Chen Shidao's literary achievements mainly lie in his poetry creation. He himself said: there was no poetic method at the beginning of poetry, and when I saw Huang Tingjian's poems later, I couldn't put it down. I burned my past poems together and learned from Huang. The two of them pushed each other. Jiangxi Poetry School listed Huang Tingjian, Chen Shidao and Chen Yuyi as three schools. In fact, Chen Shidao only studied Huang Tingjian's poetic style for a period of time. Later, he found that Huang Tingjian was too strange, not as strange as DUZH's encounter with things (The Story of the Hills), so he devoted himself to learning from Du Fu. Huang Tingjian also expressed admiration for what he achieved by learning from Du Fu. He once told Wang Yun that Chen Shidao's composition was well aware of the key points of the ancients, and his poems won the syntax of Lao Du, so today's poets can't be regarded as well (Wang Yun's Collection of Mountains after the Topic).
Generally speaking, Chen Shidao's poems are influenced by Huang Tingjian, so he has to write poems without a word or origin. However, his knowledge is not as good as Huang Tingjian's, and he needs to tear down the east and make up the west (The Second Rhyme Su Gong Migrates Fish in the West Lake), which inevitably seems exhausted. On the other hand, learning from Du Fu is only dedicated to formal meter, so although it can be similar in form, it often lacks Du Fu's deep vigor. His success in learning Du Fu is the five-seven-character poems, for example, what to do at the end of the year, and the guests in front of the lamp are not empty. In half a life of worry, there is nothing in a dream. Short hair and sorrow make you white, while bad face and wine make you red. I sing and dance, and I am just the same ("Give a little chapter to wine except night"); There is no monk and swallow writer in the old house. I want to go out and laugh, but I don't want to return to my temples to chase the dust. The wind turns the spider's web on three sides, and the thunder beehive takes advantage of two official positions. I have repeatedly lost my appointment with my neighbors in spring, but so far I have not blossomed ("Spring shows my neighbors"). The former can show his efforts in following the syntax of Du Fu's poems, while the latter is similar to the physique of Du Fu's poems. His description of the Five Classics is hard, requiring his own creation of words and meanings, but his bluntness still does not break away from the habits of Jiangxi School. He also has some poems with simple feelings, such as "Showing Three Sons", in which he is so happy that he can't speak, and tears are exhausted; What's the use of fame? Don't worry about it ("Send my uncle, Doctor Guo, and give him a sentence"). The latter poem exhorted my uncle, and Fang Hui was rated as a person who learned from Lao Du, who was dry and thin, with deep feelings ("Ying Kui Lv Mu"). Some of his poems are dull and tasteful, for example, books are easy to read, and guests can't come (quatrains); There are also romantic and colorful ones, such as: the spring breeze is always closed in Yongxiang, and the brothel is named by mistake. I don't hesitate to take a look at the roller shutter, for fear that your eyes are not clear ("Song Xing"), but it is rare. According to legend, he works very hard in poetry, travels at ordinary times, and when he has poetic thoughts, he rushes back to his quilt and lies down, and his poetry becomes successful. Sometimes I groan for days and hate to hear people's voices, so Huang Tingjian calls it a closed door to find a sentence that Chen has no self ("Jingjiang Pavilion is a matter of illness"). This serious creative attitude is worthy of recognition, but his poems are not deep enough and sometimes difficult.
Chen Shidao is quite boastful of his ci, claiming that his other works are not as good as others, and that he is unique in his ci, claiming that he will not lose the Qin Dynasty's seven yellow nine (After Old Ci). However, his existing works, few of which are wonderful, cannot match his own evaluation. His prose is more successful, and Ji Yun rated it as simple and rigorous, but it was not under Li Ao and Sun Qiao (The Catalogue of Sikuquanshu).
