Hair flew over the river and sprinkled on the periphery of the river. The highest one hangs a long forest tip, and the lower one floats to Shentang 'ao.
The children in Nancun bully me. I can stand being a thief.
I openly carried Mao into the bamboo forest, and my lips were so dry that I couldn't breathe. When I came back, I sighed on crutches.
In an instant, the wind will set the color of the clouds and ink, and the autumn will be bleak and dark.
The cloth has been cold and iron for many years, and the pride is cracked.
There is no dry place in the bedside table, and the feet are numb with rain.
How can you get wet all night since you are in a mess and don't get enough sleep!
There are tens of millions of luxury houses in Ande, which greatly protect the poor people in the world from the spring breeze and the wind and rain!
Oh! When I suddenly see this house in front of me, I will freeze to death alone!
In the spring of the second year of Yuan Dynasty (76 1), Du Fu asked for relatives and built a hut near Huanhuaxi, Chengdu, and finally got a place to live. Unexpectedly, in August, the house was damaged by strong winds, and heavy rain followed. The poet stayed up all night and was deeply moved. He wrote this well-known poem. This poem is about his own hut, but it shows his feelings of worrying about the country and the people.
This poem can be divided into four parts. There are five sentences in the first section, each of which rhymes, and there are bursts of wind from the five flat rhymes of "good", "wool", "intersection" and "depression". "In the autumn of August, the wind roared, and my family's three hairs." The momentum was rapid. The word "wind howling" is loud and loud, which reads like roaring in the autumn wind. A word "anger" personifies the autumn wind, which makes the next sentence not only full of action, but also full of strong feelings. The poet finally built the hut, and just settled down, but the autumn wind deliberately opposed him, whistling and rolling up layers of thatch. How can he not make the poet extremely anxious? The word "flying" of "Mao Fei crossed the river and scattered in the suburbs of the river" is closely related to the word "rolling" in the previous sentence. The rolled thatch did not fall beside the house, but flew over the river with the wind, and then scattered like raindrops in the suburbs of the river: "The highest one hangs on the top of the forest." One after another, the dynamics of "rolling", "flying", "crossing", "falling", "hanging" and "drifting" not only constitute vivid pictures, but also touch the poet's sight and touch his heartstrings. The genius of the poet lies in that he does not express his feelings abstractly, but reflects his feelings in an objective description. When we read these poems, we clearly saw a thin old man with thin clothes and rags standing outside the house on crutches, watching the roaring autumn wind roll up the thatch on his house layer by layer, blowing through Jiang Fa and scattered in the suburbs by the river; And his anxiety and resentment about the broken house caused by the strong wind can not help but arouse our hearts.
Five sentences in the second quarter. This is a development and supplement to the previous section. The thatch "sprinkled on the periphery of the river" written in the last section cannot be recovered. Is there anything on the ground that can be restored? Yes, but it was taken away by the "Nancun Group Children"! The word "bully me" should be focused. If the poet is not "old and weak", but strong and energetic when he is young, he will naturally not be bullied like this. "Being able to face a thief" means having the heart to be a thief before my eyes! This just shows the resentment of the poet who was bullied because he was "old and weak", and it is not true that "Quner" was accused of being a "thief" and wanted to sue the government for crimes. So "my lips are so dry that I can't breathe", and there is nothing I can do. In the words of the poet Matagoro, this is "it is better to have this than to be poor"! If the poet is not very poor, he will not be so worried about the thatch being blown away by the wind: if the "group" is not very poor, they will not brave the wind to hold those worthless thatch. This is all over. The lofty aspiration of "owning endless buildings and protecting the faces of the poor in the world" is based on the reality of "being poor all over the world".
"Come back and lean on the stick and sigh" always receives a paragraph or two. As soon as the poet heard the barking of the north wind, he was worried that the hut that was not strong enough would be in danger, so he went out on crutches and walked home helplessly until the wind blew the thatch of the house beyond recovery. "Leaning on the staff" is of course to take care of the "old and weak". The word "self" in "self-sighing" hurts! The poet's unfortunate experience was only his own sigh, which did not arouse others' sympathy and help, so the watering of the worldly wisdom was also intended to be outside the words, so the content of his "sigh" was very profound! When he was devastated by the wind, homeless and unable to get sympathy and help from others, he clearly thought of countless poor people in similar situations.
