Lu Ji was the most famous writer between Taikang and Yuankang in the Western Jin Dynasty, and was praised as "Taikang's English" by later generations. As far as his creative practice is concerned, his poems are full of words (Zhong Rong's poems), which pay attention to artistic forms and techniques and represent the main tendency of Taikang literature. As far as his literary theory is concerned, his "Wen Fu" is the first systematic creative theory in the history of China's literary theory development, which has had an important impact on later literary creation and theoretical development.
Wenfu
Nearly half of Lu Ji's poems handed down from ancient times are Yuefu poems and quasi-ancient poems. Many of these works are perfunctory and imitations of predecessors' works, which are no different from ancient poems, reaching the level of "thinking without crossing the shore, saying without overflowing"; Its loss lies in the lack of expression of personal feelings, so it was ridiculed by later generations as "following the ancient times and following the wind" (Chen Ruoming's Selected Ancient Poems in Caijitang). However, there are many works that are very popular. For example, "A Gentleman's Journey" wrote: "Heaven is easy and simple, but humanity is dangerous and difficult. Take a break, take a ride and turn it over. " It reflects the poet's understanding of the complexity of the political environment and the impermanence of life. "There are narrow evils in Chang 'an" says: "I want to hear the news of the success of the party in the morning. It's not enough to keep one. The road is easy. "Long Songs" said: "Hua Rong will spend the night at 0: 00, and his body will sit and donate ... but I hate fame and fortune, and I have nothing to say. "It all reflects the poet's strong political pursuit and the depressed mood of frustrated official career. In addition to Yuefu, Lu Ji also has several travel notes and poems presented by relatives and friends. His feelings are sincere, his carving is not much, and his artistic achievements are high. For example, two poems, "Going to Luodao halfway to handle affairs", express the sadness of leaving home, which is extremely sad and moving, and is the representative work of Lu Ji's five-character poems. Among them, "the line is far away, and the wild road is barren. "There are many mountains and rivers, but the forest is sleepy", "I lean on" and "I hate listening to Taiwan. Clear dew falls on Su Hui, bright moon, etc. , are all good sentences with mixed scenes. Another example is his four-character poem "To Brother Dragon": "When I die, my family is more glorious. Today, when I think about it, the hall is crying. I go my own way, and I bow to the grass. I live in my house, things exist and people die. " It is extremely painful to write about the subversion of the country and the death of relatives and friends. Another example is Gu Yanxian for Shang Shulang (the second song), which describes the scene of heavy rain and expresses concern for state affairs and sympathy for the victims, which is relatively rare in the poems of the Western Jin Dynasty. In addition, some poems have many beautiful artistic conception and beautiful sentences, so Sun Chuo of the Eastern Jin Dynasty said, "Lu Wen is as simple as gold, and is often treasured." (Shi Shuo Xin Yu Literature)
As far as artistic style is concerned, the main characteristics of Lu Ji's poems are gorgeous arrangement and emphasis on form. Lu Ji's poetry presents an elegant beauty with its profound academic foundation, complicated rhetoric and skillful skills. This artistic pursuit greatly influenced the artistic tendency of the poetry circles in the Western Jin Dynasty, forming a situation of "starting with poetry and being softer than Jian 'an" (Wen Xin Diao Long Ming Shi). Although Lu Ji's poems are famous for their elegant words, they are like "light stripes like clouds, dense leaves turn green." "Poems like' Excitement, Return to Fang Bo's Beautiful Eyes' ('Hermit Poetry') are deliberately avoiding vulgarity, over-carving, and seeing the traces of axes and chisels hurts the beauty of nature. This is the main shortcoming of Lu's poetry, and even his masterpiece Qu Luo Dao Zuo Zhong Pian is inevitably influenced by this disease. Moreover, Lu's poems use a large number of antithetical sentences, some of which are almost complete, and "leave a couple" (the source of ancient poetry). Although neat and round, it is not ethereal and vigorous, weak and plain. In addition, Lu's poems are too rich in rhetoric, which leads to the complexity. Therefore, Sun Chuo said that "Lu Wen is deep and ignorant", and the article "Wen Xin Diao Long" also said: "Lu Ji only wants to see the depth, but speaks widely; Therefore, thinking can be clever, but not complicated. "
Wenfu