Chen Shidao has "Poems on the Back Mountain", which puts forward that Ning Zhuo's poems are not clever, rather simple and unpretentious, rather coarse and not weak, rather eccentric and not vulgar, which is still in line with Huang Tingjian's opinion. He also said: those who are good at writing are surprised by things, and the trip to the river is just smooth. When it hits the mountain and goes to the valley, the wind is exciting, and then the world changes. The relationship between the odd and the right is quite insightful, but unfortunately his creative practice is not consistent with his own theory. Due to the dissatisfaction with Su Shi, Huang Tingjian and Qin Guan in this book, the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu thinks that it is not a teacher's language, but it seems to be too rigid. But there are things after Chen Shidao's death in the book, which should be supplemented by later generations. Zhang Lei was born in Qiaoxian County, Bozhou (now Bozhou City, Anhui Province) and later moved to Chuzhou (now Huai 'an). He said in "Thinking of Huai Pavilion" that "it is also for Huainan people, who have been strong since childhood and are accustomed to Huai and enjoy it." Grandfather worked in Fujian, and after his father was a scholar, he traveled around the country, from the official to the judge of the third department. Because he was old, he begged to leave Beijing to be the magistrate of Wujiang. Mother Li Wenan. Grandfather Li Zongyi first took Zuolang as the magistrate of Qiaoxian County, and became an official, a minister, and a foreign minister. He knew about military affairs, and he was very famous for his poems and was good at writing poems, which was deeply appreciated by the great poet Yan Shu at that time. It is in this kind of family that Zhang Lei was influenced by orthodox feudal poetic rites since he was a child. In addition, he was educated as a "scholar in Shanyang". When he was a teenager, he showed his inspiration for writing. "Ten years old is good for writing" ("A Letter to a bosom friend"), and at the age of seventeen, he wrote "Letter to Guan Fu" to tell the story of the population. Since then, he studied in Chen Zhou and was deeply loved by Su Zhe, who was in Chen Weixue Palace at that time. In the fourth year of Xining (171), Su Shi came to Chen Zhou to say goodbye to his brother before he became the general judge of Hangzhou. Zhang Lei was able to see Su Shi and was very popular. Since then, he has become a guest of the Su brothers, and under the recommendation of Dongpo, he should be promoted to Gusu. In the sixth year of Xining (173), when Zhang Lei was 2 years old, he was promoted by Shen Zongqin, and Wang Anshi was responsible for giving the master book to Linhuai (now Sixian County, Anhui Province) and began to enter his official career. In the eighth year of Xining, Su Shi built a "transcendental platform" in Mizhou, and Zhang Lei wrote the "Transcendental Platform Fu". Su Shi called him "transcendental and peerless" and had the spirit of showing outstanding people. "His prose was indifferent to Wang Yang, and there was a voice of singing and sighing" (Answering Zhang Wenqian's book), which was the beginning of their poetic communication. Before and after, Zhang Lei sang with Qin Guan and Chao Buzhi, and became intimate friends.
From the sixth year of Xining to the eighth year of Yuanfeng (173-186), Zhang Lei worked as a county magistrate and a county official in Anhui and Henan for more than ten years, and because of his full rank, he constantly changed his official position and traveled between Beijing and Luoyang, which made him particularly hard for politics. "I'm pedantic and clumsy, and I've been trapped in a micro-official for ten years" ("Mourning for the Past"), and "I'm floating in solitude, marrying my wife, eating everywhere, and I don't know where to go" ("The Book of Assistant Minister Shang Cai") is about this experience. Zhang Lei was an honest official. He wanted to support his parents and children with his meager salary, and he was indifferent to his life. However, bad luck came frequently, and his parents and ex-wife passed away one after another. His family went from bad to worse, and he was financially strapped and embarrassed.