In the third season, eight sentences were written about the miserable situation of broken houses and continuous rain. The phrase "the wind will instantly set the color of clouds and ink, and the autumn is bleak and dark" uses a lot of pen and ink to render a gloomy and sad atmosphere, thus setting off the poet's gloomy and sad mood. It is expected that there will be dense raindrops sprinkled on the ground from the bleak autumn sky. The phrase "clothes are cold and iron for many years, jiao zi lies with her feet cracked" cannot be written by an author with poor life experience. It is worth noting that this is not only a worn-out cloth quilt, but also a preparation for later writing. In Chengdu in August, the weather is not "cold". It is precisely because "there is no dry place at the head of the bed, and the rain is endless" that I feel cold. "Since I can't sleep, how can I get wet overnight?" Two sentences, one vertical and one closed. First, from the present situation to all kinds of painful experiences since the An Shi Rebellion, from the stormy hut to the war-torn country; As soon as I closed it, I returned to the reality of "getting wet all night". Worrying about the country and the people, plus "getting wet all night", how can you sleep? "Why is there a car" and the previous "unbroken" concern show the poet's urgent mood of looking forward to both rain and dawn. And this kind of mood is inspired by the predicament of broken houses and iron clothes. Therefore, the personal hardship is linked to the similar situation of others, and naturally it comes to the end of the whole poem.
"There are thousands of spacious buildings in Qian Qian, and the poor in the world are happy, and the wind and rain are as calm as a mountain." Seven characters are used before and after, and nine characters are used in the middle. The words "Guangsha", "Thousand Rooms", "Great Shelter", "Tianxia", "Happy Face" and "Anrushan" are loud and clear. This unrestrained passion and fiery hope, without singing, sighed, "alas! Suddenly I saw this house in front of me, and I froze to death alone! " The poet's broad mind and lofty ideals have been vividly demonstrated so far.
Belinsky once said: "No poet can be great because of himself, by describing himself, whether describing his own pain or describing his own happiness. Any great poet is great because their roots of pain and happiness have been deeply rooted in the soil of society and history, because he is the organ and representative of society, times and mankind. " Du Fu described his own pain in this poem, but we didn't know until the last sentence that he didn't describe his own pain in isolation and simply, but expressed the pain of the "poor people in the world" by describing his own pain to show the suffering of society and the times. If you don't understand the content of "sighing" when reading "Looking Up at the Sky", then read "Alas! Suddenly I saw the house in front of me, and it was enough for me to freeze to death alone. "Always see, he is not just lamenting his misfortune, but insomnia, shout loudly! "In the autumn night when the wind and rain hit mercilessly, the poet's mind was not only troubled by' my hut was broken alone', but also by' human pity'. Du Fu's ardent feelings of worrying about the country and the people and his lofty ideal of urgently demanding to change the dark reality have been exciting readers' hearts for thousands of years and played a positive role.
Song of chariots
Vehicles roared, soldiers sang, and soldiers and arrows were tied to their waists.
My parents, my parents, my wife and children all ran to see them. When they marched, the dust covered the sky and they couldn't see xian yangqiao.
On the way, holding soldiers' clothes, eating and crying, the sky rushed into the sky.
Passers-by asked the soldiers how they got there, saying only that the roster was frequently recruited.
We remember that others were sent to the north to guard rivers at the age of fifteen, and were sent to the west to cultivate farms at the age of forty;
Long in the middle, the hair is tied up with a headscarf, and when I come back, I am bald and guarding the border.
Countless border guards shed blood and sacrificed to form seawater, and the concept of border defense in Huang Wu has not stopped.
Haven't you heard that there are hundreds of villages covered with vegetation in 200 states east of Huashan Mountain?
Even if a strong woman plows the field with a hoe, nothing will grow on the crops in the field.
Moreover, the soldiers of the Qin Dynasty can fight hard, and there is no difference between chickens and dogs when they are rushed to fight.
Although the elders have doubts, how dare those who serve complain?
Just like this winter, we didn't stop the soldiers west of Hangukou from enlisting.
