First, the possessive case symbol (')
The possessive symbol is used with s to indicate the possessive case, for example:
Dog bones. Dog bones.
Princess's smile Princess's smile
King Charles' crown or King Charles' crown.
All the students' books. All the students' books.
Men's Jacket Men's Jacket (irregular plural)
Possessive symbols are used to indicate letters or numbers omitted in abbreviated forms, for example:
I am
he is
They will.
Summer of' 68
The possessive case symbol is sometimes used with "s" to form the plural form of letters, numbers or ellipsis, for example:
In the 1960s11960s.
All members of parliament are members of parliament.
Pronounce r more clearly.
Second, the colon (:)
Colons are used after words or connecting phrases that indicate a group or category (as follows, in the following way) to introduce a series of items, such as:
There are two books in his library: Bible and Shakespeare.
There are two books in his library: Bible and Shakespeare.
Follow these steps: turn on the computer, insert the disk, and then press any key.
Follow these steps: turn on the computer switch, insert the floppy disk, and then press any key.
In formal languages, colons are used before clauses or phrases in the main clause, for example:
This garden has been abandoned for a long time: it is full of weeds and vitality.
This garden has been abandoned for a long time, and the plants in it are full of weeds.
note:
Semicolons or periods can be used instead of colons, but commas cannot.
Third, the comma (,)
Commas are used to separate a series of words, phrases or clauses, for example:
If you keep calm, take your time, concentrate and think ahead, you will pass the driving test.
If you keep calm, don't worry, and concentrate on the front, you will pass the driving test.
note:
Commas are generally not used before and, for example:
A bunch of red, pink, yellow and white roses.
A bunch of red, pink, yellow and white roses.
Commas are often used between adverbial clauses or long phrases and main clauses, for example:
When the sun is shining and birds are singing, the world seems to be a happier place.
When the sun shines and birds sing, the world seems to be a happier place.
Many trees were blown down in the strong wind this autumn.
There have been strong winds again and again this autumn, and many trees have been blown down by the strong winds.
Comma is used at the beginning of a sentence, after a clause with unrestricted verbs or a clause without verbs, for example:
In order to ensure that she got there on time, she left an hour early.
In order to get there on time, she left an hour early.
The children were exhausted by the experience and soon fell asleep.
After all this, the children were so tired that they fell asleep soon.
Commas are used to separate leading words or tone sandhi words or phrases (such as there, how, by the day, for example, on the contrast) from the rest of the sentence, for example:
Oh, there it is!
Oh, there it is!
However, as it happened, I never saw her again.
Unfortunately, however, I have never seen her since then.
He is unreliable and should be fired for this reason alone.
He is so unreliable that he can be fired for this reason alone.
Commas are used before clauses in sentences, for example:
Although the fire has been burning for several days, it is still burning violently.
Although it has been burning for several hours, the fire is still very fierce.
You should, as a matter of fact, report it to the police.
To be honest, you should report it to the police.
Commas are used before and after non-restrictive attributive clauses or appositive phrases to further explain the preceding nouns, for example:
Pennines, which is very popular with hikers, lies between Lancashire and Yorkshire.
Located between Lancashire and Yorkshire, Binnan Mountain is a favorite place for hikers.
Mount Everest, the world's highest peak, was first climbed on 1953.
Mount Qomolangma is the highest mountain in the world, 1953 was climbed for the first time.
note:
There are no commas before and after the attributive clause that defines the preceding noun, for example:
The mountain range that separates Lancashire from Yorkshire is called pennines.
The mountain range that separates Lancashire from Yorkshire is called Binnan Mountain.
Commas are sometimes used to separate coordinate clauses (especially long coordinate clauses) connected by conjunctions (such as and, as, but, for, or), for example:
He looked forward to our camping holiday all year, but unfortunately it rained every day.
He has been looking forward to going camping during the holiday for a year, but unfortunately it rains every day.
Commas are used to separate additional questions or similar words or phrases from the rest of the sentence, for example:
It's quite expensive, isn't it? This thing is expensive, isn't it?
