Introduction: Arabic, which originated in Arabian Peninsula, belongs to a phonetic alphabet of Semite language family. Next, I will explain the characteristics and applications of Arabic derivatives. Welcome to refer to them!
Arabic has 28 consonants (letters), written from right to left. Arabic is divided into three categories: nouns, verbs and function words. Nouns and verbs have strong internal inflections, and word formation and word form changes have unique laws. The root usually consists of three consonants. Adding different vowels or affixes will form different words or give different grammatical meanings.
1. The position of words in Arabic. What does Marx think? Language is the direct reality of thought? . Generally speaking, we should use language to express our thoughts. The form that can explain the problem is not words. Words have a certain relationship with words. Academic circles have an incisive conclusion on this. Words are symbols representing things and phenomena. ? Still talking about that Words are the unity of phonetics, meanings and grammatical features. ?
In its long development process, Arabic has accumulated the achievements of human civilization and promoted social progress. With the change of social demand, Arabic has also absorbed many non-Arabic words and arabized them, becoming the main part of Arabic words. However, some words with stable meanings have not changed because of the change of time and space, and have always adhered to their original meaning and true colors. These stable words are the main body of Arabic vocabulary.
On the surface of Arab experts' research, according to the different status and functions of vocabulary, Arabic vocabulary can be divided into three parts: basic vocabulary, general vocabulary and special vocabulary. Professor Chen Zhongyao, an expert in the field of Arabic in China, pointed out that the basic Arabic vocabulary has the characteristics of universality, stability, productivity (that is, strong collocation ability) and universality. Common vocabulary is mainly composed of four parts: new words, ancient words, dialect words and foreign words. Special words mainly include compound words and idioms. Therefore, it can be seen that Arabic has a wide vocabulary and a huge number of derivative words based on the same root.
Second, the characteristics of derivative word formation In the process of language development, Arabic words have evolved into three-letter words, which have become root letters here, and a series of homophones have been derived. In use, we sometimes find that the main forms of Arabic words are mostly composed of three words, but there are also four words. In fact, these four words are duplicate copies of two words. This change of word form is regarded by lexicographers and grammarians as the main form of expression of Arabic word form, and it has also become the basic model of vocabulary derivation used so far.
Derivation refers to the process of evolving into one or more new words through root meaning and meaning on the basis of existing word forms. This process is also called word expansion process. Its meaning is wider than the derivation of parts of speech mentioned in Arabic grammar. The new words formed in this evolution process are called derivatives. According to scholars, the derivation of Arabic words can be divided into four situations: small derivation, large derivation, large derivation and super-large derivation.
1. Small derivative: This is the most common form of derivative in Arabic vocabulary, generally based on three or four initials, without changing the order of initials, adding some additional letters. This derivation is a group of words under the same root, and their meanings are internally related. Knowing the meaning of the root can expand the meaning of derivative words. Like what? Kataba? (writing), can it be evolved? Write? All closely related words, books, offices, libraries, writers, books, series, jean (call)? Writing, replacing? Copy, write, exchange addresses (correspondence), ask someone to write for you, and (be) recorded? The number of this word group is particularly large. According to the part of speech calculation of Arabic verbs, a word with three roots can derive 196 words; Sibowai, the founder of Arabic law, believes that 308 words can be derived from a root letter; Scholar Mutaiwafi said that a root can derive 5 15 words. According to scholars' statistics, there are 7597 three-letter combinations and 408 1 four-letter combinations in Arabic. If the minimum number of words that can be derived from each root is 196, then the vocabulary of Arabic will be amazing. In fact, this word group is systematic, regular and scientific.
2. Grand deduction: that is, the behavior process of replacing the position of one of the root letters with three letters back and forth to form a new word. Take Miki as an example, this process will produce six results. Ibn, the originator of Arabic derivation? Kinne once wrote "Deduction" to study this problem. Although the order of roots and vowels has been replaced, the meanings of new words are related to some extent, which can enrich the meanings of vocabulary.
3. Greater derivation: In Arabic vocabulary, the basic letters of some words are the same, and the consonants near the pronunciation part become very active, and the resulting lexical changes are called greater derivation. Scholar Abdullah? Amin defines it as:? * * * There are some unchangeable root letters, and the changeable letters (usually one) have similar pronunciation parts or ways, and have word families with the same basic meaning. ? To be exact, the greater derivation is the lexical change in the form of letter interchange.
4. Super-large derivatives: that is, compound words, scholars believe. Two or more words are abridged into a new word, and the new word has the meaning of each part of the synthesis. This is similar to some abbreviations we often use. For example, the lines in comic sketches are very convincing. Q:? Why are you going? I haven't seen you for days. ? A:? I'll go? Hang yourself? [Captain of Shanghai Crane]. ? As far as I know, here? Hang yourself? For compound words, respectively? Shanghai? It's up there. Take it? Captain crane? Hang on, a new word. Linguist Ibn? Farris listed nearly 300 Arabic compound words in his Language Standard. These words mainly come from poems in the period of ignorance, or idioms and dialects often used in social groups. However, most compound words used by modern linguists are influenced by foreign languages, especially scientific vocabulary. Its number is increasing.
Third, the application of derivatives 1. If we master the law of Arabic derivatives, we can not only understand the general relationship between words, but also help to remember words and increase vocabulary.
2. After being familiar with Arabic vocabulary structure, correctly apply parts of speech, parts of speech and parts of speech.
3. It is helpful to associate the meaning of word groups more widely and expand the extended meaning of root words.
4. Cultivate interest in learning Arabic and understanding Arabic culture.
5. Develop the ability to communicate with Arab countries.
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