According to these legends and epics, the root of the Trouvat War was that Prince Paris of Trouvat awarded the golden apple "for the most beautiful goddess" to Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, and freyja helped Paris seduce Helen, the beauty queen of Sparta in all Greece. King Agamemnon of Mycenae therefore organized and commanded100000 Greek allied forces and10000 warships to cross the Aegean Sea and explore Troije in the northwest corner of Asia Minor. The war lasted for ten years. The most outstanding heroes of both sides are Achilles and hector, and the gods on Mount Olympus are also involved, supporting the warring sides respectively. Finally, hector and Achilles died one after another, and the Greek allied forces adopted Odysseus' plan and captured Troy with the Trojan horse plan.
The Iliad is divided into 24 volumes, each line is * * * 15693. Taking the wrath of Achilles as the main line, the story of 5 1 day at the beginning of the tenth year of the war is described. It can be roughly divided into three parts. (1) Volume 1-9, Achilles flew into a rage because of Agamemnon's humiliation, and the slave girl was occupied by him and publicly vowed to quit the war. The Greek army and the Trojans failed in the war, so they had to send representatives to beg Achilles to participate in the war, but Achilles was unmoved. (2) Volume 10- 18, the Greek side continued to lose, and the situation was critical. Patroclus, Achilles' good friend, put on Achilles' armor and joined the battle, but was killed. Achilles was deeply saddened by the killing of his best friend and decided to take revenge in the war. Craftsman hephaestus made new weapons for Achilles. (3) Volume 19-24, Achilles returned to the battlefield and was invincible, killing hector in a duel. Priam, the king of Trouvat, entered the enemy camp alone, begged Achilles, and finally redeemed the body of his son hector and buried him for Trouvat.
The Odyssey is also divided into 24 volumes, each line is * *12, 1 10. Based on Odysseus' experience of returning to his hometown of Ithaca after the war, it lasted for ten years and was roughly divided into six parts: (1) Volume 1 14 Odysseus' son Telemarco left home to find his father under Athena's persuasion. (2) In Volume 5-8, Odysseus bid farewell to the goddess Karupasso and arrived at the island of Skiri where the Fiyiki people lived, where he was treated by the king and heard musicians singing stories about the Trojan War and Trojan Horse. (3) In Volume 9- 12, Odysseus tells his adventures and his wandering at sea after the war in the court. (4) Volume 13- 16, Odysseus returned to Ithaca, where he met Tremaco, who had returned from his father's search. (5) Volume 17-20 Odysseus continued to dress up and went back to his court to meet the man who proposed to his wife and the old wet nurse. (6) Volume 2 1-24 Odysseus killed the suitor and the slave who betrayed him, and the whole family was happy.
This is the basic plot structure of Iliad and Odyssey. However, how were these two epics created? Where's Homer? This has been a long-debated issue among scholars, and it is called "Homer Problem".
According to legend, Homer, from Siaos Island near Asia Minor, was a blind poet. It is said that Homer also wrote Ode to Apollo. At the end of the poem, he said, "Every time other people who are tired of traveling come here and ask you,' Girls, please tell me ... whose song do you like best? At that time, you must answer with one voice in your elegant words:' blind singer living on the island of Shios'. "This is probably the theoretical source of Homer's claim that he is a blind poet on the island of Theos, and this theory has also been adopted by Thucydides, a famous Greek historian. [3] Most people think that Homer lived in an era not too far away from the Trojan War, but Herodotus claimed that Homer was about 400 years earlier than himself, that is, in the 9th century BC. Except the Iliad and Odyssey, other Homer's works may not be credible. [4] In fact, the legends about Homer's life are scattered and vague, and there are not many really reliable ones. However, Homer's epic had great authority in ancient Greece. It is not only a well-known literary work, but also the source of Greek spiritual culture and a symbol of unity, and is quoted as the basis of many facts and statements.
In modern times, scholars began to doubt the creation process of Homer's epic and whether it was written by one person, so they were divided into two factions. One school is the "unification theory", which holds that epic is a literary masterpiece with unified artistic style and characteristics, so it was written by one person and the author was Homer. The other school is the "decomposition theory", that is, the "little brother theory", which holds that such a magnificent and perfect epic cannot be achieved overnight, and there are many facts in the epic that are inconsistent and inconsistent. Each epic can be obviously broken down into several ditties, which are composed of some parts and some are added and tampered with for future generations. For two centuries, scholars have different opinions, but the general trend is to boil down to "eclecticism". [5]
Parry, an American scholar, carefully studied the repeated phrases, phrases, verses and sentence groups in Homer's epic, especially the name combinations of each hero and god (that is, the combination of nouns and their adjectives) and their usage, such as Achilles and Odysseus. He found that there is a set of extremely extensive, complex and economical stylized sentences in the epic. The so-called stylized terms are Achilles and Odysseus. He found that the epic has a set of extremely extensive, complex and economical stylized sentences. The so-called stylized sentence refers to "words and phrases that are fixedly used to express a basic concept under the same prosodic condition". [6] They are phrases and poems of different lengths that are compiled and used repeatedly according to the needs of rhythm. Epic is not created by a poet simply using individual words or words, but consists of a large number of stylized phrases and poems. Different phrases are suitable for different occasions and different parts and spaces of poetry. At the same time, on some occasions and in some parts of poetry, only a certain fixed phrase can be used repeatedly. To say that it is extensive and rich means that there are a large number of ready-made stylized terms that can be used in almost any occasion and place; The so-called economy means that only one fixed phrase can be used in similar occasions and parts, and it can hardly be replaced by other phrases, that is, no other phrases overlap with it. According to statistics, 1/5 in Homer's epic is composed of repeated verses, with 25,000 repeated phrases in a total of 28,000 lines. [7] These stylized terms meet the unique rhythmic requirements of ancient Greek poetry singing with music, and are also convenient for oral recitation and improvisation without words. Obviously, such a large number of fixed expressions can not come from the creation of a poet, but are established by the accumulation of choices and oral inheritance of folk singers from generation to generation. Parry's discovery is considered to be the most important achievement in Homer's research in the 20th century, and is known as "Darwin in Homer's research". [8]
It seems that as early as BC12nd century, there were oral poems that could be sung by music in ancient Greece, and poets were both musicians and singers. There are many themes in poetry, the most important of which is the Trojan War. In the process of being handed down from generation to generation, countless unknown poets have accumulated, processed, cut and created poems and their stylized sentences. Around the 8th century BC, Homer, a great poet, combined some of these short stories (some of which have considerable space) around a center, unified processing and refining, making them have high artistic value and characteristics, and became a large epic. This process is not only compilation, but also creation. The Iliad was written earlier, and the Odyssey is probably Homer's later works, or others may imitate Homer. Teemo Doko, a musician at Aginor Court in Odyssey, is a portrayal of these folk poets and Homer himself. In the 8th century BC, letters from Phoenicia began to appear in Greece, but Homer was probably an oral poet and did not write epics directly with words. Since then, the epic has been widely circulated and gradually formed. In the 7th century BC, a professional poet called Homer appeared in Asia Minor. They recited Homer's epic without harp, and they still held some copies of the epic in their hands. By the 6th century BC, all epics had been finalized, and a recitation contest was held on the Pan-Athena Festival. Since then, the manuscripts of Homer's epic have spread more widely and become more and more chaotic. They were divided into volumes by scholars in Alexandria and have been handed down to this day.