Opening remarks: We grew up with the water of the Yellow River. Seeing the mother of the Yellow River getting older and thinner day by day, our hearts are twisted. The mother of the Yellow River endures the torture of humans every day and drinks the human emissions. The sewage eats human domestic garbage, but still irrigates human beings and nourishes all things. Dayu had three treasures to control the Yellow River, the first is the river map, the second is the mountain-opening ax, and the third is the water-avoiding sword. Legend has it that the Hetu, the Yellow River water god Hebo, was taught to Dayu~~~~~~~~
. Myths and legends about the Yellow River: the legends of the two emperors Yan and Huang and Yao, Shun and Yu;
It is said that the original surname of the Yellow Emperor was Gongsun, but he changed his surname to Ji because he grew up in Jishui; he once lived in the hills of Xuanyuan and was named Xuanyuan; because he had The descendant of King Xiong is also known as the Youxiong family. He was "born as a god, weak but eloquent, young and clever, long and agile, mature and intelligent". He was later elected as the tribal leader and led his tribe to migrate to northern Shaanxi to settle down. With the development of agricultural production, in order to find flatter, open and fertile land, they went south along the Beiluo River and reached the Dali and Chaoyi areas in today's Shaanxi Province. The yellow land there gave them convenient conditions for developing agriculture, but droughts that appeared from time to time troubled them, forcing them to continue looking for an ideal place. Therefore, the Yellow Emperor led his people to cross the Yellow River eastward from Dali and Chaoyi, followed the foothills of Zhongtiao Mountain and Taihang Mountain into the Fen River Valley, and then moved northeast to the vicinity of Zhuolu, Hebei today. There was a wide valley suitable for farming formed by the alluvial deposits of the Sanggan River and the Yang River, and there were nearby mountains and forests for hunting. They felt that the environment was very superior, so they settled down.
Just as Huangdi led his tribe to move eastward, Emperor Yan also led his tribe to start a long journey. Emperor Yan is also known as the Red Emperor. One theory is that he was born in Li (lie) Mountain, which is now Lishan Town, Suizhou City, Hubei Province. Another theory is that he was born in Changyang, which is now Changyang Mountain, Shennong Township, Baoji, Shaanxi. "He was raised in Jiangshui, with the surname Jiang, and King Huode is also called the Lieshan clan." In order to find an ideal place to settle, he also led the tribe to move eastward. But the route they took was different from that of Huangdi. They first went eastward along the Wei River to what is now southwest Henan, and then went eastward along the Yellow River to what is now eastern Henan, where they settled down.
At that time, with the emergence of private property and the disintegration of the clan system, tribal leaders gradually gained certain privileges. In order to compete for living space and dominance among tribes, wars often occurred. In order to satisfy their own selfish desires, some tribal leaders "skilled themselves with swords and saws, and used armor and soldiers externally", and also launched wars to plunder wealth and enslave other clans and tribes. This kind of war intensified social differentiation and posed a huge threat to normal agricultural production. However, the customary law of the clan system to regulate social conflicts had lost its effect at this time, and it seemed powerless to do anything about it. Faced with the increasing number of wars, kinship tribes with blood ties unite with each other, form alliances, and then form larger coalitions. At this time, the two major tribes, Yan and Huang, also used force to conquer all directions and expand their power, thus triggering large-scale conflicts. The two sides fought three battles in Banquan (today's Huailai, Hebei Province). The Yellow Emperor commanded the six clans of Xiong, Pi, Pi, Xiu, and Tiger to fight fiercely with the Yandi tribe. The Yandi tribe suffered a disastrous defeat and had to surrender. . Since the two tribes were related by blood, Huangdi did not massacre the Yandi tribe, but formed a tribal alliance with them, and Huangdi became the leader of the Yanhuang tribe alliance. After a long period of development, the Yanhuang tribal alliance formed the prototype of the Huaxia tribe in the future.