in the eighth year of Yuanfeng (4185), the God Sect collapsed, and the young philosopher Sect ascended the throne, supporting the old party's high queen mother to listen to politics, and started to use Sima Guang, Su Shi and Su Zhe, who were sent to Beijing one after another. In the first year of Yuanyou (186), Fan Chunren, the minister, recommended Zhang Lei to take the examination of the College. Huang Tingjian, Chao Buzhi and others were recommended to take the exam this time, which was put forward by Su Shi, a bachelor of Hanlin. As a result of the exam, all three of them were promoted, and Zhang Lei was appointed as the secretary of the province. Later, his works were reviewed by Zuo Lang, Secretary Cheng and History Museum, until he lived in the shed. In the spring of the second year of Yuanyou (187), Su Shi presided over the tribute ceremony of the Ministry of Rites, and Zhang Lei was hired as a paper reading officer, and entered the examination institute to check the examination papers. In the third year of Yuanyou (188), Qin Guan was called to the capital, served as a doctor of Imperial College, a secretary of correction, and also joined Su Shi. In his spare time, he or she held a wine party with Zhang Lei, or toured places of interest in Kyoto, sang poems, painted inscriptions, and encouraged each other. * * * was nurtured by Su Shi. This is an unforgettable happy time for them, and it is also a great event in the literary world of the Northern Song Dynasty. They "write a poem in one article, and people struggle to tell it, and the price of paper is expensive." After eight years in the pavilion, Zhang Lei had a chance to browse the national library, and lived a life of "books piled up by the pillow, and the compilation was self-dependent", and his literary scholarship was also improving day by day.
after Song Zhezong took office, the new party gained power and tried its best to retaliate against Yuan You's old minister. With the demotion of Su Shi and others, Su Men's disciples were also implicated. In the year of Shaosheng Yuan (194), Zhang Lei moved to Xuanzhou (now Xuancheng) and Shaosheng for four years (197) to demote the wine tax supervision of Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei) and then demote the wine tax supervision of Fuling County in Fuzhou (Song place name, in today's Guangxi). In the second year of Yuanfu (199), Huangzhou was sentenced. Song Huizong acceded to the throne, 47-year-old Zhang Lei was once called Taichang Shaoqing, and later was enabled as Yanzhou, Yingzhou (now Fuyang) Zhizhou, but it was very short. At that time, Su Shi moved from Hainan to the mainland, and Zhang Lei wrote poems to celebrate each other. "It's windy and sunny this morning. The old man from Antarctica crossed the ridge. This Weng is like a white jade tree, and has been gathered by thousands of fires. " Soon, the bad news came that Su Shi died in Changzhou on the way. Zhang Lei mourned for a generation of writers and teachers in Yingzhou. Unexpectedly, he angered the upper part. In the first year of Chongning (112), he was demoted to Fangzhou (now Fangxian County, Hubei Province) and placed in Huangzhou. This is the third time that he was demoted there in just six or seven years. He lived in Huangzhou for seven or eight years. As a courtier, he was not allowed to live in official houses and Buddhist temples, but only rented a house next to Keshan. It's natural that the trees are withered and the Artemisia scoparia is full of eyes, but "the fish on the river are fertile and the water is born in spring, and the south of the Yangtze River is beautiful and the clouds are blue", which also gives him a lot of comfort. It is particularly worth mentioning that at the foot of Keshan, Zhang Lei and Su Shi's disciple Pan Dalin became close neighbors, and they comforted each other, caring for each other and keeping the festival. According to reports, Qu Ruwen, the then county magistrate, pitied his poor family and wanted to buy a public land for him to grow beans, millet and vegetables to supplement his family. Zhang Lei refused to take it. It was the sorrow and joy here that made him unforgettable, so he named himself "Keshan".
