Ci is a unique form of poetry, which was originally sung with music. Words are characterized by long and short sentences, and epigrams are the tone names of words. Different aphorisms have regulations on the total number of sentences, the number of sentences, the number of words in each sentence and the level of words.
The form of words has the following characteristics:
1. Every word has a musical tone (epigraph). Generally speaking, the tone of a word is not the theme of the word, but only a score. In the Song Dynasty, some poets often added questions or wrote prefaces under the tone of words in order to express the meaning of words.
2. Words are generally divided into two paragraphs (called upper and lower paragraphs or upper and lower paragraphs), and few words are not segmented or not segmented.
Generally speaking, the number of words in tones and the length of sentences are fixed and have a certain format.
Valve 4, the sentence patterns of words are uneven, and they are basically long and short sentences.
5. The rules of phonology in words are particularly strict, and words should be hierarchical. The tone of each word has its own rules, which are different.
Question 2: What are the characteristics of 2:Ci? Ci is a lyric poem and a Yuefu poem, which can be sung by music. Its strict beat and various features in form are stipulated by the requirements of music. The formal differences between words and poems are as follows:
(1) Every word has a sound name. Such as Bodhisattva Man, Mink Head and Qinyuanchun. Call it lyrics. Tone means that the melody score for writing this word is not the title. The tone of each word is "the tone has a definite sentence, the sentence has a definite word, and the word has a definite tone", and they are different.
(2) A word is mostly divided into several pieces, with two pieces as the most. A piece of music was sung once. Each word is divided into several paragraphs, which is a complete song composed of several pieces of music.
(3) rhyming position. Each tone has its own format. Poetry basically rhymes as even sentences, and the rhyme position of words is determined by the curvature, that is, the music pauses. The musical rhythm of each sound is different, and the rhyme position is also different.
(4) The length of sentence patterns is different. Poetry also has long and short sentences, but with five or seven words as the basic sentence pattern, modern poetry is not allowed to have long and short sentences. A lot of long and short sentences are used in the lyrics in order to better fit the curvature of music.
(5) Words and sounds are closely matched. There are many changes in the phonetic organization of words, and some tones must distinguish between yin and yang. When writing lyrics, we should judge the pronunciation and words, and the tone of words should match the tone of music score in order to be harmonious and pleasant.
Words are written according to the score, so you must choose the tone of the words first. Yang Shouzhai's Five Essentials of Lyrics is attached to the etymological volume, saying that there are five things to write lyrics: "The first thing is to choose the tune. If you don't rhyme, you won't do it, such as Sai Weng's loss of Yin, Di Taichun's defeat, Gepulian's evil, and the tasteless fighting of flowers. " Each tone shows some kind of sound and emotion. Choosing the tone of lyrics is mainly to choose the tone suitable for sound and emotional expression, so that sound is consistent with words, sound is consistent with emotion and text. Such words can be imitated into sounds and words. -this is the first point that must be paid attention to when filling in the lyrics. Otherwise, it will lead to the deviation of form and content, and even make jokes. For example, He Xinlang expresses passionate thoughts and feelings. It has nothing to do with the wedding of Yan 'er. If you see the word "groom" and abuse it as a wedding celebration, it is wrong. Another example is "Shoulouchun". Just because there is a word "shou" in it, it can't be considered as the tone of birthday words. In fact, on the contrary, its tone is sad. Shi Dazu, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, once wrote a eulogy.
There are several ways to distinguish the tone and sound of words:
(1) According to the analysis of predecessors' records, the characters, tones, sounds and feelings in Tang and Song books are generally reliable. For example, Song Taizu wrote "Yinqiao Record" and said: "Liu's" The Warrior Lanling Slow "was sung in the early Zhou Dynasty of Shaochu, and it was sung by Nanwa in the West Building, which was called the Three Stacks of Weicheng. Zhou Ci changed his head three times, and in the end, his voice was particularly fierce, but the old flute master in the teaching workshop could rely on it to celebrate songs. " This can also be seen in the last paragraph of "The Warrior Lanling Slow". Unfortunately, such records are rare in ancient books of Tang and Song Dynasties.