Later, Chi You, the leader of Jiuli who settled in Qufu area of ??Shandong Province, expanded his sphere of influence and triggered a war with the Yandi tribe. Jiuli is Jiuyi and belongs to the Dongyi tribe. Legend has it that Chi You had 9 tribes and 81 clans. He had an animal body and human language, a bronze head and an iron forehead, and ate sand and pebbles. He was like a demon. This may be the deliberate vilification of other tribal leaders by the descendants of Yan and Huang. "Chi You made smelters" and "made soldiers out of gold", making military staffs, knives, halberds and crossbows. He was brave and good at fighting and shocked the world. He led a tribal alliance composed of 9 tribes to march westward to eastern Henan to attack the Yandi tribe. The Yandi tribe was unable to resist and retreated steadily, losing all their habitat. Chi You pursued him, and Emperor Yan asked Huang Emperor for help. Huang Di then led his troops to attack and started a fierce battle with Chi You in Zhuolu. This war was extremely fierce. It is said that the Yellow Emperor and Chi You were invincible in nine battles. Chi You sent out a heavy fog that filled the air for three days and three nights. The Yellow Emperor's tribe could not see the direction. The Yellow Emperor's "minister" Feng Hou was inspired by the Beidou constellation and invented the guide. They were able to break out of the fog with the car. Huang Di also received help from Xuannv in his predicament, and made 80 large drums, using the skin of the East China Sea mythical beast Kui to cover the drums, and the bones of the thunder beast as drumsticks. The sound of beating during the battle could be heard for 500 miles. The battle lasted for a long time, and finally the decisive battle was held in Jizhou. Huangdi sent Yinglong to attack Chiyou. Yinglong stored water and set up a water formation. Chi You invited Feng Boyu Master, and a sudden strong wind and rain broke out the water formation, putting Huang Di in trouble again. Huangdi also invited the goddess Hanba to stop the wind and rain, causing the weather to suddenly turn sunny. Chi You was at a loss and his subordinates were frightened. Huang Di commanded the army to cover up the enemy and won the final victory. Chi You and the Feng Boyu division he invited surrendered to Huang Di. Huangdi then entered the area where Dongyi was active. He "drove an elephant and chariot with six dragons and Bi Yan (the omen of the fire bird) under his jurisdiction. Chi You was in front, Feng Bo came to sweep, the rain master spread the path, tigers and wolves were in front, and ghosts and gods were behind. "The snake is lying on the ground, the phoenix is ??covering it." He went to the top of Mount Tai to gather ghosts and gods, and played a passionate and sad piece of music called "Qingjiao" composed by him to commemorate the victory of the Battle of Zhuolu.
Chi You was later killed. Some Jiuli people joined the Yanhuang Tribe Alliance and integrated into the Huaxia tribe; some went south and integrated into the Miao people in the south.
The victory of the Zhuolu War further expanded the power of the Yanhuang Tribal Alliance and developed into a larger tribal federation. The Yellow Emperor's authority was greatly improved, integrating judicial power, sacrificial power, military command power and production command power. All tribes must obey his orders. Those who do not obey his orders will send troops to conquer. He also opened mountains and built roads, working hard to break up the isolation in tribal areas and enhance exchanges between tribes. Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor "never lived in peace" in his life. He died in Jingshan when he was on a tour of Henan at the age of 118. People escorted him back to northern Shaanxi and buried him on Qiaoshan in Huangling County, Shaanxi today. This is the Huangdi Mausoleum mentioned above.
Since the Yellow Emperor was later revered as the ancestor of China, later generations attributed many inventions in ancient times to him and his "ministers". For example, the Yellow Emperor built houses, dug wells, and sewn water. He made clothes and hats, made boats, chariots, bows and crossbows, smelted stone into copper, created musical rhythms, his wife Leizu invented silkworm breeding, his "minister" Cangjie created writing, Linglun created laws and regulations, Da Nao made armor, and so on. For the same reason, since Emperor Yan was also revered as the ancestor of China, later generations also attributed some of his inventions to him and called him Shennong. In the legends of the Pre-Qin Dynasty, Shennong and Emperor Yan were originally two figures from different eras. Shennong lived earlier than Emperor Yan. During the Warring States period, people put the two people together and called them Yan Emperor Shennong. They said, "Shennong made the work, cut the wood into sedge, and kneaded the wood into sedge. The benefits of sedge will be taught to the world." "Medicine" and "also used as a five-string harp to teach people that the middle of the day is the market." These inventions are of course also the collective creations of people in primitive times.
3. Stories about historical missions related to the Yellow River:
Primitive farming era; Fuxi taught people to cook food and build nets for fishing; Shennong taught people to sow grains; Hemudu’s polished stone tools; my country was the first country to cultivate crops A country of rice
4. Please name a few ancient battlefields in the Yellow River Basin: Muye Ancient Battlefield; Laoshan Ancient Battlefield; Julu Ancient Battlefield; Kunyang Ancient Battlefield; Guandu Ancient Battlefield
5. Many cities along the Yellow River were the capitals of successive dynasties: the Xia Dynasty made its capital Yangcheng (now Dengfeng, Henan), the Shang Dynasty made its capital Bo (now Shangqiu, Henan), later moved its capital to Yin (now Anyang, Henan), and the Zhou Dynasty made its capital Haojing. (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), the Qin Dynasty had its capital in Xianyang, the Western Han Dynasty had its capital in Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), the Eastern Han Dynasty had its capital in Luoyang, the Wei and Jin Dynasties all had their capitals in Luoyang, the Sui and Tang Dynasties had their capitals in Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), and the Song Dynasty had their capital in Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province). Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan).