In the fourth year of Chongning (115), Qin Guan's son was buried in Yangzhou from Tengzhou (now tengxian, Guangxi) in his father's coffin, and when he passed Huangzhou, Zhang Lei paid homage to Linjiang. He burst into tears for his good friend's "fleeing to the sea, and his servants were poor". Before the tears dried, Huang Tingjian died one after another. After five years of worshipping Ning, Song Huizong removed all party bans, and Zhang Lei had to live at will. This winter, he returned to his hometown Huai 'an from Huangzhou via Yingzhou, and lived for about a year. During the Daguan period, he moved to Chen Zhou, supervised Nanyue Temple and was in charge of Chongfu Palace. As a result of his long-term idleness in his later years, he was poor and ill. "I will send my son to Mr. You at the end of the year" says, "Meat is like a guest who smells rhyme, and fasting is like a lawyer. Women are cold and worried about makeup, and men are embarrassed to mend their clothes. I have been ill for three times, and I have resigned from poverty. The long bottle lies in the corner, and the short brown falls to the sky. Laying iron at night, drinking fire and counting beads in the morning. " It is conceivable that he had no food and clothing at that time, and he didn't know the smell of meat in March.
Although the political environment is so bad and life is so poor, the poet did not give in to the decadent Cai Jing clique. Su Shi, who is conceited in learning Taoism, will stick to it all his life, and he will not regret even if he is hit, and he is cited as the greatest interest in life. The poet persisted in this way. After Su Zhe and Chao Buzhi died of loneliness and pain, he was buried in his hometown of Huai 'an "Governing the North for Seven Miles" according to the Records of Shanyang County by Qianlong.
according to Lu you's notes on the old learning nunnery, "Wen Qian's three sons, Qi, Straw and Harmony, are among the first scholars. Qi and straw died in the army in Chen. He is an instructor in Shaanxi, and his second brother was buried again. It's a pity that Wen Qian has no future. " Zhang Lei had a bumpy career and suffered many misfortunes, but he never forgot to write poems. His works have been printed by later generations for many times, such as Keshan Collection, Zhang You Shi Wenji, Wanqiu Collection, etc. Today, Zhang Lei Collection edited by Li Yi 'an, Sun Tonghai and Fu Xin has about 2,3 poems and nearly 3 essays, historical theories and discussions, which is really magnificent! In his early years, his poems had a rich system and clear syllables. Dongpo called them "Wang Yang diluted, and there was a sound of singing and sighing". At the end of his life, he fell into its splendor, became easy-going, and was cool with Bai Letian (Juyi) and Zhang Wenchang (Ji), and at one time he sang the altar alone. His writing is magnificent and elegant. Beautiful, all-encompassing, and married.
Because he lived in poverty in his early years, was displaced from place to place, and was later demoted repeatedly, he served as a local humble official for a long time, and he was deeply aware of the social reality, so he was also very concerned about the working people. For example, in the poem "Song of Labor", he paid attention to those "heavy people" who were "weak in bones" and "half-covered in backs". In the poem "Harmony with Chao Ying's Compassion for Farmers", I sympathize with those "Nanshan strong children" who are "punished by thieves at night" and so on. It is precisely because of his sense of compassion for agriculture that "it's a pity for the world, and people often suffer hardships" ("Feeling about the official millet") that he followed Su Shi in political point of view and opposed Wang Anshi's "political reform". In practice, he advocated enriching the country and strengthening the people, reforming bad politics to reduce the people's burden, which is essentially different from Sima Guang and others' pure conformism. At the same time, in the face of the invasion of the Northern Song Dynasty by Liao and Xia, he also actively advocated opening the border to defend the enemy and establishing outstanding achievements. His Young Men's Travel, Six Horses in Zhaoling, and Listening to the Guest's Talk and Talking about Yuan Yuan are all filled with a rich patriotic spirit, which makes people feel excited to read.