(2) According to the distinction between Tang and Song Ci works: This can be based on the Poems of Past Dynasties (Ci Collection compiled by Shen in the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, which classifies the words since Tang and Song Dynasties by tone), and analyze and summarize their contents and emotions among many words in one tone. If seven or eight of them are the same, it can be concluded that this tone is some kind of sound and emotion. Such as "Man Jiang Hong" and "He Xin Lang" can be classified as an uncontrolled agitation. Although there are exceptions, the difference is not far.
(3) Appreciating the phonology of faded Chinese words: some words are difficult to analyze, or some works have complex feelings, which can be inferred from the phonological expression of words: generally speaking, if the rhymes are evenly spaced, the sounds and emotions will be more peaceful and relaxed; If the rhyme is too sparse and dense, the voice and emotion are either slow or urgent; Syntactically, using three, five and seven words makes the sense of sound more comfortable; If couples are arranged with six characters and six characters, their voices and emotions are more stable; If words are even, feelings will be peaceful; Make more awkward sentences, and your feelings will be depressed.
(4) Distinguish according to the writer's genre and era: for example, bold poets, whose lyric poems are more elegant and bold; Graceful school, graceful and gorgeous. -Xin Qiji, a representative of the uninhibited school, is famous in the field of ci. Among the existing 226 works, 35 are Mink Head, 32 are Manjianghong, 22 are He Xinlang, and Nian Nujiao 19 are suitable for the * * * which is generous, tragic, bold and vigorous, that is, it accounts for all of him. Changes of Times and Environment >>
Question 3: 1 What words can describe the characteristics? It means the quality of the role: noble, modest, helpful, proud, open-minded, arrogant, selfish, selfless, loyal and helpful. 2. It means the appearance of the character: fine eyes, good looks, elegant manners, earthy face and gloomy expression. 3. It means the expression of the character: staring. Full of energy. 4. Show the character's demeanor: elegant, voracious, skipping, be in heaven, gentle and generous. 5. Show a happy mood: joy, celebrate, inspire, rejoice and be happy with the whole world. Excellent quality (1) Courage: Go through fire and water, take the lead, be desperate and die (. Dig the wall to get the best of it, hold hands in books, (4) be ready to help others: be ready to help others, solve problems, be brave in speaking out, draw out a sword to help others, (5) care for others, be meticulous and thoughtful, (6) be strict and impartial, enforce the law like a mountain, distinguish between public and private, be selfless, and (7) persevere and persevere. If you praise the character's quality, you will bear the brunt. Not all people are fearless. They are fearless. They are brave and fearless. The mountains and rivers are magnificent and magnificent. The mountains and rivers are upright, and Long Hudou wins. They are fearless, they are fearless. They are brave and fearless. Be generous, be brave, be brave, be worthy of the sky, be aboveboard, be selfless, be honest and selfless, enforce the law like a mountain, be honest and clean, be self-disciplined, be honest and modest, be loyal and firm, be modest and firm, be honest and clean, and do your best.
Question 4: The characteristic of 4:Ci is what it is. Ci is the mainstream of literature in Song Dynasty. The form of ci appeared in the Tang and Five Dynasties, but it matured in the Song Dynasty. The original feature of words is that they can be sung with poems and tunes. Each word has a title called "epigraph", and the lyrics written according to the title are called "Eternal Sound". Song Ci also has the titles of Qu, Zaqu, Quzi Ci, Yuefu, Qinqu, Music Movement, Long and Short Sentences, etc. Because of the different rhythms, it is divided into sequence, introduction, approach and slowness. Ling is still a small ling, and the slow word is also a long tune. Words are generally divided into two segments (called upper and lower segments or upper and lower segments), and there are few words that are not divided into two or more segments. Many literati in Song Dynasty liked to write lyrics, which played an important role in promoting the development of lyrics. The writers, works and quality of Ci in the Song Dynasty are far ahead of their predecessors, becoming another influential literary genre after Tang poetry. The words of later generations are generally not sung and basically become a literary form.
