First of all, bronze chimes
Explained in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Bell, music bell also." Bell plays an important role in ancient eight-tone musical instruments, and copper percussion instruments rank first. "Ancient and Modern Music Records" records: "Six golden musical instruments belong to bells: bells, cymbals, bracelets, cymbals and divisions." In the evolution of clocks and watches, bracelets, cymbals, Tudor, pheasant and Ding Ning are often mixed. Chiyou is an invention of Dongyi people. The earliest known tomb is the tomb of Liujiadianzi in Yishui, Shandong Province, which belongs to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. In the late 1970s, the No.1 tomb of Wangjiashan in Jianbi, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province was discovered in groups of three. In the early Warring States period, a large number of copper-like primitive porcelain appeared in Yuhang, Haiyan and other places in Zhejiang Province, which shows that it is quite popular in Baiyue area. The largest known cave comes from the Three Gorges area where Ba people live, with a height of 82 cm. Belonging to military percussion instruments. According to the types of bells, they can be divided into six categories: buzzer, musical instrument, instrument, warning, craft and ceremony. In shape, it is an oblate hollow cylindrical box, of which the most important type is the chime, that is, the "tile shape". In the Northern Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo (1031-1095) recorded in Volume I of Bubitan: "The ancient music bells are all flat as tiles, with long bell covers and short sounds at ordinary times", and the bells are all flat as tiles, realizing the "box tile" shape of almonds. After the round bell is struck, the sound is long, and the vague transverse sound drags on for a long time, which forms acoustic interference and cannot be used as a chime. Because there are edges (bells) on both sides of the clock body, it hinders the vibration wave of the clock wall, accelerates the attenuation of sound waves, can quickly eliminate buzzing, and has obvious acoustic effect, that is, filters out high frequencies and improves sound quality. For example, more than 36 pieces of milk are cast in three rows in the middle of the clock, which causes several high-frequency loads when it is hit, attenuates high-frequency vibration, and makes the clock wall quickly enter steady-state vibration, thus having a certain control effect on the sound quality and timbre of the clock. The chime music is crisp and bright, melodious and beautiful, and can play the same melody as singing, also known as the bell.
Second, the bronze bell in the pre-Qin period.
At present, the earliest known bronze organ in China is 1986 bronze bell unearthed from Taosi site in Xiangfen, Shanxi, which belongs to Longshan era. Soon, many bronze chimes of the Xia Dynasty were unearthed in Erlitou and Yanshi. They were slightly larger in shape, and some had edges on one side. According to its shape, bells in the pre-Qin period can be divided into three types: bells, bells and bells. Regarding the name of the part of the clock, it is recorded in Kao: "Fu's name is Zhong. The two dragons are called milling, milling is called advancing, drums are called above, cymbals are called drums, dancing is called cymbals, harmony is called dancing, harmony is called harmony, rotation is called Zhongjun, insects are called swimming, bells are called seals, seals are called gold, and scenery is called tunnels. " There are chapters in Kao that "Fu" is a bell and "Fu" is a bell maker. In ancient times, anyone who punched the clock was blind, so he was called "God" (under Mandarin and Zhou Yu). They have their own ancestral temple and school, called "Zhezong", which specializes in their profession and has excellent ears. Those who ring the bell in the temple are respected as teachers, as the inscription of the assistant teacher shows. Successors, such as Shi Kuang, Shi Yan and Shi Juan, all served in the imperial court and were recorded in the history books. Ancestral temples and schools, those who keep their jobs in the world, are extremely alert. Those who ring the bell in the temple are respected as teachers, as the inscription of the assistant teacher shows. Successors, such as Shi Kuang, Shi Yan and Shi Juan, all served in the imperial court and were recorded in the history books.