The county magistrate urgently urges people to pay taxes. Where does the tax come from?
We know that having a son will bring bad luck, and having a daughter will be much better. ;
Who can get married and live in a neighbor's house, while we bury our children underground!
Didn't you see Qinghai Head, where all the old bones were abandoned?
The new ghost wails there, and the old one is loudest in the stormy dark sky.
After Tianbao, the wars of the Tang Dynasty against ethnic minorities in northwest and southwest became more and more frequent. This continuous large-scale war has not only brought heavy disasters to the border ethnic minorities, but also brought the same misfortune to the people of the Central Plains.
According to Zi Jian, Volume 2 16: "In the tenth year of Tianbao, in April, Jiannan was fresh in the negotiation of Nanzhao Manchu and lost to Lunan. When Zhong Tong sent 80,000 soldiers, ... the army was defeated and 60,000 soldiers died. Zhong Tong was spared. Yang Guozhong concealed his failure, but still told his merits. ..... Make and raise soldiers from Beijing and Henan to attack Nanzhao. People heard that Yunnan was troubled and there was no war, and the foot soldiers died in 1899, so they had to recruit Moken. Yang suggested separating people and sending flail to the army. ..... So Monkey was sad and resentful, and his parents and wife gave him gifts and cried there. " This historical record can be interpreted as the interpretation of this poem. This poem artistically reproduces this social reality.
Xing is a genre of Yuefu songs. Du Fu's Car Shop did not follow the ancient theme, but originated from something, that is, a famous story, a self-created theme, which profoundly reflected the people's suffering life in the form of Yuefu folk songs.
Poetry begins with an objective description that suddenly rises, and with vigorous brushwork, the wind blows, and suddenly shows a huge and exciting farewell picture in front of readers: chariots rumble, war horses scream, and the arrested poor people put on military uniforms and bring bows and arrows, and are marching forward under the escort of officials. The husband's wife and father scrambled to find and shout their loved ones in the queue, tearing their clothes, beating their chests and feet, urging and calling. The dust raised by chariots and horses covered the sky, and even the Weihe Bridge in the northwest of Xianyang was covered. The cries of thousands of people merged into a loud noise and echoed in the clouds. "Father, mother, son, wife, staring at you", the pillar and main labor force of a family, was taken away, leaving only the old, weak, women and children, which is a huge disaster for a family. Why not help the old and bring the young away? An ordinary word "Zou" embodies the poet's strong emotional color! Relatives were suddenly caught and rushed to the battlefield, and the family chased the call sign to do life and death parting at that moment. How hasty and sad this is! "They ran after you, crying, and they tugged at your sleeve", four actions in a row, showing in detail the sentimentality, sadness, resentment and despair of the people who saw him off. In the poet's pen, the dust is pervasive and the traffic of horses and chariots is dazzling; Crying everywhere, straight into the sky, deafening! This description gives readers a strong sense of hearing and vision, showing the tragedy of the separation of thousands of families, which is shocking!
Then, starting from "and every time a bystander asks you questions", the poet asks the parties, that is, the soldiers who joined the army, to talk directly by asking questions.
And "passers-by" is a passerby, that is, Du Fu himself. The sad scene above was seen by the poet himself; The following sad words were heard by the poet himself. This enhances the realism of poetry. "Point-and-line frequency" means frequent conscription, which is the "poetic eye" of the whole article. Hit the nail on the head, pointing out the root causes of the people's misery, the innocent sacrifice of the whole people and the barren land of the country. Then, taking a "pedestrian" who went to the battlefield at the age of fifteen and was still guarding the border at the age of forty as an example, the "frequency of point to line" was explained in detail to show the truth and reliability of the situation. "The blood in the side yard becomes a sea, and the heart of Emperor Wu is still fighting." "Huang Wu" is a metaphor for the Tang Dynasty in Chinese, but it actually refers to Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu boldly pointed the finger at the supreme ruler, which was a fierce protest from the heart and fully expressed the poet's furious grief.
