the local area several times, but his life was still unsatisfactory.
Liu Yong's Action Collection contains more than 200 words. He was the first poet who devoted himself to the creation of Ci since the Northern Song Dynasty, and had a great influence on Song Ci in many aspects, such as system, theme and artistic techniques.
As a professional poet, Liu Yong is proficient in temperament and can create the tunes of ci. Among more than 880 songs used in Song Ci, more than 65,438+000 songs were first used by Liu Yong.
In the history of ci poetry, Liu Yong not only created new tunes, but also created slow ci poetry, which fundamentally changed the situation that Xiaoling unified ci poetry since the Tang and Five Dynasties, and separated the two styles of Xiaoling and slow ci poetry.
Slow words lengthen the length of words, ranging from eight or nine crosses to one or two hundred words, greatly expanding the capacity of words and improving the ability of words to express life, emotions and freehand brushwork. Liu Yong played an important role in this respect.
As Song Xiangfeng pointed out in the remains of Yuefu in Qing Dynasty:
"Qing frustrated without slang, touching the square song, then put all the common sayings into words, so that people can learn it, which is pleasant to hear and spread everywhere. Later, Dongpo, Shaoyou and Gu Dynasty made works one after another, and slow words flourished. "
Liu Yong expanded the expressive theme of Ci. He used to wander around the brothels in Gelou, writing lyrics for prostitutes and letting them sing for the public on various occasions. The lyrics reflect the love life of citizens, and write out the anguish of lovelorn women and the bitterness of being abandoned.
Because Liu Yong actively adapts to the literary needs of public life, his ci works are widely circulated among the people, so that "where there is well water to drink, Liu Ci can sing".
Liu Yong has traveled to many cities all his life and has a deep understanding of the prosperity of cities and the colorful life of citizens in the Northern Song Dynasty. His book Watching the Tide of the Sea is Better than the Southeast describes the urban landscape of Hangzhou with beautiful scenery, dense population, rich commodities and active citizens:
Southeast shape wins, Wujiang is a metropolis, and Qiantang has been prosperous since ancient times. Smoke willow painting bridge, wind curtain and green curtain, interlaced with 100 thousand people. Clouds and trees surround the bank and sand. The raging waves roll with frost and snow, and the natural hazards are endless. The city is full of jewels, and every household in Luo Qi is competing for beauty.
Thick lakes overlap and are clear. There are Sanqiu cassia seed and Shili Lotus. Qiang tube clear sky in Wan Li, night, enjoy the lotus. A thousand riders have high teeth. Drunk to listen to the flute and drum, enjoy the haze. The map of the future will be good. I will go back to Fengchi to boast.
Liu Yong injected fresh elements into the creative content of Ci, and at the same time made innovations in writing skills, which made great contributions to the development of Ci.
In order to fill the slow words, Liu Yong also developed a series of expression techniques, such as not only writing the feelings of a certain moment, a certain scene and something like Xiao Ling, but opening and closing the ups and downs and spreading the words, so that the words developed from simple feelings to complex processes, reflecting the multiplicity of levels.
Liu Yong is good at combining narrative, lyricism and scenery writing, comprehensively expressing, especially lyricism with scenery. When expressing the theme of travel and service, he is especially good at expressing frustration and bitterness through bleak autumn scenery, so as to coordinate the external picture with the internal feelings.
In addition, Liu Yong is also good at describing scenery, psychology and movements in detail, and is good at describing typical scenes and dramatic moments to enhance the narrative effect. Such as "Yulin Ridge, cold and sad":
The cicadas in autumn are so sad and urgent, facing the pavilion, it is in the evening and a sudden rain has just stopped. Farewell outside Kyoto, but not in the mood to drink, reluctant to leave, the people on board have been urging to start. Holding hands and staring at tears, I was speechless. Missing thousands of miles of smoke and waves, the evening is heavy.
Emotional parting has existed since ancient times, and it is more comparable. It is also a cold autumn festival. Who knows where I am when I am awake tonight? Fear is just the edge, facing the sad morning wind and the setting sun of the waning moon. This is a long time, people who love each other are not together, and I even expect to be satisfied with the good weather and scenery in name only. Even if it is full of emotions, who can enjoy it together?
Ci used the narrative technique of combining metaphor with lyricism, which played a complementary role. Write not only the background, process and scene of parting, but also the sadness, nostalgia and depression during and after parting, with complex and distinct levels; Sometimes scenes give birth to emotions, and sometimes emotions are turned into scenes, which realizes a high degree of combination of scenes and depicts a series of details such as "holding hands to see tears", which is a faint contrast.
Liu Yong is a writer who combines elegant and popular writing styles. He made many useful explorations in the field of Ci, which greatly promoted the development of Song Ci.