Osmium was first used to arrange musical instruments. Sites in the late Shang Dynasty, such as Tomb No.312 of Confucius Village in Yinxu Temple, are mostly composed of three pieces, five of which are only found in Muhao Tomb. Many of Huguang's bronze cymbals come from hills and plains, so they should be sacrifices. The pitch relationship between the front drum and the side drum of the Shang bronze bell (Rao and Yong) is not uniform, which is roughly the same degree (that is, single tone), second degree, second degree, third degree, third degree and fourth degree. Most of the smaller bronze bells in Shang Dynasty belong to the Central Plains, and 3 or 5 pieces are used as a group. The height of the chime is less than 25 cm, and the striking part is thickened. Most chimes have square bulges on the front drum surface. Many mirrors have inscriptions, which are cast in the cavity opposite the drum, which is just the key part to adjust the sound of the drum. Larger clocks are found in southern areas such as Hunan, Anhui and Jiangsu, among which Hunan is the largest. Its height is 50-60 cm, and the small clock is above 30 cm. At present, the largest known piece is Darao, which is spread on Moon Mountain in Ningxiang, Hunan, with a height of103.5cm and a weight of 22 1 kg. These clocks are probably used to worship mountains and rivers, lakes, wind and rain, stars and other occasions. Most of Da Rao's excavations are single-piece, which should be a single-piece sounder. Compared with the square bulge of the main drum of Jason Chung in Central Plains, Darao also has a different decorative treatment from the side drum, showing the hitting position. Bronze chimes in Shang dynasty all have inner lips, and there is no trace of tuning in the cavity; Inconsistent interval; There is a single device or decoration on the front drum, and there is no special sign on the side drum. From the analysis of its shape characteristics, sound quality and functional requirements, it is found that the side drum sound has not been officially used in the Central Plains Sanyinzhong. The chimes in southern China have not been used in groups, but are mainly used for single-tone sacrificial activities. The relationship between bell body and pitch is not standardized and accurate. Therefore, the bronze chimes of Shang Dynasty should belong to subjective monophonic chimes, and the existing diphones are natural phenomena born together with the tile body, that is, the original diphones.
In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the number of groups of Ding Gui was confirmed by archaeological excavations to be consistent with that of Zhou Li. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the use of chimes in groups and their cooperation with Ding Gui promoted the establishment of the ritual and music system. The Book of Songs is a collection of poems of the Western Zhou Dynasty accompanied by music. Among them, it is accompanied by China, Qi and Qing; Elegant is accompanied by Zhong Heqing. It confirms what Uncle Kong said in Zhou Li Chun Guan Xiao Xu that the suspension of music is an important symbol to distinguish grades. It is recorded in Xunzi's Theory of Music: "Fu's vocal music is also deep and its transformation is fast." "Music means people don't flow, and music means people are there without chaos." "Historical Records of Le Shu" records: "Happiness is so beneficial to the heart and different from the outside, and the upper is to serve the temple and the lower is to become Li Shu." At that time, China music was highly valued. "The image of vocal music: drum beauty, solid bell, simple piano, harmonious music, strong music, graceful music, good piano, clear music and dancing are both natural and natural. Drums, the king of pleasure! So drums are like the sky, bells are like water, flutes and flutes are like stars, the sun and the moon, and cymbals, bells, cymbals, cymbals and cymbals are like everything. Want to know the meaning of dancing? Say: you don't see with your eyes, but listen with your ears. However, it is not cheap to control the pitch, advance and retreat quickly, and let the bells and drums worship the festival as much as possible. Those who are disobedient will accumulate a lot! " (Xunzi Yue Lun) shows the brilliance of the status of the bell and drum. The appearance of Yong Zhong in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty changed the way of holding or planting bells with the bell mouth facing upwards in the Yin and Shang Dynasties, and changed it into the way of hanging bells with the bell mouth facing downwards. The bell body is roughly close to the bronze chime of Shang Dynasty, and the pheasant part is evenly distributed. Yong Zhong consists of three chapters, which is the continuation of the chimes of the Shang Dynasty. Its inner cavity has an inner lip, and there is no trace of tuning. Most of them have relatively standard double tones. The double tones in Yongzhong in the early years of Western Zhou Dynasty are different from the original double tones in the bells of Yin and Shang Dynasties. Its large and small intervals and its discreteness in the sound spectrum are two tones acquired through the standardization and conditioning of clock model and casting, that is, casting two tones. Casting polyphony is an improvement on the basis of the original natural phenomenon of polyphony. However, cast disyllabic words are not mature disyllabic words. After