Question 5: What are the characteristics of the commentary? Commentary has the following characteristics:
First, the commentary should be based on the characteristics of the narrator, with clear themes and key points, and cannot cover everything. It should highlight the main aspects of things and grasp the key points of things, even the expanded content should not be divorced from the theme of the commentary. If the object of text explanation is the universe, then it should be introduced in close connection with the composition of the universe, and other problems should not be brought up at will.
Second, explaining hunger supplements and increases the relevant information of the object of explanation, mainly the expansion of knowledge and reason, so that readers can accept the meaning that the picture and the object themselves cannot convey and express. For example, the introduction of the basic concept of light-year (knowledge expansion) in this paper compares the universe to the sea and stimulates readers' imagination of the universe (rational expansion).
Third, the commentary is an organic whole, but each part is relatively independent. From the whole universe to the composition of galaxies to the solar system, although all parts are closely related, they have their own emphases and centers.
Comments have the function of explanation, deepening and generalization.
Commentary writing requires concise, accurate and colloquial language, and tries to avoid using terms with different sounds and words; Descriptive writing, explanatory writing and analytical writing can be used. Writing requires sticking to the theme, popularization, colloquialism and conciseness.
Question 6: What's the difference between poetry and words? Words have their own soundtrack according to the epigraph, which is similar to modern pop music, but the tunes of pop music are mostly not repeated, but many people use a epigraph, so the tunes are the same. Some masters write their own songs, that is, write a new epigraph.
Poetry has a wide name. For people in the Tang Dynasty, there are at least ancient poems and modern poems. Modern poetry is metrical poetry and quatrains, usually called metrical poetry. They were formed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties and are composed of poems in the Central Plains, so most of them can be sung with music, such as three folds in the sun and three sighs. Therefore, it is not unreasonable for the ancients to be more important than the plan. Poetry was used to sing at that time.
Broadly speaking, the concept of storytelling includes words, but if we only compare Tang poetry and Song poetry, there are the following differences:
First of all, words are long and short sentences, words rely on epigrams, but poems are not. Four words, seven words, five words, even miscellaneous words, are just a few words and cannot be changed.
Secondly, the music carrier of poetry is different. Don't underestimate the influence of music on poetry. In ancient times, there was no distinction between music and dance in poetry, and then the change of poetic style was related to the popular music at that time. Later, Yuanqu became independent because of the appearance of different pop music.
Thirdly, from poetry to ci, it experienced a process from elegance to vulgarity, and reached the interaction between elegance and vulgarity. When Ci first emerged, it was not accepted by the upper-class literati, but some people found their own way. Even Su Dongpo, as a synonym, was quite disdainful of ci at that time. He writes his own words, which he thinks is different from Liu Yong's style because of his prejudice against words. Song people are good at reasoning, so poems are mostly used for reasoning, while words generally describe life. It was originally for singers. Of course, people will feel vulgar, but with the communication between elegance and vulgarity, Ci was officially recognized by literati at the end of Song Dynasty. Among them, Liu Yong made a turning point contribution.
Fourth, since the Tang Dynasty, poems have been written in all dynasties, because poems are relatively free from the shackles of music and only pay attention to their own meter. However, different words were closely related to popular music at that time. Therefore, if later generations find that the song of Ci has long been lost in the world, they will not be able to sing it when they write it, and their interest will be greatly reduced. Therefore, the combination of Song Ci and Yuan Qu is related to a specific era. Once the times are different, it is not so popular, but poems can be written by Song people, Yuan people and Qing people. There are words, such as * * * writing old words, but not many people.
Words are poems. Song people were afraid when facing the unattainable cultural peak of Tang poetry, but they finally created their own literature, which is as famous as Tang poetry.
The most prominent feature
There are metrical poems and quatrains in form, and there are seven words and five words. The words under the name of each epigraph have a fixed format, and several words in each sentence have requirements.
