Numerals and quantifiers Numerals are words that represent numbers, and quantifiers are words that represent the number units of actions after things. Numerals and quantifiers in Chinese often form quantitative phrases together. Numbers include cardinality and ordinal number. Exponential values of radix include integers, fractions, decimals and multiples. Ordinal number is a numeral indicating order, and the basic representation of Chinese ordinal number is to add "first" before the cardinal number, such as "first". Quantifier is a word that represents the unit of measure of action after action. Quantifiers can be divided into nominal quantifiers and momentum words. Nominal quantifiers are words that represent the unit of action quantity. In Chinese, numerals cannot be used directly with nouns except idioms or some special usages. In the middle, quantity words are used, and momentum words are quantifiers that indicate the number of changes after an action. For foreigners, one of the most common mistakes in speaking Chinese is the improper use of quantifiers. In Chinese, a thing (action) usually corresponds to a fixed quantifier (S), and there is no uniform rule, such as "a cloth", "a horse" and "a cow". The English "o" can be translated into "two" and "two" and the latter "two" in Chinese, but there are some differences in details between these three numerals. Quantifier can also be said to be a major feature of Chinese, and it is also a difficult point for foreigners to master Chinese. Example 1 Wrong: There are two female students in our class. There are two female students in our class. In Mandarin, "er" and "er" have the same meaning, but their usage is somewhat different. If it is used before a quantifier and has only one single digit, it is used more often. If it exceeds ten digits, it is not used. For example, "There are 22 female students in our class." Example 2 Wrong: I bought a computer and spent 4009 yuan. I bought a computer and spent 4090 yuan. In Chinese, the number of numerals is "100 million", "10 million", "million", "100 thousand", "10 thousand" and "thousand".
2. What are the characteristics of quantifiers in classical Chinese? Compared with modern Chinese, classical Chinese quantifiers have three characteristics. First, quantifiers are underdeveloped. Although there are quantifiers in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, such as money, they are limited to utensils and units of measurement. Quantifiers that generally represent natural units (such as: a) gradually developed after the Han Dynasty. Before that, quantifiers were rarely used in classical Chinese, especially momentum words. Numerals in modern Chinese are often combined with quantifiers, while the most common way in classical Chinese is to modify nouns or verbs directly with numerals without quantifiers. For example, (add numbers, the same below): 1. Take a gourd and put it on the ground. (Ouyang Xiu's Oil Seller) 2. Move the screen and have a look. In classical Chinese, the opposite is true. Like 3. Chen Gu is in the cabin. (Zhuge Liang's "Teacher's Watch") Here the numeral 3 is placed in front of the verb ancient. On the contrary, quantifiers modify nouns, which are usually placed in front of nouns as attributes in vernacular Chinese; When numerals or quantifiers in classical Chinese modify nouns, they can be either prepositioned or postpositioned, such as: 4. Twelve volumes of art, each with grandpa's name. ("Mulan Poetry") Third, the differences in digital representation can be divided into three types: there is often a or between integer and zero. Like 5. I've been here for 20 years. (Zhuge Liang's "example" or both are omitted. Like 6. Don't cut it in one step, defend it to death. (Sima Qian's Chen She Family) (3) Replace approximate numbers with exact numbers. Some figures in ancient Chinese are often just exaggerated estimates, such as 3928, 3637, 20 tsumoru and so on. When these figures are used as estimates, they all mean a lot. Like 7. Lead future generations. Knock on stones and cultivate the soil. ("Yu Gong Yi Shan") 8. The public transport set up a plane to attack the city, and Zi and Mozi were nine miles away. ("public transportation") 9. After traveling together for twelve years, I realized that Mulan was a girl. (Mulan Poetry) 10. The general died in hundreds of battles, and the strong man returned in ten years. (ditto) 10. Harvest ten thousand seeds in autumn. (Li Shen's "Benevolence of Farmers") The figures in the above sentences are approximate values, and we must not stick to the literal interpretation as far-fetched. In addition, there are 360 lines of changes in martial arts like the Eighteen Kinds of Martial Arts and so on. It's too literal.