more than 100 years of experience in casting bells, musicians and craftsmen must have the ability to distinguish bells. In the original two-tone stage of the clock, the interval relationship between the two tones is natural, and the clarity of the two tones is also natural. Before there is no artificial means of separation, the phenomenon of dual-tone joint attack will naturally become more serious. When the drum sound is played, the side drum sound will more or less participate in the vibration and produce sound. Among the original two tones, the sharp stimulation of the second interval and the harmony and sweetness of the third interval will leave a deep impression on them. Some bells with good timbre will get more attention and imitation. This kind of selection, imitation and repetition makes more and more original dual-tone clocks with three-degree intervals, which has gradually become a trend from the sophomore in the early stage to the junior in the later stage. In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, this trend led to the casting of two tones. It can be seen that the original bronze chime dual-tone technology was not produced for obtaining dual tones, nor for using side drum sounds. Its significance lies in that the bell can produce wonderful sound quality.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was very common that the bell was compatible with the bell and the bell. 1935, two groups of coffins were unearthed in the tomb of shanbiao town, Jixian county, Henan province: five plain coffins and 14 scattered coffins. The tomb of Shanbiao Town is the tomb of the noble son of Wei State, which dates from 300 BC to 240 BC. 1957, unearthed from the tomb of the warring States period in Changtaiguan, Xinyang, Henan Province 13 pieces of bells. This group of chimes was investigated and tested, and the music of Dongfanghong was played with them, which caused great repercussions in academic circles and found the dual-tone technology of bronze chimes in the pre-Qin period. 1978 comes from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Sui County, Hubei Province. At the beginning of the Warring States Period, the State of Zeng was the barrier of the State of Chu, as evidenced by the mound given by King Hui of Chu in the middle. This large-scale chime group is in the shape of a curved ruler, arranged in three layers, and consists of eight groups of 65 chimes. Each group of chimes can emit two sounds, and the names of the sounds are engraved on the percussion parts in gold letters. The full set of chimes has a range of more than five octaves, with three and a half octaves and twelve semitones in the middle, which can rotate in the palace. Its excavation shocked the whole world. There are 45 bells, 19 button bells and 1 cymbals made in Ceng Houyi. Except for the cymbals, every bell has an inscription indicating that it is a two-tone clock. Its bell cavity structure is that there is a "sound ridge" on the back of the drum, which protrudes in a strip shape from the bell mouth to the middle. Because of the tuning, these ridges have been honed to varying degrees. Some of them have been seriously worn out, and even a small groove-"sound groove" has appeared at the position opposite to the ridge line: the bell walls of the positive drum part and the milling part have not been thickened, and these places have also been ground into sound grooves with different depths because of tuning: these sound ridges and sound grooves are just on the pitch line of the positive drum sound or the side drum sound, just like the tunnel of the Western Zhou clock. At this time, the craftsman not only mastered this most sensitive tuning part, but also adjusted the dual tones of the clock by thickening and thinning: the tuning accuracy of the clock is very high; 2. The organic combination of major and minor tones constitutes a complete applicable tone train of 33 clocks, of which 65,438+00 is major and 23 is minor. The organic combination of size and degree makes the combination sound series of the clock more substantial and full. The composition of Zeng Houyi's chime system not only considers the priority of the backbone sound in the drum, but also considers the density and rationality of the sound system. All these designs have been realized, which can reflect Andhadhun's ability and level of controlling two-tone intervals at that time from another angle. The accuracy of the two-tone interval has been greatly improved. These two-tone intervals are accurate enough to reflect their original legal intention, which is difficult to do without keen hearing ability and sharpening technology. The above analysis, from the perspective of two-tone intervals, shows that this set of chimes really adopts the polyphonic system. It is worth noting that the formation of its three-degree rule is not entirely a pure rule, but also uses the five-degree rule. That is to say, each chime can emit two tones, and these two tones are exactly three degrees. The range can reach five and a half octaves (its range is * * * five octaves and a second degree), which is only one octave smaller than the piano and has twelve semitones. This is the earliest known musical instrument with twelve semitones in the world. The scale structure is close to the modern seven-tone scale in C major. In addition, there are more than 2800 inscriptions related to music rules on the chime, which record many musical terms.
