1. Common expressions: narration, description, explanation, discussion and lyricism. 2. Common article genres: generally, there are four categories: novels, essays, poems, dramas and expository articles; According to the way of expression, it can be divided into narrative, explanatory and argumentative. 3. Commonly used expression techniques: symbol, contrast, foil, lyric by scenery, metaphor by things, reasoning, allusion, first (later) suppression and then (first) praise and lyric. Narrative stylistic knowledge and reading methods In recent years, narrative reading ability has been examined in Chinese test questions of senior high school entrance examinations all over the country, which shows the importance of narrative reading. Looking at these questions, from the perspective of material selection, they are rich in content, beautiful in language, close to life and easy to understand. Materials pay more attention to people's emotional world, and most of them choose to reflect family friendship and give inspiration to life. Judging from the types of test questions, subjective questions are generally dominant, and more and more open test questions focus on the overall perception of the article. Examination content: Reading articles can explain, explain and summarize the contents and characteristics of reading materials, clarify the structural level of articles, summarize the central meaning, analyze writing methods, understand the author's intentions and feelings, and make a preliminary evaluation and appreciation. Characteristics of question types: comprehensive questions with subjective questions as the mainstay, the answers to most questions should be expressed in words, and the answers do not pursue uniqueness and standardization, but require "right meaning"; At the same time, there are more and more open questions in various places, which have become a novel type of questions and attracted more and more attention. Proposition law: From the perspective of proposition law, the following aspects are mainly investigated: 1, the analysis and understanding of narrative elements, order and details. 2. The summary of the article, the meaning of the layer and the meaning of the paragraph. 3. Structural analysis of articles and paragraphs. Discrimination and understanding of text terms. 5. Analysis of the meaning, meaning and expressive function of words. 6. Analyze the meaning, meaning and expressive function of sentences. 7. Understand and analyze the expressive function of paragraphs. 8. Understand the expression skills and methods of paragraphs and paragraphs, and appreciate the artistic features. 9. Feel the characters, analyze the events and understand the theme. 10, a personalized expression related to the content of the article. The above are the most common and basic perspectives of narrative reading proposition, and almost all the innovation of questions can not be separated from these perspectives, so this is also the basic content of narrative reading review. In the reading review of narrative, we should first make clear the relevant knowledge points, grasp its stylistic features, and then learn the ideas and skills of solving problems. The common sense of narrative style is 1. Concept writers mainly use narrative and description methods to describe people and scenery, express people's ideology, morality and morality, reveal life philosophy and social essence, and reflect the laws of nature. 2, time, place, people, the cause of the event, process, results and other elements. 3, person first person, second person, third person. 4. There are direct (frontal) and indirect (lateral) angles. 5. The sequence is chronological, flashback and insertion. 6. Paragraph level. 7. Central idea. 8. Describe objects, people, environment, scenes and details. 9. Description method Appearance (portrait), language (dialogue, monologue), expression (expression), action (action) and psychology. 10, narrative clue, narrative clue, lyric clue. 1 1. Detailed and simple tailoring.
Second, reading methods and skills
(1) Understand the concept of 1, which is mainly expressed by narration and description, and is permeated with lyricism, explanation and discussion. Narrative is embodied in the narrative of events, revealing things and reflecting the ideological character of characters. Description is embodied in the description of characters or environment, which shows the image of characters, renders the atmosphere, sets off emotions and promotes the development of plots. Lyricism is embodied in the narrative process. The author's feelings and experiences about nature, life and society are different from direct expression and indirect lyric. Description is embodied in the narrative process, which explains the specific image of individual things and makes the narrative content more detailed and rich. The discussion is embodied in the narrative process, and the meaning contained in characters and events is analyzed and expressed philosophically to deepen the theme of the article. 2. The narrative scope mainly describes events, portrays characters, and describes natural scenery and social features. 3. Narrative themes mainly include characters' ideological character, moral fashion, natural laws, life philosophy and social essential significance. (2) Discrimination of elements, figures, angles, sequences and clues 1. Elements are usually found directly in the text or summarized by finding keywords from the text. Words that indicate the time and place of a specific time and space. Characters generally grasp the image characteristics of the protagonist and the foil role of the secondary characters. On the basis of mastering the main events, answer the reasons of the events with "Why?". The course of an event is generally the concretization of the main event, with "what happened" as the answer. The result of the event, the end of the event, is answered by the question "how did this matter end?" . 2. Distinguish from the author's point of view or the characters appearing in the content of the article. Come straight to the point and talk about people or things as parties. Describe a person or a thing indirectly (horizontally) as a third party. 3. The order should be determined according to the narrative order. Xu Shun described the sequence of events and explained the ins and outs of the events from beginning to end. In the form of memory, flashback first describes the time or the result of the event, and then describes the event or the reason of the event according to the above. In the narrative process, the contents closely related to the main events are inserted in the middle to make necessary supplements to the main contents. 