3. In classical Chinese, the word "classical Chinese sentence pattern" is ambiguous, so it is best to use nouns as adverbials. A gentleman is knowledgeable, but he can learn from himself every day: the noun indicating time is placed before the verb "visit the province" as an adverbial. When he speaks everyday, he eats the earth and drinks the yellow earth. Positional nouns are used in the verbs "eat" and "eat". (Underground) Go ahead. Nouns are used as verbs to fake boats, and non-energy water is also used as adjectives: swimming. Willing verbs should be collocated with verbs. Water is a noun and can be used flexibly as a verb. 1, the rule in pleasure (in the form of curvature and radian) 2, the strokes are equal in height, and the arms are not lengthened (in the form of height) 3. If you don't stand up, you can do it with your heart. /You are impatient. The ellipsis thinks that you can't jump ten steps. 3. Preposition phrases are green, taken from blue, and green is blue; Ice, water is for it, but it is colder than water. 4. Attributive earthworm has no advantage over its minions, and its bones and muscles are strong. A gentleman is knowledgeable in ancient and modern times, but exists in daily participation: participation, examination and inspection. Now it means "join". Sound is not added to illness, but also "illness, strength and loudness". Sick. " Fake rider: Fake, reliable and helpful. Today means "contrary to truth". A crab kneels eight times and has two claws: kneeling, feet or legs. Today means "kneeling, kneeling". Single-minded: meaning, ideological activities. Today means "work hard and use your head". Gold is sharp and profitable. Today generally refers to "extensive and profound knowledge". In this sentence, "trust" means "hiding", but today it usually means "entrusting" or "pinning ideals, feelings and hopes on someone or something" The word "thinking" in the sentence means "treating", and today it usually means "thinking". Wisdom. "Fate" is related to "sex", qualification and endowment. The polysemous words include green and blue: preposition, which comes from ice and water, but water-cooled: preposition, which is better than goodness and falsehood in things. Preposition means that the object of action or behavior is green, blue and blue: conjunction, which means that a gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself. Table hypothesis or table progressive crab six knees and two claws: conjunctions, table juxtaposition, how to accumulate soil into mountains, how to thrive in the wind and rain: also, "here", good deeds become virtue, while the gods are complacent, how to prepare the sacred heart: mood auxiliary words, table statements, leap forward: numerals, wholeheartedly: adjectives, single-minded but useless: adjectives, agile, not enough.
4. Four Sentences in Classical Chinese All the special sentences in classical Chinese in senior high school are prepositional objects such as pronouns, prepositional objects and so on. There are two conditions: first, the object must be a pronoun; Second, it must be a negative sentence, expressed by negative words such as "no", "no" and "mo". In this case, pronoun objects should be placed before verbs and after negative words. For example, Shuo: "When I was three years old, I was willing to take care of you." I am willing to take care of myself. "What to do" should be understood as "what to do". Preposition Preposition Object In modern Chinese, a preposition is followed by an object to form an object-object structure, which is used to modify the verb predicate. In classical Chinese, the preposition object is often placed before the preposition, forming the phenomenon of inverted sentences. For example, the story of Yueyang Tower: "Guess! Who is Weiss? " "To whom" should be understood as "to whom". In common prepositional objects, people should pay attention to the sense of language. In the classical Chinese of prepositional object, the object of a verb or preposition is usually placed after the verb or preposition, but under certain conditions, the object will also come before it. The conditions are as follows: first, in interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are objects and prepositional objects. In such a sentence, the object of a preposition is also a preposition. For example. The key of this kind of sentences is interrogative pronouns as objects (such as who, he, Li, Hu, evil, An, Yan, etc.). It