Tadpole book, also known as "Tadpole Book" and "Tadpole Seal", is named after its thick head and thin tail resembling tadpoles. The name tadpole appeared only after the Han Dynasty, referring to the ancient prose in the pre-Qin period. This short-lived writing method is no longer used now. From the relics handed down from generation to generation, we can find that the style is similar to the characters on bronzes in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and there are also such signs on Oracle Bone Inscriptions, jade carvings and pottery in the Shang Dynasty.
Clock, an ancient percussion instrument. It prevailed in the bronze age, which was inseparable from the high development of music, acoustics and bronze smelting and casting technology at that time. Because the bronze bell is strong and corrosion-resistant, although it has been two or three thousand years, it can still leave us with ancient real sounds. In ancient times, the clock was not only a musical instrument, but also a ritual vessel symbolizing status and power. Princes and nobles widely use bell music in various ceremonies, banquets and daily Yan music, such as courtship and sacrifice. According to the records in Shi Ben, Li Ji, Lv Chunqiu and Shan Hai Jing, this clock was made by Cui, Gu, Yan and Ling Lun, which shows that it has a long history. Among archaeological discoveries, there are primitive "pottery clocks". The pottery clock of Yangshao Cultural Site in Miaodigou, Shan County, Henan Province (3900-3000 BC) is made of fine clay red pottery, simple and unpretentious, with a handle, about 9 meters high and 5 centimeters in diameter. There are small holes on both sides of the shoulder that communicate with the inner cavity, or it may be a bell that can tie the tongue. The pottery clock at the Longshan Cultural Site in Keshengzhuang, Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province (2800-2000 BC) is rectangular with a solid handle and looks like a Shang Dynasty cymbal (I-47-48, Music History of China). The pottery clock (about 2400 BC) in the third phase cultural site of Qinglongquan in Shijiahe, Tianmen, Hubei Province is oblate, with a height of 5.6 and a caliber of 10×7. 1 cm. Animal faces are engraved on both sides of the clock body. There is a through hole in the center of the top to tie the tongue. Also like a bell. The cavity cross section of the above three pottery products is non-circular, which has the characteristics of later bronze bells. Bell belongs to the golden department in the classification of ancient "eight tones" The names of various parts of the bell are recorded in the section "Bell is Bell" in Zhou Li Textual Research, and are now explained as follows: Yong: the handle at the upper end of the bell body. Constant: The level of Yong Ding is parallel to the dance surface. Rotating belt: A convex belt protruding from the swimming trunks to support swimming. Model: the ring of the wall clock is decorated with patterns, and some are decorated with relief or three-dimensional animal heads. Dance: The bell top platform is connected with harmony. Piece: milk protruding between seal words. Scene: The top of the work. Seal: Decorative boundary between chess pieces. Pheasant: The middle part between the lower piece and the seal is located in the center of the bell, which is the main casting place of the inscription. Yu: Between the two milling angles, the lower edge of the drum. Milling: the left and right sides of the bell body. Tunnel: a groove in the inner hole of a bell and drum. The middle interface of the clock body is the front. Button bell has the same structure as Yong bell, the only difference is that it is set as a button in dance. The front drum and the side drum of a bell can emit tones of two frequencies, that is, a bell has two fundamental frequencies. These two sounds are generally three-degree intervals. The sound mechanism of a clock is the vibration of a curved plate. Due to the unique tile-shaped structure of the clock body, two fundamental frequency vibration modes are produced. There are six pitch lines when straightening the drum, which are located on four side drums and two milling edges respectively. There are four pitch lines when edging the drum, which are located in two positive drum parts and two milling edges respectively. The edges on both sides of the bell play the role of damping and accelerating attenuation in vibration to avoid buzzing. At the same time, the two kinds of vibration waves restrict each other, so that "buzz" (a long-delayed buzz) can be eliminated as soon as possible. The chip also has the function of accelerating high frequency attenuation. This ingenious and reasonable structural design makes the chime a large percussion instrument that can play melodies. The ancients mastered the trend of the pitch line in long-term practice, and adjusted the pitch of the sensitive parts of the pitch line by changing the wall thickness of the clock body. The common grooves on the inner