4. In clue writing, the events or things that run through the whole text or the author's emotions are connected in series. Something mentioned or repeated many times in the text. Sincere feelings expressed by emotional writers in the narrative process and their changes. (3) Master methods and use them flexibly. 1, read the full text quickly and master the content of the article roughly. 2. Review the questions and clarify them. 3. Review what you have learned and answer correctly. 4, find the right question type, the article answers the article to find. The questions that can be answered are: time, place and characters in narrative elements; Reference content; Refers to the content. Just find the corresponding words from the text according to the topic. Example: Lu Xun's Social Drama and Summer Night Theater. Time: summer night. Location: On the boat to Zhaozhuang. People: me and my friends. Concerned content: "I seem to hear singing" and "the sound is probably a flute, euphemistically melodious". Reference: "Because I get preferential treatment here" means "Pingqiao Village in Luzhen". 5, closely linked to the center, in-depth understanding, induction. (1) How to grasp the character's ideological character? Analyze the personalized language, appearance, movement, expression and psychological characteristics of the characters. For example, Lu Xun's Kong Yiji and Kong Yiji's first drink in a hotel. Appearance-poor and poor, love leisure, hate work. Language-pedantic and ridiculous, self-deception. Look-save face and cover up anxiety. Poor mobility shows that he is a disciplined person. Understand specific events and people. Example: Wei Wei's My Teacher eliminates minor disputes. It reflects Cai's spiritual quality of justice, kindness and love for students, and also shows the thoughts and feelings of "I" loving and praising teachers. Understand the characters from a narrative perspective. Example: Wei Wei's Who's the Loveliest Man, the Battle of Pine Bone Peak. It directly describes the scene of volunteer soldiers fighting fiercely with the enemy in SongGu Feng, and reflects the heroic and tenacious revolutionary heroism of volunteer soldiers. And through the narration of the post-war scene by the battalion commander, it indirectly shows the profound hatred of the volunteers to the enemy. ② How to summarize the central idea of the article? Grasping the center of narrative, we should pay special attention to the beginning, end and transition of the article. The words at the beginning and end can often point out the center of the article or the meaning of the characters to be created. In terms of expression, most of them are lyric argumentative sentences. In addition, the transitional period in narrative can not be ignored. Most of these transitional sections play a connecting role, making the transition of the article natural and seamless. At the same time, the transition section is often both a summary of the above and a reminder of the following. Different types of narratives have different inductive centers. Articles based on notes should pay attention to the grasp of events, and analyze the connotation of events themselves through the understanding of their occurrence, development and changes. An article that focuses on people should grasp the ideological quality and personality characteristics of the characters through the analysis of the characters. When writing an article focusing on scenery, we should focus on understanding the characteristics of the scenery and capture the thoughts and feelings contained in it through the analysis of the characteristics of the scenery. The main format of the central meaning of induction is: this paper narrates … (summarizing the content of the characters or events written), and shows (praising or revealing) … (referring to the meaning of the events, the ideological quality and personality characteristics of the characters, etc. ). The induction center can start from the following aspects: (1) Pay attention to the tips of the topics. Generally speaking, the topic is the direct or indirect expression of the content, style and writing intention of the article. The titles of many articles are closely related to the central meaning, and even the central meaning is highly concentrated. (2) Grasp the key paragraphs. Every paragraph of an article serves the center of expression, and key paragraphs can often clearly reveal the center. Most of these paragraphs are at the beginning or end, and some are placed in the middle of the article. (3) Pay attention to revealing the central statements, such as discussion and lyric. Narrative is mainly narrative and description. When writing a character narrative, the author often reveals emotions, likes and dislikes, and shows his attitude and emotions. Most of these attitudes can be expressed in argumentative essays and lyric sentences. (4) Some articles should pay attention to understanding the background of the times. For those articles with profound content and long time distance, when summarizing the center, we should properly contact the background of the times and understand the relationship between the times and people or things in order to correctly summarize the center. Example: My Uncle Yule describes the change of attitude of Phillip and his wife towards Yule, showing their selfish, cold and mercenary ideological character and exposing the naked money relationship between people in capitalist society. ③ How to determine the details of cutting? The center and details of the narrative: we should be able to perceive the whole and accurately grasp the center of the article. Analyze the relationship between materials and center, and understand the detailed arrangement of materials. Clarity: The people, events, scenes and objects involved in the narrative are called the material, and the author's understanding and feelings about life are called the center. These materials serve the expression center. The author should choose materials and cut them according to the needs of the center. Write what is useful to the expression center, and don't write what is useless; The key materials that have a great effect on the expression center will be written in detail, and the rest will be written simply. When reading chronological prose, we should carefully analyze the function of each material to the expression center, so as to accurately summarize the narrative material (what is written) and the center (why is written). Example: Crossing the River with a Million Troops of the People's Liberation Army can best express the center, so it is written in detail; The situation of the Central Committee and the East Route Army crossing the river has little to do with the Central Committee, so I will simply write about it. (4) How to divide paragraphs and summarize their general idea? Narrative paragraphs (levels) are divided into the following situations: 1, which are divided according to time sequence and plot development. Prompt words often appear in this case. 2. According to the transformation of narrative space or place. 