The poet wrote here, and his pen turned sharply, opening up another thrilling realm. The poet begins with "You don't smell" and reminds readers to turn their eyes from the bloody frontier fortress court to the vast inland in a conversational tone. The "Han family" in the poem also implies the Tang Dynasty. In Woye, Harada, east of Huashan Mountain, thousands of villages fell, the countryside was deserted, and thorns were everywhere. The poet's imagination, from what he heard in front of him to the national scene, from one point to universal, not only expanded the expressive ability of poetry, but also deepened the expressive depth of poetry.
Since "whatever they are asked to do", poets have entered another level. "Elder" is a title of respect for poets. "Serviceman" is a self-proclaimed infantry. "County official" refers to the Tang Dynasty. The sentence "elder" shows the spiritual shackles imposed on them by the rulers, but the pressure can't be suppressed, and the next sentence will eventually lead to complaints. Dare to be angry and dare not speak, and then finally say it, so that the difficulties and fears of the recruiter are extremely delicate and true. These sentences are about current events. Because of "sticking to the west of the city", a large number of able-bodied men were drafted into the army. The reason for "sticking to the west of the city" is because "Emperor Wu's heart is still beating for the war". How do they pay? ? Also echoed the previous "and in thousands of villages in Qian Qian, nothing grows except weeds". In this way, social reality is revealed more and more profoundly. A few short five-word sentences were suddenly used here, which not only expressed the deep sadness of the guards, but also showed their eagerness to talk about their difficulties. In this way, through the dictation of the parties, the double disasters imposed on the people by the militaristic tactics of the rulers were exposed from two aspects: seizing soldiers and forcing rents.
The poet went on to sigh with emotion: nowadays, it is better to have a boy than a girl. Girls can still marry their neighbors, and boys can only die in battle. This is a heartfelt accusation of blood and tears. The preference for boys over girls is a common social psychology under the feudal social system. However, due to years of war, a large number of men died. Under this cruel social condition, people's social psychology has changed. This change reflects how seriously people's thoughts have been destroyed! Finally, the poet described the long-standing tragic reality in a mournful style: the ancient battlefield near Qinghai was dusty, the bones were bare, the evil wind was piercing, and the ghosts were crying and howling. The cold and gloomy scene is chilling. Here, the bleak low tone is in sharp contrast with the buzzing atmosphere at the beginning, the sad ghost cry and the earth-shattering cry at the beginning. These are the consequences of "opening the border before it is over". At this point, the poet's full and hearty passion has been fully exerted, and the crime of belligerence in the Tang Dynasty has also been vividly displayed.
Chedian is a famous sentence of Du Fu, which has been highly praised by all dynasties. It reveals that the long-term military struggle of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty brought great disasters to the people, which has profound ideological content. It is also outstanding in art, first of all, it contains feelings in the narrative. This narrative poem, whether described in the previous paragraph or passed down from generation to generation in the latter paragraph, naturally runs through the whole poem with the poet's strong and profound thoughts and feelings, and the image of the poet's anxiety seems to be displayed in front of the readers. Secondly, in the narrative order, the ups and downs echo before and after, comfortable and affordable, changeable and orderly. In the first paragraph, people are crying in Ma Si, and the noisy atmosphere is rolling with dust, paving the way for the second paragraph to talk about their difficulties; The long narrative in the second paragraph further deepens the ideological content of the scene description in the first paragraph, which reflects each other and complements each other. At the same time, the development of the plot is closely combined with the transformation of sentence patterns and rhymes. With the narrative, sentence patterns and rhymes are constantly changing, and the use of three, five and seven words strengthens the expressive force of poetry. For example, the first two or three sentences are urgent and exciting. Later, in a large section of seven words, eight five words were suddenly interspersed, showing the irresistible passion of "pedestrians", which was particularly vivid. In terms of rhyme, the whole poem has eight rhymes, four levels and four levels, alternating with each other, cadence and emotion. Thirdly, turning sentences and idioms are used in the narrative, such as "and every time a bystander asks you a question, you can only tell him that you are leaving" interspersed in the long narrative. No matter what demands are made on them, do they dare to complain? ? And "I don't see you" and "I don't smell you" not only avoid lengthy monuments, but also constantly remind and arouse readers, resulting in thrilling artistic effects. The poet also adopted the word connection of folk songs, such as "They run after you, crying, they pull your sleeve, and their plaintive voice goes up to the clouds". And every time a bystander asks you a question, you can only tell him that you are leaving. They all came down one by one like pearls. Read it out loud, sonorous, harmonious and beautiful. Finally, the use of common spoken language, such as "Ye Niang's wife", "They run with you, cry, and they pull your sleeve" and "But their officials drive them to make trouble", is fresh and natural, which is a very prominent one in Du Fu's poems. In response to this comment, predecessors once said: "Miscellaneous ballads are the most susceptible, and the shallower they are, the more incisive they are." The use of these folk songs adds vivid and cordial appeal to this poem.