is worth noting that the object of the preposition "one" is more active, even if it is not an interrogative pronoun, it can be prepositioned. For example, "I just remember this. "Pronouns are used as objects and prepositional objects. There are two points to pay attention to in this kind of sentence. One is negative sentences (there must be negative words such as "nothing", "nothing", "nothing", "nothing" and "nothing" in general sentences); Second, pronouns are used as objects. For example, the normal word order should be "Don't make promises when people are around" (Chen Shou's Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang). Third, the verb should be preceded by "zhi" or "yes" to emphasize the object. At this time, the word "zhi" is only the symbol of prepositional object, and it has no real meaning. For example, you can also add a range adverb "Wei" before the preposition object to form the format of "Wei is", such as "mercenary" and "obedient". Fourthly, in addition to the first case, there is another case, that is, when locative words and time words are used as objects, prepositional prepositional objects are sometimes prepositioned. For example, "Ye Wen is sitting in the south." ("Historical Records of Xiang Yu") means "Ye Wen sits facing south". "Preposition object Preposition object is quite common, and there are several situations. First, pronouns are used as objects in negative sentences, prepositional object. People in ancient times did not bully others. (Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan Collection). It's cold, the inkstone is hard, and my fingers can't bend. (Fuck) (Sima Qian's The Hongmen Banquet) Where is Pei Hongan? Why did you leave? (Shihe) (Peng Duanshu's Learning) Wes, who are we going home with? (With whom) (Fan Zhongyan's The Story of Yueyang Tower) Why else is the book here? (Why) (Sima Qian's The Hongmen Banquet) Put the object first with "zhi" or "yes". For example, if you don't know the sentence, you are puzzled. If you don't know the sentence, you won't be puzzled. (Han Yu's Shi Shuo) Verb inversion In order to emphasize the predicate, the predicate is sometimes put before the subject. It's just because of language. In addition, there are some special phenomena, such as attributives placed after the head words and quantifiers to modify nouns placed after nouns. Because it is not commonly used, it cannot be pressed. Hey! If Yanzi's family is poor! ("Yanzi Chunqiu? Adverbials are placed before predicates in modern Chinese, and if they are placed after predicates, they are complements. However, in classical Chinese, the elements in complement are often understood by adverbials. For example, the Hongmen Banquet: "The generals fought against Hebei and the ministers fought against Henan." "Playing Henan" means "playing (in) Henan" and should be understood as "playing Henan". There are also special phenomena such as attributive placed after the head word and quantifier placed after the noun to modify the noun. Because it is not commonly used, it is not pressed. In classical Chinese, the attribute is placed after the head word, and some modifiers are often placed after the head word. For example, he led his descendants to take three husbands. How many people in the world are polite but not easy to realize their ambitions in the Great Palace Punishment? (Zhang Pu Five-person Tomb Monument) Stone resounds everywhere. (Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan Collection) Preposition structure is put in modern Chinese, and it is often used as an adverbial before verbs. In ancient Chinese, it was often placed as a complement. For example, blue is blue. (Xunzi's "Encouraging Learning") Two stones are on the pool. His knowledge of Taoism is also ahead of mine, so I can learn from it. (Han Yu's "Shi Shuo") made an alliance for the altar, and the priest ordered the head. (Sima Qian's "Chen She Family") The judgment sentence uses "Zhe ... Ye" to judge that Chen Shengsheng is also a Yangcheng person. " (Bobby Chen is from Yangcheng) "Fang is also the stationmaster of a Chinese shop. "(.The beauty of qi is also. "(Xu Gong in the north of the city is a beauty of Qi)" He is a genius. " (Fang Ke is a genius) Use the "people" table to judge "Fang Ke is a person from China" (Fang Ke is a native of China) Use the "behavior" table to judge "managing money for the world, not for profit" (... can't say.