3, according to the nature of the material. 4. According to the author's cognitive process or changes in thoughts and feelings. 5, according to the activities of the characters. This method can be used to write several activity fragments of a person and articles of several characters. Of course, some narrative paragraphs often focus on one way, but there is another way. Several methods of paragraph meaning (layer meaning) induction: 1, syntactic abstraction: that is, extracting the sentence that can best express the center in this paragraph (layer). (first sentence, last sentence, central sentence) 2. Syntactic reduction: Long sentences that can express the meaning of a paragraph (hierarchical meaning) can be compressed into short sentences. 3. Combination method: When the meanings of each layer are indispensable, the meanings of each layer can be combined and summarized. 4. Optional method: Among several meanings, you can choose the main meaning as the paragraph meaning. To summarize the content, we should grasp the main points of the content and express them in concise and accurate sentences, which are strong in generality and complete in sentences. Attention should be paid to reading narrative: the author's article mainly analyzes the portrait, language, movement, psychology and manner of the characters to reflect their personality characteristics and express their themes. A chronicle article should make clear the time, place and person of the event, the cause, process and result of the event, and analyze the significance and central idea of the event. Scenery articles mainly express feelings by scenery. Attention should be paid to: (1) the level, characteristics, order and blending of the scenery; (2) Imagination, association and the use of various rhetorical devices. Lyric articles by borrowing things mainly describe the appearance and internal characteristics of something, and use association, analogy and contrast to praise (and a few criticize) the internal spiritual characteristics of the people related to it. They often use symbolism, often discuss and express their feelings, and often point fingers at the end of articles. When analyzing this kind of articles, we should pay attention to: (1) philosophical language epigrams; (2) The epigram of this philosophical language is based on the image description of what kind of things in the text and what characteristics the image description of this kind of things has; (3) The application of imagination, association and symbol.
Memory and reading methods of editing the stylistic knowledge of this novel
1, the concept is a style that focuses on creating vivid characters, describes the typical environment of characters' activities, reveals the characters' ideological character, and reflects social life with the narrative of specific storylines as clues. 2. Elements, characters, plots and environments. Characters mainly master the reading skills of depicting characters through appropriate description methods and angles and reflecting their thoughts and personalities. Plot mainly understands the basic content of each part and the methods and skills to understand and analyze the plot of the novel. Begin to explain the background and pave the way for the following. Example: At the beginning of Kong Yiji, the layout of Xianheng Hotel and the scene of two drinkers (customers in short coats and long gowns) with different status were described, which explained the social background of the disparity between the rich and the poor and class opposition at that time, paving the way for the appearance of a special figure, Kong Yiji. Develop the characters' personalities and embody their individuality. Example: The development part of Kong Yiji tells the scene that Kong Yiji was laughed at for drinking at Xianheng Hotel for the first time. Through the description of Kong Yiji's image, manners, movements and language, this paper reveals his ideological character of poverty, self-deception, pedantry, pride and laziness. The climax shows conflict and reveals the theme. Example: The climax of Kong Yiji tells the scene that Kong Yiji was laughed at for drinking at Xianheng Hotel for the last time. By reflecting Ding's positive description of Kong Yiji's physical disability, he showed his tragic experience, thus profoundly exposing the evils of the feudal imperial examination system. The ending deepens the theme and leaves some thoughts. For example, in the ending of Kong Yiji, a group of meaningful words such as "about" and "indeed" not only add tragic meaning to Kong Yiji's tragic fate, but also leave readers with endless thoughts. Environment mainly understands the role of natural environment and social environment. The natural environment describes the natural landscape, exaggerates the atmosphere, sets off emotions, predicts the fate of characters, reveals the essence of society and promotes the development of plots. Example 1: The climax of Kong Yiji depicts a bleak atmosphere by describing the sad scene in autumn, which indicates the tragic ending of Kong Yiji's imminent death. Example 2: The climax and ending of My Uncle Yule set off the cheerful, frustrated and depressed mood of the characters by describing two contrasting sea scenes. Example 3: The scenery description at the beginning of Hometown describes the decadent and desolate rural scene, which sets off the sad mood of "I". The social environment describes the social situation, explains the background of the story, reveals the social essence, and paves the way for the following content. At the beginning of Kong Yiji, by describing the layout of Xianheng Hotel and the customers' comings and goings, it illustrates the social reality of class opposition and disparity between the rich and the poor at that time, paving the way for the appearance of a special figure, Kong Yiji. The role analysis of character description (including the description of character's language, action, psychology, portrait and manner) should focus on the analysis of the character's ideological quality and personality characteristics, and the environmental description should focus on the analysis of its foil and central role to the character. Environmental description includes natural environment description and social environment description. The description of natural environment is often used to contrast the emotions of characters, express their personality characteristics, render a certain atmosphere, hint the fate of characters, promote the development of story lines and contrast the center of the article. The description of social environment is often used to reflect the place, customs, social background, historical background and social real life at that time, serving the expression center.