Su Shi (103765438+108-100/08-24)
The word Zi Zhan, the word He Zhong, is called "Dongpo layman" and the world is called "Su Dongpo". Han nationality, Meishan, Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan, Meishan, Northern Song Dynasty), Luancheng. Famous essayist, painter, poet and poet in Northern Song Dynasty. Su Shi is the second son of Su Xun (the eldest son of Su Xun died), 1057 (the second year of Jiayou), and he became a scholar with his younger brother Su Zhe. Su Shi and his father Su Shi are called "poets" because of their life stories.
biography
Song Sijia Su Shi
Su Shi, 65438+65438,0036 (20031February19th)1October 8th was born in Meishan, Emei (now Sichuan). Su Shi's father, Su Xun, is the "Su Lao Quan" mentioned in The Holy Amethyst. Su Xun worked hard, although he worked very late. In his later years, Su Shi recalled his childhood experience of studying with his father and felt that he was deeply influenced by his father. Of course, if Su Xun didn't study hard, Su Shi couldn't get a good tutor in his childhood, let alone "learning the history of general classics every day, which is a thousand words", and it is even more impossible to achieve literary achievements in the future. 1056 (the first year of Jiayou), 2 1 year-old Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time to take the imperial examination of the imperial court. The following year, he took the examination of the Ministry of Rites and won the appreciation of the examiner Ouyang Xiu with an article on loyalty to punishment, but Ouyang Xiu mistakenly thought it was his disciple Ceng Gong. In order to avoid suspicion, he had to come second. 106 1 year (in the sixth year of Jiayou), Su Shi took the Chinese secondary school exam, which is usually called "three-year Beijing Examination", and got the third class of "the first in a hundred years", and was awarded the position of judge and book signing in Fengxiang Prefecture, Dali. Later, when his mother died in Bianjing, Ding returned to his hometown. 1069 (the second year of Xining) returned to the DPRK after his term of office, and he was still appointed. When he entered the DPRK as an official, it was the time when the political crisis in the Northern Song Dynasty began to appear, and the crisis was hidden behind the prosperity. At this time, Zongshen acceded to the throne and appointed Wang Anshi to support the political reform. Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they disagreed with the new Prime Minister Wang Anshi's implementation of the new law. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties faded away, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful and prosperous times" he saw at the age of twenty. On his way back to Beijing, Su Shi saw the harm of the new law to ordinary people, and because of his conservative political thoughts, he disagreed with Wang Anshi's approach to politics and thought that the new law could not facilitate the people, so he wrote a letter against it. As a result, like his teachers and friends who were forced to leave Beijing, they were not allowed to stay in the court. So Su Shi asked for his release and was transferred to Hangzhou to serve as a general. From then on, Su Shi misunderstood Wang Anshi and other reformists all his life. Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou for three years. After leaving office, he was transferred to Mizhou (now Zhucheng, Shandong Province), Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places as well-known county magistrates. Outstanding achievements, won the hearts of the people. This lasted for about ten years, and Su Shi met the first disaster in his life. At that time, some people (Li Ding and others) deliberately distorted his poems, and made a big fuss in the name of satirizing the new law. 1079 (in the second year of Yuanfeng), Su Shi was arrested and imprisoned less than three months after he arrived in Huzhou. He was arrested and imprisoned for writing poems to satirize the new law and "slandering the monarch", which is called "Wutai Poetry Case" in history. Su Shi was imprisoned 103 days and was on the verge of beheading several times. Thanks to the national policy of not killing literati during the Mao period in the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi was able to escape. After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to be Ying Yong's assistant in Huangzhou (now Huanggang City, Hubei Province) (equivalent to the vice captain of modern civil self-defense forces). This position is rather humble and has no real power. At this time, Su Shi has been disheartened after this campaign. After Su Shi came to power, his mood was low. He went to Chibi Collection outside Huangzhou City many times, and wrote famous works such as "Red Cliff Fu", "The Queen of Red Cliff Fu" and "Niannujiao, Red Cliff Nostalgia" to express his thoughts and feelings when he was in exile. Yu led his family to reclaim a sloping land in the east of the city and farm to supplement their livelihood. It was at this time that he got the nickname "Dongpo lay man". In Song Shenzong (1084, the seventh year of Yuanfeng), Su Shi left Huangzhou and worked in Ruzhou. Due to the long distance and tiring journey, Su Shi's children died unfortunately. Ruzhou is far away, and all the tolls have been used up. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, and to live in Changzhou first, and then was approved. When he was ready to return to Changzhou, Zongshen passed away. The young Zhezong ascended the throne, the empress dowager listened to politics, the new party headed by Wang Anshi was suppressed, and Sima Guang was re-enabled as Xiang Sushi.