5. The usage and significance of function words in junior middle school (super detailed edition) and 1 classical Chinese. Used as a conjunction. It can connect words, phrases and clauses to express various relationships. (1) indicates a coordinate relationship. Generally do not translate. Sometimes it can be translated as "you". For example, a crab kneels six times and has two claws. (2) Represents a progressive relationship. It can be translated as "he" or "and". For example, a gentleman is learned, but he cares about himself. (3) indicates the undertaking relationship. It can be translated as "just", "then" or not. Take it out of blue, but it's bluer than blue. ("encourage learning") (5) indicates a hypothetical relationship, which can be translated as "if" and "if". For example, those who are interested can expect the horse's head. (Feng Wanzhen) (6) indicates the modified relationship, that is, the linking adverbial. You don't have to translate it. For example, I've been thinking all day ... and occasionally as the subject, translated as "you". Weng Changquan, for example, will have to wait on his mother day and night if he moves to Beijing. (Remember Zhong Wang's Business Flight) 3. The disyllabic function word "gang" is placed at the end of the sentence, which means that the modal auxiliary words are limited and equivalent to "gang". For example, one person, one table, one chair and one fan. That's all. (Shi Shuo) and 1 together as prepositions. There are mainly the following situations: (1) tools and methods used to express actions and behaviors, which can be translated into "use", "take", "rely on", "according to what identity" and so on. For example. (Cao Gui Debate) All the other ships are inferior to each other. (Battle of Red Cliffs) Dazhong Cheng Fu Wu is Wei's private property ... (Monument to the Tomb of Five) (2) It acts as a guest, which can be translated as "ba". For example, Qin did not give Zhao Chengchi, and Zhao finally rejected Qin Bi. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (3) No way. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) When he was in command of the army, he was hungry and half dead. (Battle of Red Cliffs) (4) The time and place of introducing actions and behaviors are the same as "Yu", which can be translated as "in" and "from". For example, in December of the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, there was a snowstorm in Beijing ... As for Taian. () Sometimes it can be translated as "leading" and "leading". For example, when the world changed, the king cut Hanzhong and made peace with Chu. ("Warring States Policy") (Childe) wanted to be a guest and died with Zhao. (Xin Lingjun stole the charm to save Zhao) 2. Used as a conjunction. There are many similarities between usage and "he", but it can't be used for turning relations. () can be translated into "and" "and" and so on, or it can be omitted. For example, if foreigners are nearby, there will be a lot of tourists ... (Traveling in the mountains) (2) It indicates the inheritance relationship, and the behavior before the "one" is often the means or way of the later behavior. It can be translated as "and" or omitted. For example, Yu and. It is often the purpose or result of previous actions. It can be translated into "er", "lai", "use" and "as a result". For example, writing Shi Shuo makes it last forever. (Shi Shuo) Take the money and send it away. (Monument to the Tomb of the Five) It is not appropriate to belittle yourself ... to block the road of loyalty and advice. Dare not add soldiers to ask Wei for more than ten years. The ancients ... were everywhere because of their profound thinking. ("You Bao Chan") (5) indicates a modified relationship, connecting adverbial and head language, which can be translated as "er" or omitted. For example, the trees are flourishing and the flowers are blooming in spring. (Tao Yuanming's "Wave upon Wave" leads to the result of the development or inference of things. For example, many people regard the book as a false surplus ... (Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang) The surplus is to remember it, hide the simplicity of Li Yuan and laugh at Li Bo's ugliness. (Shi Zhongshan period) is based on 19 years, but the blade is new. ("Knowing Cows") means "doing". It can also be used to judge the word "yes". These words belong to the scope of notional words. Here are some usages used as function words. 1. Used as a preposition. Generally speaking, this sound is pronounced except passive. (1) The objects of actions and behaviors can be translated as "image" and "pair". For example, China people say, "Others are not humane enough." (The Story of Peach Blossom Garden) (2) indicates the substitution of action and behavior, which can be translated as "substitution" and "giving". For example, when it spread all over the world, it eliminated the residue and filth for the Han family ... (Battle of Red Cliffs) was dedicated to me. (Hongmen Banquet) (3) The time of action and behavior can be translated as "time" and "time". For example, in order to come, I asked you to tie a man across the king. (Yan Zizuo "Chu") 4 indicates action and behavior. All the noise in the world is for profit. (Preface to Historical Records and Biography of Huo Zhi) ⑤ indicates the reason of action and behavior, which can be translated as "because" and "because". For example, I see it is difficult, I am afraid to take a warning, and I will act late. (6) indicates a passive relationship. Reading may sometimes have no initiative; Sometimes it is combined with "suo" to form "Wei suo" or "Wei suo". For example, those who insisted on blasphemy in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties would be laughed at by Tang Wu. (Wu Zhu) If they are not, they will be captured! (The Hongmen Banquet) If you don't hurry today, you may be the first to do it. (Battle of Red Cliffs) 2. Used as an auxiliary word Read Yang Pingsheng and put it at the end of the question to indicate cross-examination.