There are 27 pieces of Lu Ji's Fu, either feeling seasonal metabolism, mourning for old friends, or expressing homesickness, most of which are short in length and clear in writing. For example, "Ode to Huai" wrote: "Sichuan reads water into Sichuan, and the water is surging every day. The world reads people and works for the world. People go to Ran Ran at dusk. People are new to the world, who can be old. " Write the grief of dying relatives and friends back and forth, full of twists and turns. There are many works praising things in Lu Ji's Fu, such as Guafu, which is about 300 words, reflecting the author's moral outlook. "The Carving of Missing" describes the scenery with imagination, narration and discussion, and describes the abstract time very vividly. The most famous of Lu Ji's Fu is Wen Fu. This is the earliest literary theory work written in the genre of "Fu" in the history of literature. It not only summarizes the experience of previous writers, but also incorporates the joys and sorrows of Lu Ji's own creation. Lu Ji's essays are richer in ideological content than poems, and sometimes they are sharp. Among them, the famous book On Death talks about whether the rise and fall of Wu Dong can be attributed to the availability of people. It can be called the most extensive paper in the Western Jin Dynasty. "Diaowen" was written after seeing Cao Cao's legacy, which affirmed Cao Cao's achievements, but also implied a mockery of this all-round hero who could not get rid of his concern for family chores during his lifetime. There is also "Han Gaozu Hero Fu", with beautiful words. Liu Xie said: "Lu Ji has accumulated many articles, but Hero is the most obvious; It is a mashup, and it is also the previous generation. " Liu Xie's first two comments are very accurate, and the last two think that Lu Ji's writing of "praising and criticizing mixed residence" is not in line with the style of "praising", which is incorrect. Praise and Demotion Mixed Living is an innovation of Lu Ji's praise and praise. Lu Ji also has 50 "Julian", each with 8 sentences, which is a metaphor for a phenomenon in nature or human society. After deduction and explanation, it is related to a certain truth in politics and life. Smart thinking, profound reasoning, beautiful words and promises, charming and wonderful pills. The integration of "Julian" began in the Han Dynasty. After Yang Xiong and Ban Gu, there were many plans. However, the essays in Wen Xin Diao Long were all ridiculed as "testing the pearl and penetrating the fish's eye", while "Julian" written by Lu Ji alone was "reasonable and elegant, but the chapters were old and wide". In addition, his preface to Shi Haoxu satirizes Wang Qi's self-criticism of his achievements and his refusal to accept the knighthood. Compared with Han and Wei essays, his sentence patterns are more organized, his temperament is more harmonious, and his allusions are more intensive. Lu Ji is the founder of parallel prose. As mentioned above, Preface to Mourning, Preface to Shi Hao's Fu, Diaowen, etc. , is a typical parallel prose in the Western Jin Dynasty.
According to the Book of Jin Lu Ji Biography, Lu Ji wrote more than 300 poems, essays and articles. There are 107 poems and 127 articles (including fragments) today. The original collection has been lost for a long time. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Xu's posthumous work 10, with a collection, was engraved as the Collected Works of Jin Erjun, which was reprinted by Lu Yuanda in the Ming Dynasty, that is, the now popular Lu Ji. Amin Zhang Qian compiled Lu Pingyuan Collection and other 130 records of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties.
Lu Ji's achievements in calligraphy
Lu Ji's literary name is unparalleled, and the title of the book is naturally covered up by the literary name. "Nanqi" said, "Lu, Wu Shishu also. Nothing can compare with it. " "Xuan He Shu Pu" says: "I left home in Jin and devoted myself to Confucianism for ten years. I learned everything I saw and heard. "Although it can be used for reference, talent covers the ears."
Reply post
There are not many calligraphy works handed down by Lu Ji, and the ink collected by the inner government in the Song Dynasty includes cursive script "Ping Fu Tie" and running script "Wang Xiang Tie". At present, most people in the calligraphy circle believe that Ping Fu Tie is the first original calligraphy found in the history of China. None of the ancient calligraphers before Lu Ji had reliable ink; There was a lot of ancient ink before the reply, but the author didn't leave a name. Therefore, Lu Ji is recognized as the first scribe to let future generations see the elegant demeanor.
"Ping Fu Tie", cold gold notebook, cursive script, free of charge. 23.8 cm in vertical direction and 20.5 cm in horizontal direction. All nine lines. About eight or seven words, only eight or four words left. Because the paper is so old, there are some figures that can't be distinguished. Angie's View on Mo Hui Yuan said: "The suffering of his literature cannot be completely solved." Zhang Chou's "Real Gold Home Delivery" has only fourteen words. Mr. Qi Gong is good at calligraphy, familiar with literature and history, looking for his broken pen and making a full-text interpretation. In front of this volume, there is a line of fine print "Historical Records, Biography of Shi Heng in the Plain", in which the word "Ping" falls off, which is a supplement for the Tang people. There is also a clay sculpture inscription by Song Huizong Evonne, named after the word "calm" in the first line.