Foreign night
The breeze rippled on the grassy coast, through the night, and blew to my still mast. The endless plains are dotted with drooping stars. The moon runs with the river.
I hope my art can bring me fame and liberate my sick old age from the office! . Flying around, what am I like? But sandpipers in the vast world! .
In 765 AD, Du Fu left Chengdu Caotang with his family and took a boat to the east, drifting in the Minjiang River and the Yangtze River. This five-character poem was probably written when he was boating in Yuzhou and Zhongzhou.
The first half of the poem describes the scene of "night tour": the breeze blows the fine grass on the river bank, and the high-mast boat is moored alone on the moonlit night. At that time, Du Fu was forced to leave Chengdu. In October this year, he resigned as our staff officer, and in April, his good friend Yanwu, who lived in Chengdu, passed away. In this remote place, I decided to leave East Sichuan. Therefore, this is not a vague description of the scenery, but a feeling of the scenery. Through the description of the scenery, his situation and feelings are expressed: as small as grass on the river bank and as lonely as a boat in the river. The third and fourth sentences write a vision: the stars are low and Ye Ping is vast; The moon surges with the waves, and the river flows eastward. These two sentences are magnificent, profound and have always been praised. What does the poet feel in these two sentences? Some people think it is "open-minded" (Pu Qilong's Reading Interpretation), while others think it is a feeling of "happiness" (see Selected Poems of Tang Dynasty). Interpretation of Du Fu's Five Laws). Obviously, this poem is about the poet's tragic wandering situation in his later years, and the above two explanations only emphasize the literal meaning of the poem, which is unconvincing. In fact, the poet wrote about the vast Ye Ping, the mighty rivers and the splendid stars and moons just to reflect his lonely image and sad mood. This technique of writing sadness with joy is often used in classical works. For example, The Book of Songs. Xiaoya. Cai Wei, "Once absent, a bright future is another village", how touching it is to set off the sadness of soldiers with beautiful spring scenery!
The second half of the poem is "Shu Huai". The fifth and sixth sentences say that I am a little famous. Where is it because my article is good? An official should retire because he is old and ill. This is irony, and this idea is implicit. The poet is famous for his great political ambition, but he has been suppressed for a long time and cannot display it, so his fame is actually due to his articles, which is really not what he wants. Du Fu was really old and sick at this time, but his retirement was mainly due to being excluded, not being old and sick. This shows the injustice in the poet's mind and reveals that political frustration is the fundamental reason for his wandering loneliness. Regarding the meaning of this couplet, it is probably inappropriate to say that it is "the language of self-blame without blame" ("Du Shi Shuo"), and Qiu said that it is "the five belong to self-modesty, and the six belong to self-interpretation" ("Detailed Notes on Du Shaoling Collection"). The last two sentences say, what does it look like to float all over? It's like Europe in the wide world. Considering the situation at that time, the poet expressed his sadness. The water and sky are vast, and Sha Ou falls; People, like Sha Ou, move in the rivers and lakes. This couplet is lyrical by borrowing scenery, which profoundly shows the wandering sadness in the poet's heart. It is really touching.
Wang Fuzhi's "Jiang Zhai Shi Hua" said: "Although there are differences between the heart and the object, the scenery gives birth to feelings, and the feelings give birth to the scenery, ... hiding each other's homes." Scenery, Tibet and mutual residence, that is, feelings in the scene, feelings in the scene. The former writes scenes suitable for expressing the poet's feelings, so that the feelings are hidden in the scenery; The latter does not write in abstraction, but hides the scenery in writing. Du Fu's poem One Night in a Foreign Country is an example of this situation in classical poetry.