wall of the Western Zhou clock and the common convex belts on the inner wall of the Warring States clock are designed for this purpose. The casting of the clock has to go through complicated procedures, and the pitch error should be controlled within 0-5 minutes to ensure good sound quality. The clock is made of split fan and combined casting. From 1960 to 1963, more than 3,000 pottery patterns, including a large number of internal and external patterns of bells and cymbals, were found in the ruins of the ancient town of Houma Village in Shanxi Province during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which provided material evidence for the ancient method of dividing lines and casting together. The alloy composition of bronze clock is tin bronze, and contains a small amount of lead and other trace elements. "Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji" records: "There are six kinds of gold, and one of the six kinds of gold and tin is called Zhongding". It shows that the alloy ratio of the clock has been standardized at that time. The clock plays on the shelf. Clock frame, called "hairpin" (Sǔn, Jǖ) in ancient times, with "hairpin" as the beam, also known as bamboo shoots and chopsticks; The post supporting the beam is a "pin", which is also used as a pin. There is a stable "grate seat" under the column. Because the number of hanging bells in each group is different, there are many kinds of shelf systems. Such as one beam and two columns (chimes of Chu Tomb in Xinyang, Henan 13 pieces); Two beams and five pillars (chimes of tomb No.1 in Tianxingguan, Jiangling, Hubei, 22 pieces); Curved-ruler-shaped two beams and three columns (eight pieces of Tomb No.1 in Hougudui, Gushi, Henan); Curved ruler with seven beams and fourteen columns (64 bells in the tomb of Zeng Houyi). Some chimes were unearthed with bell hooks, pins, pestles and clock sticks that hit the bell body. The bell is hung with a hook or rope, and the elbow bell is hung with a nail. Beat small and medium chimes with a T-shaped wooden pestle; Hit a big clock with a long round stick. Take the tomb of Zeng Houyi as an example. Its T-shaped bell pestle is 62 cm long and its wooden stick is 2 15 cm long. Today, the number of bells in the pre-Qin period has been considerable. According to the incomplete statistics of 1988, there are 903 pieces in 1 16 batches and 174 groups (type, group and pieces are unknown). There are about 400 inscriptions among them. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, chimes are mostly in groups of nine. On the basis of Western Zhou Zhong, the bass horn and business sound were added. When these two notes are both positive drums, the tone of the side drum becomes three degrees. Therefore, the drum sound of the whole set of bells constitutes a complete pentatonic scale, and all the sequences can form a pentatonic scale or a heptatonic scale. For example, a set of bells unearthed from the No.1 Tomb of Sixia in Xichuan, Henan Province (Chunqiu Chu Tomb). In this period, chimes were struck twice at a time, and birds were generally not cast on the side drums. During the Warring States period, there were still nine bells, and there were thirteen bells and fourteen bells. The chime of the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Sui County, Hubei Province is the largest chime ever found, with 64 pieces. The third floor is hung on a square clock rack. There are three sets of toggle clocks hanging upstairs, 19 pieces; There are three groups of bells hanging on the middle and lower floors, with 45 pieces in total. The smallest one is 20.4 cm high and weighs 2.4kg；; The largest one is 153.4 cm high and weighs 203.4 kg. The total weight exceeds 2500 kilograms. This chime has a range of C-C4, about five octaves. In the center of G-C3, a complete chromatic series can be formed, which can be rotated in the palace. Each bell has an inscription of seal script, * * * about 2800 words, which is used to indicate the sequential name of each bell pronunciation and its corresponding relationship with Chu, Jin, Qi, Zhou and Shen Law (tune) (see Table 2 to Table 4). The clock stands are placed in the west and south of the tomb. The clock stands in the west are 7.48 meters long and 2.65 meters high. The south shelf is 3.35 meters long and 2.73 meters high. The middle column and the lower column are six bronze warriors with swords. The full set of bells is magnificent. The discovery of the chime makes up for the shortcomings and defects recorded in the literature, which has important historical and scientific value. It vividly shows the brilliant achievements of Chinese music culture and bronze casting technology during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It is a treasure of the Chinese nation and an unprecedented great discovery in the history of archaeology and music in China and even the world. After Zeng Houyi chimed the bells, 36 bells were found in Tomb No.2 of Leigudun in Sui County, Hubei Province.