Zhang Lei also has his own views on the creation of poetry and prose, the core of which is to give priority to reason and ignore emotion. "At the end of learning literature, you are eager to understand. If you know the text and don't care about it, you will never have it. My husband definitely waded into rivers, rivers, Huai River and the sea, and walked by, bubbling and gurgling day and night. He rushed to the mainstay and lost Lvliang, and put it in the sea where rivers and lakes accepted it. It was a strange change of water, and its relief was a ripple, and the drum was a wave, which was excited by the wind, and its anger was thunder, mosquito, dragon, fish and turtle. At the beginning of the water, if it is! Decide by the way, because of what happened to it. ..... The waters of the river, the river, the Huai River and the sea, and the literature of Lida are also strange, not curious. " (The History of Song Dynasty). It is also said: "For people, articles are made from the heart, from the mouth, and those who work without thinking and are beautiful without carving are all natural and emotional" ("Preface to He Fang's Return to Yuefu"), which is regarded as the most important by scholars at that time. In all fairness, it is reasonable to emphasize the expression of the true feelings and the random drive of the pen in the creative process, and it really grasps the law of literary and artistic creation, but blindly denying the necessity of conception, decoration, pondering and tempering in the creative process is inevitably overkill. The author's own creation is also due to his self-reliance barrier, so it seems to be more than enough texture and less literary talent, and it is a bit haggard. His creative achievements are not as good as Dongpo's (Su Shi's) before, but it is better to release Weng (Lu You) later. In the second year of Yuanfeng (A.D. 179), he was a scholar, and was awarded the title of imperial academy, a professor in Beijing. Yuan You transferred to Beijing, served as secretary of provincial orthography, proofreader, later appointed as Yangzhou judge, and recalled the secretary of provincial rank. At the beginning of Shao Shengchu, he learned about Qizhou. Later, he was even demoted to Tianfu, Bozhou, Xinzhou and other places because of the inaccurate charges of compiling the Record of Shenzong. Song Huizong, called to worship the official department YuanWaiLang, does not card shark. Chongning chased and demoted Yuan You's old minister, went out to know the house in the river, moved to the states such as Lake and Mi, retreated to his idle hometown, and took pride in the countryside. I have known Sizhou since my later years. Died in any place.
Chao's family was a famous family in Northern Song Dynasty and a literary family. Gao Zu Chaodi, to assistant minister of punishments. Great-grandfather Chao Zongjian was a doctor in the punishments department of Shangshu, knowing the state of Yue, and gave him a special gift to Shangshu in the official department. He was also a great granduncle, Chao Jiong, and Song Zhenzong was appointed as a scholar of Hanlin and a prince with less wealth. His son, Chao Zong, became an official and learned about political affairs, which was famous for a while. Chao Duanli (146-1113), uncle of Bu's clan, was the second time. Make a yuan gift. Poet. Often sing with complement. In the third year of Huizong administration (1113), he entered the word "Bing Di Furong", which was praised by Huizong, so he took Cheng Shilang as the assistant law of Dasheng House. "It's the same as Wan Initiate Yayan (Yong), and it enters words according to the monthly law". ("Excellent Selected Poems of the Sages of Tang and Song Dynasties", Volume 7) He died before he took up his post. He is the author of Leisure Collection and Leisure Zhai Qin Interesting Articles. Due to the gradual decline of the clan. Chao Duanyou, the father of Bu, only worked as a junior official such as Shangyu Order and Xincheng Order.
The word Chao Chongzhi (date of birth and death unknown) is used by uncle. Poet. Chen Shidao, a famous poet in his early years, lived in seclusion in Yang Zhai (now Yu County, Henan Province). He is one of the 26 people listed in Lv Benzhong's Sect Map of Jiangxi Poetry Society. His poems "specialize in Lao Du's poems". Liu Kezhuang, Wang Yuyang and other poets praised him for his elegant brushwork and ancient style. There are 15 volumes of Poems of Mr. Chao Jutz. His son Chao Gongwu (about 115-118 AD), whose name is Zi Zhi, was called Mr. Zhao. He was a famous scholar, bibliographer and bibliophile in the Song Dynasty. His book The Book of Reading in County Zhai was the earliest private library catalogue with an abstract in China. It was supplemented by his younger brother, Chao Yongzhi (the year of birth and death is unknown), and his skill in words is rare. He was deeply appreciated by Su Shi, and he has written 5 volumes of anthology, which has been lost. Others, such as from uncle Chao Duanshu and brother Chao Shuo, all have literary names.
Chao Bu was known by Su Shi when he was very young.