China is the hometown of wine, the birthplace of wine culture and one of the earliest countries in the world. The brewing of wine has a long history in China. In the history of China's civilization development for thousands of years, the development of wine and culture basically went hand in hand.
Generally speaking, there are two kinds of ancient wine: one is colored wine made from fruit grains, and the other is distilled wine. Colored wine originated in ancient times. According to Shennong Materia Medica, wine originated in ancient times and Shennong times. Chen Qirong of Eight Kinds of Worldly Books (revised edition) said: "Yi Di started, the wine mash changed into five flavors, and Shao Kang (one as Du Kang) made the wine." Yi Di and Shao Kang were both Xia people. That is, there was wine in the Xia Dynasty. I think this kind of wine is probably made of fruits and flowers, not cereals. Cereal wine should start after the prosperity of agriculture. Lu Zuofan's book "The Occasional Story of Western Guangdong" has the following records: (Guangxi) There are many apes in the deep mountains of Pingle and other provinces, and they are good at picking flowers to make wine. When the woodcutter enters the mountain and gets his nest, his wine is as many as several stones, and the smell of drinking is abnormal, so it is called ape wine.
If this record is true, it is possible for our ancestors to collect flowers for wine in the life of lush flowers and fruit mountains. The wine made from cereals should start from Yin. It has been recognized by most scholars that the agricultural production in Yin Dynasty was prosperous. Since agricultural products are abundant, it is inevitable to use them as wine. With Zhu Fangpu's Oracle Bone Inscription, the second volume is fourteen, and the word wine is seen in twenty-one; Guo Moruo's "Study on Characters in Yin Ruins" contains the article "Wine is the Year of the Emirates". The year of the Emirates is the year when the wine is rich. However, the Yin people died of alcoholism, which is recorded in the history books. (Excerpted from Huang Xianfan's A Preliminary Study on the Interpretation of Ancient Books) Wine
Early wine should be fruit wine and rice wine. Since the summer, during the business week, the Qin and Han Dynasties, and even the Tang and Song Dynasties, fruit grains were cooked, fermented and squeezed before wine was produced. Whether Wu Ji pressed wine to persuade customers to taste it or Wu Song Bowl drank Jingyanggang, what he drank was fruit wine or rice wine. With the further development of human beings, the wine-making technology was further improved, from the original cooking, koji fermentation, squeezing, to cooking, koji fermentation, and squeezing. For thousands of years, during the historical changes, China's wine-making industry has branched off, so that many kinds of famous wines with local characteristics and better response to local customs have been brewed, and the wine rituals and customs of different regions and nationalities have all constructed a vast and deep ancient country of famous wines.
Jiang Tong, a Jin man, wrote in "Wine Wine": "The prosperity of wine originates from the emperor ......, and there is an endless supply of food, and the rest of the mulberry leaves are empty, which is full of flavor and fragrant for a long time. "That's the reason, not the odd side." It shows that the cooked grain can be fermented into wine by itself if it is left in the wild under certain natural conditions. Inspired by this natural fermentation into wine, people gradually invented artificial brewing. China was able to make wine artificially in Xia Dynasty at the latest. For example, "The Warring States Policy": "The emperor ordered Yidi to make wine, which was introduced to Yu."
According to archaeological excavations, it is found that there are many pottery wine vessels in Longshan cultural site, which are also recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Yeast unearthed from Shang tombs in Taixi Village, Gaocheng County, has been fermented after being underground for 3, years. Ban Gu in Han Dynasty also explained the meaning of aromatic medicinal liquor in Bai Hu Tong Kao Dian.