. Su Shi returned to the assistant minister and knew Dengzhou (now Penglai, Shandong Province). Four months later, the doctor was recalled to North Korea. Mr. Scheeren was promoted to power, Mr. Scheeren was promoted to Zhongshu three months later, and soon he was promoted to imperial academy (the minister who drafted the imperial edict for the emperor, who had Taoist skills) and did not do it again. Su Shi saw the emerging forces desperately suppressing the figures of Wang Anshi Group and abolishing the new law. He thought that they were just birds of a feather with the so-called "Wang Dang" and once again offered advice and suggestions to the emperor. He attacked the corruption exposed after the old Party came to power, which aroused strong opposition from conservative forces and was falsely accused and framed. So far, Su Shi can neither tolerate the new party nor forgive the old party, so he once again asked for a transfer. As a bachelor of Longtuge, he once again went to Hangzhou after a long absence 16 to serve as the prefect. Su Shi built a major water conservancy project in Hangzhou, dredged the West Lake, and built a dam beside the West Lake with dredged silt, which is the famous "Su Causeway". Su Shi lived happily in Hangzhou and compared himself to Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. But in 109 1 year (six years in Yuan You), he was recalled to North Korea. But soon, due to political disagreement, Yingzhou was released. 1093 (eight years), the Empress Dowager Gao died, Zhezong came to power, and the new party came to power again. In June of the following year, he was demoted to Huiyang (now Huizhou City, Guangdong Province). 1097, Su Shi was exiled to Danzhou (Changhua County, now Hainan). It is said that in the Song Dynasty, banishing Hainan was only a lighter punishment than copying others. After Hui Zong acceded to the throne, he was transferred to Lianzhou for resettlement, Zhou Shuan for permanent resettlement and Yongzhou for resettlement. 110/year (Fu Yuan's third year) was pardoned, returned to Lang Feng, and died in Changzhou (now Jiangsu) on August 24th,1kloc-0/year. At the age of sixty-four, he was buried in Tancheng County, Ruzhou (now Jia County, Henan Province), and Wenzhong, posthumous title (male).
Wutai poetry case
Qi painted "five old paintings"
Wutai Poetry Case is an important event that affects Su Shi's life. During the reign of Zaixi Ning in Song Shenzong (1068 ~ 1077), Wang Anshi actively participated in the reform. After the failure of political reform, he was engaged in political reform in Yuanfeng period (1078 ~ 1085). At the turning point from political reform to system reform, Su Shi's Wutai poetry case happened. The case was first reported by Li Ding, the censor, and then tried in Yushitai prison. There has been a "Wutai" posthumous title in Yushitai since the Han Dynasty, so this case is called "Wutai Poetry Case". 1079 (the second year of Yuanfeng) In March, Su Shi was demoted to Huzhou. The reason for his demotion is that he disapproves of Wang Anshi's new law. Su Shi paid tribute to Song Shenzong as usual. This is a red-tape article, but he knew that he had been released and tampered with by the new party, so he wrote a slightly complaining article, "Knowing that it was ill-timed, it was difficult to catch up with new progress; Check the old man's troubles, or he can raise the king. "The official newspaper of the court is published regularly, which is equivalent to the official newspaper now. As usual, Su Shi's ci is eye-catching. This time, the expression of thanks has made those "newcomers" a laughing stock in the eyes of scholars. Zhong Ding, the supervisor of the suggestion and suggestion, quoted Su Shi's Poems of Hangzhou Chronicle as evidence, saying that he "played with the court and mocked state affairs", and even found some sentences from his other poems, and convicted them out of context, such as "reading thousands of books without reading the law, so that you know nothing". Originally, Su Shi said that he could not study hard and help the emperor become a saint like Yao Shun, but they pointed out that he was satirizing the emperor's inability to teach and supervise officials. Another example is "Shao said that he forgot to understand the taste, and there was no salt in recent March", saying that he was sarcastically prohibiting people from selling salt. In a word, it is considered that he mocked the emperor and the prime minister, which is a heinous crime and should be sentenced to death. Although they all wanted Su Shi to die, Zongshen didn't want to kill him, but only agreed to arrest him, instead of putting Su Shi in prison for the night on his way to Beijing. The court arrested Su Shi on July 28th and sent him to Yushitai prison on August18th. On the 20th, a formal arraignment was held. At this time, Prime Minister Wang Jue pointed out that Su Shi had a poem about juniper: "From the root to the grave, there is no song, only the dragon can know it. "Tibetan Emperor": "The emperor is like a dragon in the sky, and Su Shi wants to find a dragon under the Jiuquan. There is nothing better than this! "The New Party accused Su Shi of' breaking the law' and wanted to kill him. 10 15, Yushitai reported the trial of Su Shi's poetry case, which included tens of thousands of words of Su Shi, and found out the list of people who collected Su Shi's satirical words, including Sima Guang, Fan Zhen, Zhang, Su Zhe, Huang Tingjian and other 29 ministers and celebrities. Li Ding, Xu Shu and others wanted to kill Su Shi, but Zongshen hesitated: Taizu swore that he would not kill the minister except for rebelling against foreign countries. Zhang Lu painted Su Shi's Return to imperial academy in Ming Dynasty.
Su Shi wrote "Sending a Son to Prison", saying that "the dream is like a cloud mountain around a deer, and the soul is like a chicken flying to the fire of life", which is terrible. Interrogators often abuse him all night. Under great mental pressure, Su Shi wrote a solemn and stirring poem, "Being brothers with you for generations, and then coming without cause". Because my son Mai Su left Beijing to borrow money from other places, he gave his meal to a friend, but he forgot to tell his friend. There was an agreement between father and son: only vegetables and meat were delivered for meals, and only fish were delivered when he heard bad news. As it happens, this friend just sent smoked fish. Su Shi was shocked and wrote the above two farewell poems for his younger brother Su Zhe. After the poem was written, the jailer gave it to Emperor Zongshen according to the regulations. Song Shenzong was moved by Su Shi's two poems, but he was also impressed by Su Shi's talent. In addition, many people in the dynasty pleaded for Su Shi, and Wang Anshi also advised Zongshen that "the holy dynasty cannot punish celebrities." So Zongshen ordered Su Shi to be given a lighter sentence and demoted him as the deputy envoy of Yinghong Huangzhou. The sensational Wutai Poetry Case ended, and Su Shi's two "Desperate Poems" were widely circulated. [