6． The famous grottoes along the Yellow River include Yungang Grottoes, Longmen Grottoes, Binglingsi Grottoes, Maijishan Grottoes, Xumishan Grottoes and Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, etc. Among them, Yungang, Longmen, Maijishan and Dunhuang are known as the four major grottoes in my country.
7. Poems and songs about the Yellow River:
If you don’t see it, the water of the Yellow River comes up from the sky, and rushes to the sea and never returns (Li Bai’s "Jianjin Wine")
The Yellow River is far up among the white clouds, and there is a sea of ??water. Gucheng Wanren Mountain (Wang Zhihuan's "Liangzhou Ci")
8. Idioms about the Yellow River: The river is clear, the sea is clear, the river is clear, the sea is clear, the river is clear, and the river is hard to wait for.
9. Sayings about the Yellow River:
The Yellow River falls from the sky and travels to the East China Sea, thousands of miles are written in the mind (Li Bai, Tang Dynasty)
The water of the Yellow River comes up from the sky, rushes to the sea and never returns (Tang Dynasty, Li Bai) Li Bai)
The Yellow River comes from the west to conquer Kunlun, and roars thousands of miles to touch the Dragon Gate (Li Bai, Tang Dynasty)
The nine bends of the Yellow River fall to the horizon, and the three peaks of Huayue are about to come (Xiao Ci, Ming Dynasty)
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Far above the Yellow River, among the white clouds, there is an isolated city called Wanren Mountain (Tang Dynasty, Wang Zhihuan)
The Yellow River is thousands of miles away and moves when it touches the mountains, and the vortex spins around the Qin mines (Tang Dynasty, Li Bai)
< p>The Yellow River still has its day of clarification, how can it be that people have no luck?If the Yellow River continues, white heads will long for lovesickness (Li Bai, Tang Dynasty)
The Nine-Meander Yellow River has thousands of miles of waves, and the waves are tossed by the wind. From the End of the World (Tang·Liu Yuxi)
10. Proverbs about the Yellow River:
Don’t give up until you reach the Yellow River;
You can’t clean yourself even if you jump into the Yellow River;
The Yellow River has nine twists and turns;
Since ancient times, the Yellow River has enriched Ningxia;
When saints come out, the Yellow River is clear;
The water of the Yellow River comes from the sky and rushes to the sea never to return;
The Yellow River When you return, you don’t look at the river; when you return, you don’t look at the mountains;
Right and wrong blow into the ears of ordinary people, and the ten thousand feet of the Yellow River cannot wash them away;
The Yellow River brings hundreds of harms, but it only brings wealth. ;
11． Songs and ballads about the Yellow River: "Yellow River Cantata"
The second largest river in China. There are three sources in the upper reaches: the western source Maqu, also known as the Yogu Zonglie Canal, which originates from the southwestern edge of the Yogu Zonglie Basin at the eastern foot of Yaladaze Mountain in the middle of the Bayan Har Mountains; the middle source Kaliqu, also known as Kala Canal originates from the northern foothills of Gezigeya Mountain in the middle of the Bayan Hara Mountains; its southern source is Duoqu, originating from near Riji Mountain at the northern foothills of the Bayan Hara Mountains. Among these three sources, Maqu has been said to be the true source of the Yellow River for more than 200 years. According to the principle of "the source of the river is far away", among the three source rivers, the KaRiqu is the longest (190.1 kilometers), which is 18.6 kilometers longer than the Maqu (171.5 kilometers). Therefore, some people advocate that the KaRiqu be the Yellow River. Zhengyuan. The Ministry of Water Resources of China and the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission still regard Maqu as the true source of the Yellow River.
Starting from Maqu in Qinghai Province, it flows eastward through Sichuan Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Shaanxi Province, Shanxi Province, Henan Province, etc., and flows into the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, Shandong Province. The total length is 5,464 kilometers and the drainage area is 752,400 square kilometers.
The Yellow River is named after its muddy and yellow color because it contains a lot of sediment. The main stream can be divided into three sections: the upper reaches from the river source to Hekou Town in Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia; the middle reaches from Hekou Town to Taohua Valley in Henan Province; and the lower reaches below Taohua Valley.