As far as the title is concerned, poems can freely choose the title, and words must have a monument name.
In terms of rhythm, poetry pays strict attention to levelness, and of course there are exceptions; There are not too many requirements for word training.
In terms of style, the style of poetry depends on the feelings expressed by the specific author, and there is no specific restriction. Personally, writing is easier to understand than poetry.
First of all, poetry came into being in different times. The earliest sentence is probably one of "flowers are not flowers, fog is not fog", and the legend was written by poets in the Tang Dynasty. Poetry can be traced back to The Book of Songs.
Secondly, of course, it is a plan. The requirements of classical poetry are still relatively loose. It was not until the appearance of modern poetry in the Tang Dynasty that the requirements for meter became stricter. Words are also called "long and short sentences", and the sentence patterns are scattered, but to meet the special format, the phonological requirements will be more than poems. On the issue of rhyme, Li Qingzhao once criticized Su Dongpo's words for not conforming to rhyme, but only writing them in the form of words.
Third, the language and content of poetry. Words are delicate and lyrical, mostly graceful works, essays and the like, while poetry, on the other hand, is all-encompassing and lyrical. Metaphorically speaking, poetry is prose, and words are love novels ―― in most cases.
Ci is one of China's ancient poems. It began in Liang Dynasty, formed in Tang Dynasty and flourished in Song Dynasty. According to Old Tang Book; "Since Kaiyuan (the year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty), singers have mixed the songs of Okoyi Lane." At that time, there were many talented musicians in the city who made a living by singing. According to the need to coordinate the lyrics with the music beat, they created or adapted some long and short sentence lyrics, which are the earliest words. It can also be seen from Dunhuang Quzi Ci that the words produced by the people are decades earlier than those created by the literati.
Folk words in the Tang Dynasty mostly reflect themes such as love and acacia, so they are not elegant in the eyes of literati. It is considered a poetic path. Only those who pay attention to absorbing the artistic advantages of folk songs, such as Bai Juyi, Liu Yuxi, etc ...
Question 7: What are the characteristics of the speech? Forms, characteristics and types of speeches
Format of speech
The structure of the speech consists of three parts: title, title and text.
(1) title. There is no fixed format for speech topics, and there are generally four kinds.
(1) Prompt the theme, such as "People should have dedication".
(2) the type of suggestive content, such as "speech at the class meeting with the theme of cherishing life and staying away from drugs"
(3) ask questions, such as "what qualities should contemporary middle school students have"
④ Thinking about Scientific Outlook on Development and building a well-off society in an all-round way.
(2) address. In the second line, write the title with a colon, and decide the title according to the needs of the audience and the content of the speech. Often use "comrade:" or "friend:", and you can also add attributes to render the atmosphere, such as "young friend:".
(3) the text. The text consists of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion.
(1) Opening remarks. The task of the prologue is to attract the audience and lead to the following. There are six forms:
A. First say the background, greetings and thanks; B. summarize the content of the speech or reveal the central argument;
C. start with the theme of the speech; D. from the reasons for speaking;
E. introduce a topic from another matter; F. Start with a thought-provoking question.
2 main body. The subject is the central content. There are generally three types:
A. narrative speech. Describe writing with the narration of character events and life pictures;
B. debate speech. Based on typical cases and theories, act logically and convince the audience with opinions;
C. lyric expression. Express your views in passionate and lyrical language, convince the audience with emotional people, and express your feelings in things, reasons and things. 3 conclusion. It is the key to the success of a speech, and is often used to summarize the full text and deepen the impression; Put forward hope and inspire people; Express determination and end the oath; Take care of the topic and other methods, and end the full text with an exciting conclusion.
Characteristics of speech
(1) pertinence.
The content of the speech is what the audience is most concerned about, interested in and want to know, and the expression is easy to accept, paying great attention to the effect.
(2) encouraging.
The purpose of the speech is to move the audience, convince the audience, and strive for the best publicity and persuasion effect with emotion.