The earliest existing ancient wine in China was found in the Shang Dynasty cemetery in Tianhu, Mangzhang Township, Luoshan. It was packed in a bronze container and well sealed. Up to now, the ingredients can be measured, which proves that every 1 ml of wine contains 8239 mg of ethyl formate vinegar and has a fruity smell, which shows that this wine is a full-bodied fragrant wine, which is consistent with what was recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
in the Zhou dynasty, wine-making had developed into an independent handicraft workshop with a considerable scale, and there were management posts such as "Jiuzheng", "Jiuren", "Yuren", "Jiangren" and "Dajue" who were specially in charge of wine-making.
wine is a big drink created by people of all ethnic groups in the long-term historical development. The oldest physical wine in the world is the wine unearthed in Samaria, Iran, which is still fragrant and mellow more than 3 thousand years ago. The oldest physical wine in China is the imperial wine of Han Dynasty unearthed in Xi 'an. According to experts' research, it is grain wine (and some experts have certified it as yellow wine). As a yellow wine worker, it is very exciting and fortunate! ) It is still delicious and drinkable, which is amazing! In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, China, the words "wine" and the words "Yi", "Zun" and "You" related to wine have long appeared.
It can be proved that wine has existed for a long time. As for the records in literature and history, there are countless pieces. For example, in the Book of Songs, China's first poetry collection, there are poems about "being drunk with wine means being full of virtue" ("Being drunk with elegance"), such as Zhouyi, Zhouli, Book of Rites, Zuozhuan, etc., there are more records about ancient wine customs, such as "drinkers can support the elderly" This shows that wine has many uses and is indispensable in life customs.
alias
Du Kang, Huan Bo, things in a cup, Jin Bo, Guo Zi, Bai Duo, frozen mash, pot Shang, things in a pot, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Huang Feng, Zhu.
China's wine-making has a long history and a wide variety, which has been welcomed by our ancestors since its birth. When people drink and praise wine, they always give the wine a funny nickname or alias. Most of these names are derived from some allusions, or depend on the taste, color, function, function, shade and brewing method of wine. Many nicknames of wine are widely circulated among the people, so literature is often used as a synonym for wine in poems and novels. This is also a feature of Chinese wine custom culture. Wine
Du Kang: Du Kang was the founder of ancient kaoliang wine, and later generations took Du Kang as the name of wine. "Only Du Kang" comes from Cao Cao's "A Short Song": Du Kang is the only one who can solve his worries.
Huan Bo: Because wine can relieve anxiety and bring happiness to people, it is called Huan Bo. This nickname first appeared in Jiao Yanshou's "Yi Lin Kan Zhi dui" in the Han Dynasty. He said, "Wine is a joy for pleasure, and it is fun to get rid of worries".
what's in the cup: it's named after drinking in a cup. It began with Kong Rong's famous saying, "The seats are always full, and the wine in the bottle (cup) is not empty". Tao Qian wrote in the poem "Blame the Son", "Heaven is so lucky, and it's in the cup".
jinbo: it is named after the color of wine is like gold and it floats like waves in the cup. Zhang Yanghao wrote in "boating in Putian Le Daming Lake" that "the gold poured in the cup is thick".
Naozi: This is an ancient wine made of black millet and vanilla, which was used for offering sacrifices to the gods. According to the book of songs, Daya Jianghan, there is a saying, "唑唑
Bai Duo: This is the name of a good brewer. Su Zhe wrote in the poem "The Second Rhyme, Seeing the Snow in the Sickness", "Be diligent in giving bamboos, and persuade yourself to drink in vain".
frozen mash: spring wine. It is a wine brewed in cold winter for drinking in spring. According to "Poetry, Wind, and July", "Rice was harvested in October, and therefore spring wine was made by introducing Mei Shou
. It was originally a vessel for holding wine, and later it was also used as a substitute for wine. Tao Qian wrote in" Going Home to Come "that" the pot was drawn for self-action.
contents in the pot: it is named because most of the wine is in the pot. In the poem titled Shangrao Pavilion, Zhang Hu wrote, "Only what is in the pot, when you are worried, you should pour it yourself", which is another name for fine wine.
discretion: originally meant to pour wine and drink wine, and later extended to be the pronoun of wine, such as "drinking at will" and "drinking". Li Bai wrote in the poem drinking Alone with the Moon, "from a pot of wine among the flowers, I drank alone. There was no one with me"
Yi: According to "Poem of Shang Ode to Liezu", "I think that I can make it clear". [Biography]: Yi