"Ping Fu Tie" has only a few lines, and every word is well written, so it is known as the ancestor of human calligraphy. Dong Qichang wrote a postscript: "Before Gai Youjun and after Chang Yuan, only these lines are left, which are the treasures of the future."
Reply post
For a long time, when the calligraphy circle mentions Pingfu Post, it often talks about its historical value as the "ancestor of the world calligraphy", but rarely talks about its artistic value. People always look at it with mysterious eyes and regard it as a special case in the history of calligraphy. In addition, his handwriting is difficult to distinguish, his pen is scrawled, his aesthetic taste is unconventional, and he is fluent and has no obvious source of inheritance. Therefore, in the vast river of calligraphy, it is isolated and unfamiliar. In recent years, with the discovery of Han bamboo slips and the writing of Wei and Jin classics, people's horizons have expanded and their aesthetics have changed accordingly. After getting used to the gorgeous and beautiful literati calligraphy, I have a strong psychology of returning to nature. I have a new understanding of the simple and natural style of the reply post.
"PingPingtie" is simple in brushwork, vigorous and vigorous in stippling, simple and vigorous. Every word of the whole post is independent, and the thickness of each stroke has not changed much. There is no pen with a long front and a thin back, and the change of thickness is completely accomplished by lifting the pen, which shows that Lu Ji used a bald pen at that time, so the strokes are short and powerful, vigorous and simple, such as the first stroke of the word "Ping", which quickly volleys into the paper and then lifts the front to the right point, which not only embodies the characteristics of bald front, but also embodies the characteristics of bald front. In addition, the reply post uses a round pen, and almost every word can be seen, such as the turning point between the word "Fu" and the word "Chu", such as the tick of the word "Lai". Zhang Chou commented in the Ming Dynasty: "The reply post is the strangest, just like Suo You 'an's Ode to a Teacher. Too much erosion is a pity and not common. But the brushwork is round and thick, like mysterious wine, which the ancients can't match. "
"Ping Fu Tie" has twists and turns, such as the word "Sheng", and its neighbor Fu Zengxiang praised it as "strong pen power, long live the withered vine". In addition, the reply post also broke the traditional characteristics of stable center of gravity, fairness and harmony, and paid attention to taking the right from the slant and seeking stability from the risk, which increased the fluency of cursive script. For example, the word "Lai" is a newcomer, because there are many strokes on the left and a vertical arc to the right in the middle. So it seems that the left is more important than the right, so the last point is far away, so as to correct the left-leaning center of gravity and produce artistic effects of moving in silence, moving in silence and seeing wisdom in stupidity.
Reply post
"Reply Post" is clever and interesting. The strokes are smooth and vigorous, and the words are not connected with each other. Writing letters is simple and natural, without any hesitation and affectation. Mi Fei praised him for "painting ashes with fire sticks".
"Ping Fu Tie" is the most typical representative work in the process of Cao Zhang becoming today's grassland. On the one hand, it removes the greatest feature of Cao Zhangbo. This is similar to Zhang Cao written with a bald pen in Loulan's residual paper. In addition, the font size has changed, and there is a connection between words, which shows that it has the characteristics of modern grass. On the other hand, its center turns round, and its brushwork does not reveal the angle of Guigui, which has obvious meaning of seal and official seal. It has not been completely separated from Cao Zhang. Qing Wusheng commented in Daguanlu: "If cursive script is official seal, the brushwork is strange." Throughout the whole article, it looks like a dragon and snake waking up in winter, but it is not like the vertical pen of this grass. Therefore, Ping Fu Tie not only has high artistic value and historical value of "the ancestor of calligraphy", but also can be used as a reference for studying the evolution of calligraphy and fonts. At the same time, its simple, simple and natural calligraphy style also deeply influenced later calligraphers. According to this book style, the Five Dynasties created the book style of Yang Madman, which is "simplifying the complex and breaking the square into a circle". There is a cloud in Ming Gu Fu's "Spectacular Life": "The ancient meaning of the reply is mottled, but the words are strange and unreadable. It is because Huai Su's Thousand Characters, Bitter Bamboo Shoots and Yang Ningshi's Immortal Living Method are all grass saints, and those who are salty get this pen. "
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