(3) pronunciation.
A speech should be able to turn silent words into spoken language through the speaker's eloquent speech. It is best to speak, listen, understand and remember, write fluently, speak sweetly, be easy to understand, be picturesque and humorous.
Types of speeches
(1) According to the occasion of the speech, it can be divided into speech at the meeting, radio speech, TV speech, classroom speech, court debate, etc.
⑵ According to the content and nature of speeches, they can be divided into political speeches, academic speeches and social activities speeches.
⑶ From the way of expression, it can be divided into narrative speech, argumentative speech and lyrical speech.
Question 8: What are the advantages of being strict with the law and being lenient with others? Simple, optimistic and resourceful.
Selfless, considerate, elegant and extraordinary in appearance.
Beautiful, charming, accepting money, ready to help others, loving labor and contributing to others.
Initiative, capable, generous, studious, studious, persistent and grateful.
Beautiful, humorous, lively, tenacious, strong, really hardworking, brave, kind and virtuous.
Honesty, integrity, loyalty, hospitality, gentleness, extroversion and cheerfulness.
Bold, hearty, straightforward, straightforward, gentle, modest, confident and strong.
Honesty and frankness are honesty, prudence, preciseness, carefulness, diligence, gentleness, modesty and self-confidence.
Strong and honest, honest and frank are honest, cautious, rigorous and careful.
Question 9: What words are used to describe the advantages? There are many of them. I found some for you. Look at them. They are weak and sentimental. Cheerful and optimistic, very confident, will enjoy life, but lack patience in doing things; Laziness; Good at communication and strong organizational skills; Good at financial management, but easy to feel lonely, afraid of loneliness; Don't give up easily, but sometimes they are too stubborn. Full of affection and affinity, but sometimes very emotional, elusive attitude. Pragmatic, calm and planned, not afraid of hardship, but with strong self-esteem and some conservatism. Loud voice, straightforward and sincere; Sensibility, wit and agility; Strong patience and self-control; Perseverance; Advantages: extroverted, lively and active; Relaxed and happy, warm and friendly, open-minded, open-minded; Good at communication, talkative and quick thinking; Strong adaptability, good organization, effective working rate, rich and fashionable; Express rich feelings, rapid development of emotions, rich and changeable; It's that you should be agile, sensitive to new things, and don't carve too deeply. Disadvantages: broad interests, impetuous, easy to drift with the flow; If you don't step on the real thing, the heat will drop sharply; Feelings are not easy to sink, and it is easy to look at problems from another angle; Lack of endurance is determined by strength and lightness. Outgoing and energetic; Emotion is fast, intense, passionate, cheerful, straightforward, quick in words and deeds, and thunderous in style; Able to overcome difficulties, work hard, dare and persist. Disadvantages: rushing, jumping, easy to get angry and difficult to control; Just willful, impetuous, stubborn and even provocative; Once the essence is exhausted, the mood is low and confidence is frustrated; Irritable and rude. Advantages: introverted, calm, cautious and steady; Slow words and deeds, not easy to expose the heart, peaceful sex; Do things correctly, be cautious, be tough, strictly observe hierarchical order and be organized; Not good at talking, making friends, patient, practical and dependent. Lack of points: stubbornness, inflexibility and poor adaptability; Slow, passive, indifferent, indifferent, lazy, defensive, depressed, not vibrating. Advantages: strict introversion, gentleness, sensitivity and shyness; Slow mood and strong physical examination; Rigorous, not afraid of difficulties, good at observing other people's problems. Disadvantages: emotional fragility, timidity and obedience; Sentimental; Timid and impatient; Degeneration and loneliness, cold and desert, doubt and indecision; Lack of self-confidence, often moved by small things. Rational type: thoughtful, calm and good at self-control. Suspicious type: indecisive, allergic and suspicious, easy to be hinted. Emotional type: Mood is changeable, sentimental and impulsive. According to the main tendencies of psychological activities, there are: extroversion: lively and cheerful, good at communication, independent and informal.