The upper reaches travel through the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Inner Mongolia Plateau. The basin area is 386,000 square kilometers and the river length is 3,472 kilometers. The "Yegu Zonglie" in the river source section (Tibetan means pot for frying highland barley) is an oval basin about 40 kilometers long from east to west and 60 kilometers wide from north to south. On the southwest edge of the basin, there are several springs. The surface of the earth gathers into a trickle, and connects the lakes dotted in the basin, gradually converging into a small river about 2 to 3 meters wide, which is the Yogu Zongli Canal. After flowing through the Xingxiuhai lake area and two plateau freshwater lakes, Chuanzhaling Lake and Eling Lake, the Yoguzong Canal turns to the southeast, flowing between Animaqing Mountain and Xiqing Mountain, and is blocked by the Minshan Mountains. , the river turns in a big "S" shape, forming the famous first bend of the Yellow River. From Maduo to Qingtong Gorge, you will travel through the beaded terrain of alternating canyons and basins. Among them, the nearly 918 kilometers from Longyang Gorge to Qingtong Gorge has the most concentrated canyons. The larger canyons include Longyang Gorge, Songshan Gorge, and Longyang Gorge. Ba Gorge, Jishi Gorge, Liujia Gorge, Lijia Gorge, Yanguo Gorge, Bapan Gorge, Sangyuan Gorge, Hongshan Gorge, Heishan Gorge, Qingtong Gorge, etc. There are Baihe River, Heihe River, Taohe River and Huangshui River flowing into it. The vegetation conditions in the basin are relatively good, so this section has more water and less sand, and is the main source of water in the Yellow River. Below Qingtongxia, the Yellow River flows northeast along the western edge of the Ordos Plateau and enters the Yinchuan Plain and the Hetao Plain. The climate here is arid, with almost no tributaries flowing in. Evaporation is strong, water diversion from the Yellow River consumes a lot of water, and the river water volume decreases along the way.
The middle reaches are from Hekou Town to Taohua Valley in Henan. The basin area is 344,000 square kilometers and the river length is 1,206 kilometers. It flows through the Loess Plateau. The water system is developed and the valleys are crisscrossed. The main tributaries include Wei River, Kuye River, Wuding River, Yanshui, Fen River, Yiluo River and Qin River. Blocked by the Luliang Mountains in Hekou Town, we turned south and traveled through the Shanxi-Shaanxi Gorge. The river cuts strongly, the banks of the valley are steep, tens to more than a hundred meters above the water, and the water flows rapidly. The famous Hukou Falls and Longmen That's it. From Longmen to Tongguan, it enters the Fenwei Valley. The valley is wide open. Below Tongguan, it turns eastward and enters Sanmen Gorge. It flows eastward to Mengjin and enters the North China Plain. The Loess Plateau that flows through the middle reaches is not only the main source of sediment in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, but also the main source of floods in the lower reaches.
The lower reaches are from Taohuayu to the mouth of the river. The basin area is more than 20,000 square kilometers, and the river length is 786 kilometers. It flows eastward and enters the North China Plain. The river channel widens, the water flow slows down, and a large amount of sediment accumulates, making the river bed higher year by year, generally 3 to 5 meters above the shore, and in some places as high as 10 meters, becoming a world-famous above-ground river. On both sides of the lower reaches, except for the Chenshan Pass of Dongping Lake to the Yufu River Mouth of Jinan, and the south bank of which is close to the foothills, the other north and south banks of the river are all protected by artificial embankments with a length of 1,340 kilometers, restricting the Yellow River from changing its course. The north and south embankments have also become the watershed between the north and south rivers. The Haihe River system is to the north of the embankment, and the Huaihe River system is to the south of the embankment.
The Yellow River is the river with the largest sediment content in the world, with a multi-year average sediment content of 37.6 kg/m3 and an average annual sediment transport of 1.6 billion tons, of which 400 million tons of sediment are deposited in the downstream river bed. , and the rest flows into the sea with the water, forming a delta at the mouth of the Yellow River, with its apex at Ninghai, starting from the mouth of the Tuhai River in the north and ending at the mouth of the branch ditch in the south. Area is 5450 square kilometers. From the return of the Yellow River to its current course in 1947 to the end of 1985, a total of 1,220 square kilometers of land were reclaimed, with an average annual land reclamation of 31.3 square kilometers. The coastline at the mouth of the river advanced an average of 390 meters into the sea.
Most of the Yellow River Basin belongs to an arid and semi-arid continental climate zone. The average annual precipitation is 476 mm. The precipitation is unevenly distributed within the year. About 60% of the precipitation is concentrated from June to September. The supply of runoff mainly depends on precipitation. Therefore, the distribution is uneven within the year and the inter-annual variation is large. The maximum annual runoff of the main stream is related to The ratio of the minimum annual runoff is 2 to 3 times. The natural river runoff is 65.8 billion cubic meters, and the measured annual runoff is 43.1 billion cubic meters. The hydropower resources in main and tributary rivers have a reserve capacity of 40.548 million kilowatts, and the potential development capacity is about 28 million kilowatts, accounting for 6.1% of China's potential hydropower installed capacity, mainly concentrated in the upper and middle reaches.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Yellow River was regulated and developed. More than 3,000 reservoirs were built on its main branches and tributaries, and embankments were reinforced downstream and flood detention areas were built. From 1949 to 1992, no embankment breaches occurred in the lower reaches, reversing the historical situation of the Yellow River breaching twice every three years and beginning the transformation from harming the river to benefiting the river.