You live in Bristol, right? You live in Bristol, right?
Fourth, talk.
Generally speaking, the speaker starts a new paragraph every time he changes a paragraph, for example:
"Are you sure?" I asked.
He nodded coldly. I'm sure. '
"Are you sure?" I asked.
He nodded confidently. "I'm sure."
All words and punctuation marks are enclosed in quotation marks, for example:
"We must hope," he replied impatiently, "that things will get better."
note:
The single quotation mark commonly used in Britain: "Help!" The United States generally uses double quotes: "Help!" . When dividing a speaker's long speech into several paragraphs, use quotation marks at the beginning and end of each paragraph, but not at the end of the middle paragraph.
The symbols of words (such as what he said, what she told me and what they complained about) are separated from what he said by commas, unless he uses question marks or exclamation marks, such as:
"That's all," said Nick. "All I know."
Nick said, "That's all I know."
"Why?" Nick asked.
The quotation marks inside quotation marks are guided by commas. If the quotation marks are single quotation marks outside, they are enclosed in double quotation marks, for example:
When the judge says "not guilty", I will hug him.
I want to hug the judge when he says "not guilty". '
Words expressing hesitation or interruption are indicated by dashes or three dots (ellipsis), for example:
"Pass it to me-I mean, would you please pass me the salt?"
On his deathbed, he said, "The murderer is ..."
Verb (abbreviation for verb) dotted line-
In informal language, dashes are used instead of colons and semicolons to mark the summary or conclusion of the previous statement, for example:
Men are shouting, women are screaming and children are crying-it's a mess.
You have admitted that you lied to me. How can I trust you again?
In informal language, dashes are used alone or in pairs to separate additional explanations, second thoughts or comments from the rest of the sentence, such as:
He knows nothing about it-at least that's what he said.
Winter in the Mediterranean-contrary to what many people think-can be very cold.
However, in formal usage, brackets or commas are used instead of dashes.
Sixth, ellipsis ...
See the dialogue section.
Seven, exclamation point!
Exclamation marks are used at the end of sentences to express great anger, surprise, joy or other strong feelings.
For example:
What good news! What amazing news!
"Never!" She cried. "Never," she exclaimed.
note:
In informal situations, especially in banter, sometimes two or more exclamation points are used, or an exclamation point is added with a question mark.
"Your wife just gave birth to triplets. Triplets! ? '
Your wife just had triplets. Triplets! ? '
Eight, period.
A period is used at the end of a sentence that is neither a direct quotation nor an exclamatory sentence, for example:
I knocked on the door. No one answered.
A period is sometimes used in abbreviations. Such as: January January; For example, for example; antemeridian
Nine. Hyphenation-
You can use hyphens in compound words:
1. Hyphenation is sometimes used to form a compound word consisting of two different words, for example:
A heart of stone; Radio telescope; forklift (truck)
2. Hyphenation is used to form compound words consisting of prefixes and special nouns, such as:
Pre-Raphael school; Anti-Nazi
3. Hyphenation is used to form a compound word consisting of two words separated by prepositions, for example:
Mother-in-law; Expectant mother; mother-of-pearl
4. Hyphenation is used to change the first part of a compound word connected by hyphens, for example:
Both before and after the war in Europe.
5. Hyphenation is used to form a compound word consisting of two or more special nouns and is used as an attribute, for example:
Reagan-Gorbachev Summit
Services on the London-Bahrain-Hong Kong route
6. Hyphenation is used to write compound numbers from 2 1 to 99, for example:
Seventy-three; 431.
A hyphen (especially in Britain) is sometimes used to separate the prefix from the following word. The last letter of this prefix is the same vowel as the first letter of the word after it, for example:
Coordination; Re-election; Outstanding
Hyphenation is used to break words at the end of a line, for example:
... in order to avoid future mistakes
This kind of shooting. …
Use a hyphen between two numbers or dates to include all the numbers or dates in between, for example:
Pp 106- 13 1 from page 106 to page 13 1.
British economic research, 1947-63 1947 turn 1963 British economic research.
X. Parentheses ()
Parentheses can be used to separate additional explanations, hindsight or comments from the rest of the sentence, for example:
Mount Robson (12972 ft) is the highest peak in the Canadian Rockies.
Robertson Peak (12972 ft) is the highest peak in the Canadian Loki Mountains.
He thinks modern music is rubbish.
He thinks that modern music (that is, all music created after 1900) is nonsense.
Parentheses can be used to enclose descriptions of cross-references, such as:
This moral ambiguity is a feature of Shakespeare's later works (see Chapter 8).
This moral ambiguity is a feature of Shakespeare's later works (see Chapter 8).
Parentheses can also be used to enclose numbers and letters, for example:
Our goal is (1) to increase output, (2) to improve quality and (3) to maximize profits.
Our goal is (1) to increase output, (2) to improve quality and (3) to maximize profits.
XI。 Question mark?
The question mark is used directly at the end of the question.
For example:
Where is the car?
You're leaving?
However, there is no question mark at the end of indirect questions, such as:
He asked me if I wanted to leave.
Question marks are used in brackets to indicate doubt or uncertainty, for example:
John maston (? 1575- 1634)
Twelve, quotation marks "'"
Quotes are used to enclose all words and punctuation in direct speech, for example:
"Why on earth did you do that?" He asked.
I won't go, "she replied.
"Nonsense!"
Quotations are used to draw people's attention to special terms in writing (such as technical vocabulary, slang or words with ironic special effects), such as:
Next, the dough is "proved" to allow the yeast to start working.
He told me straight away "get out of here".
Thousands of people were imprisoned in the name of "national security".
Quotes are used to enclose the names of articles, short poems and radio and television programs, for example:
Keats' Ode to Autumn
I'm watching "One Match a Day".
Quotes are used to enclose short quotations or proverbs and proverbs, such as:
"Do you know the origin of the phrase' a little knowledge is a dangerous thing'?"
Do you know the origin of the proverb "superficial understanding can be dangerous"?
Thirteen. market quotations
Short quotation marks are separated from leading words by commas and placed in quotation marks, for example:
Disraeli said, "Little things affect little hearts".
Long quotations are separated from the leading words by colons, and from the rest of the article by indenting or interleaving, for example:
Kenneth Morgan wrote:
The fact may be that from 19 14 to 1983, Britain has not fundamentally changed all this.
However, others have questioned this view. ...
Omitted words or phrases in the quotation are indicated by ellipsis: words or phrases added in the quotation (for example, keep grammatical correctness after omission) are placed in square brackets, for example:
Challenge Morgan's point of view, that is, "Britain ... has not changed over the years." ...
Fourteen, semicolon;
Semicolons are used instead of commas to separate sentence parts separated by commas, for example:
She wants to succeed, no matter what the cost; In order to achieve her goal, who may suffer.
She wants to succeed, no matter what the cost; She hopes to achieve her goal, no matter who will suffer.
In formal usage, semicolons are used to separate clauses, especially clauses without conjunctions, such as:
The sun has hung low in the sky; It will be dark soon.
The sun has set in the west; Night will come soon.
He has never been to China; However, this has always been one of his ambitions.
He has never been to China; But going to China has always been his ambition.
Fifteen. Slash/
Slash symbols are used to separate optional words or terms, for example:
Take a raincoat and/or umbrella.
I certify that I am married/single/divorced.
When several lines of poetry are connected in succession, the slash symbol is used to indicate the end of a line, for example:
Wordsworth's famous sentence, "I wander alone, like a cloud, floating in valleys and hills ..."
Wordsworth famously said, "Wandering alone is like a cloud, how green it is floating in my valley ..."
Sixteen. Square brackets []
Square brackets are used to enclose edited comments, such as:
Her diary keeps mentioning "Mr. G[ Rad Si Tong]' s visit". ...
In her diary, she kept referring to "the visit of Mr. G [Rad Si Tong]".
Words or phrases added to the quotation (for example, keep the grammar correct after omission) are placed in square brackets, for example:
... challenging Morgan's view that "Britain ... has not changed over the years." ...