Wei, courtesy name Mojie, is a representative figure of the landscape pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He was wise and precocious. He left home at the age of fifteen to study in Chang'an and Luoyang. At the age of seventeen, he wrote an eternally famous chapter such as "Remembering Shandong Brothers on September 9th". Wang Wei once deliberately pursued fame and progress, and most of his frontier fortress poems are full of youthful vitality and ambition. However, the ups and downs of his official career made him deeply aware of the cruel reality and the harshness of the world. He lived in seclusion several times in his life, and his poetry turned more to reality. In addition, Wang Wei advocated Buddhism and had many friends with monks, so "seclusion" often became the main theme of his poems. Mr. Qian Zhongshu once commented on Wang Wei: "In him, Zen, poetry, and painting can be regarded as one and the same. The phrase 'poetry and painting are twin sisters' is appropriately used." (1) By virtue of his With his keen capture of nature and emotions and his strong expressive power, Wang Wei creates an artistic conception of "emotion in poetry", "painting in poetry" and "Zen in poetry" in a fresh, distant, natural and refined style. , erecting a banner that will not fall down in the poetry world. 1. There is love in poetry Wang Wei is a person who values ??friendship and is good at writing about love. In his poems, there are many life sketches and farewell works, and the content mostly talks about lovesickness and separation, as well as the care and consolation between friends. The number is almost equal to that of his landscape and pastoral poems. When he writes about scenes, he often does so to convey emotions. In the poem "Send Off to Zhao Xianzhou from Qi Shang", the poet wrote: We smile when we meet each other, but weep when we see each other off. The ancestral tent has been separated, and the deserted city is filled with sorrow again. It's cold in the distance, the mountains are pure, and the long river is rushing at dusk. You are far away from the cable, but you are still standing there. We just met and said goodbye again, feeling sad and sad. Although the two sentences "meet each other" are understated, I feel that the deep and affectionate feelings come to my face. Then the poet uses the two sentences "Tianhan" to describe the scenery, paving the way for lyricism, echoing the conclusion, making the sadness after farewell linger in his heart. In Wang Wei's poems, he borrows scenes to convey emotions and uses scenes to set off emotions, which makes his descriptions of scenes full of lingering flavor and expressive and subtle. For example, "Send off Li's Supplements to Lingaotai": "Send off to Lingaotai, how far away is the Sichuan Plain? Birds are flying at dusk, and travelers are leaving." There is no emotion in writing about separation, but only a copy of the scenery. "Send Yang Changshi to Guozhou": "The bird travels a thousand miles, and the ape crows at twelve o'clock." It is both a scene language and a love sentence, integrating the desolate scenery of the road with the desolate feeling of the traveler, natural and Subtle and profound. Many of Wang Wei's poems adopt a direct expression of his heart, and they often appear natural, smooth, and implicit. For example, "Send Yuan Er Envoy to Anxi": The morning rain in Weicheng makes the city light and dusty, and the guest house is green and the willows are new. I advise you to drink a glass of wine and leave Yangguan in the west without any old friends. This poem has been praised by later generations as the masterpiece of the seven unique works of the Tang Dynasty. In the two sentences "Encourage the King", the feeling of reluctance to say goodbye and the care and consideration for friends are expressive, but they are also long and subtle. Hu Yinglin commented on these two poems and said: "It is a spoken word and remains as new for thousands of years." Another example is "Farewell": I got off my horse and drank your wine, and asked you where you were. You said you were dissatisfied, so you went back to sleep on the southern border of the mountain. But don’t ask again, the white clouds are endless. This poem uses colloquial questions and answers, but it is also simple in words and profound in meaning, leaving an endless aftertaste. The friend said he was dissatisfied, but the poet firmly supported his retreat - "but don't ask again when you leave". He also used white clouds to comfort his friend and express his feelings. Therefore, Zhong Xi commented on the last two sentences of this poem and said: "My feelings and sustenance are all expressed in this cross, and I don't realize it. After thinking about it deeply, I know that Youcheng is not a person who only wants to be quiet and has no intention of serving the world" (2). The beauty of Wang Wei's love writing lies in the simple and popular description of realistic scenes, which contains deep and graceful emotions. His poem "Lovesickness", with the support of Xiao Xiaohongdou, chants the feelings of lovesickness, which can be called a classic work that intoxicates the hearts of lovesickness through the ages. In "Remembering Shandong Brothers on September 9th", the poet first used straightforward words to write about the popular feeling of missing family members during the festival - "Being a stranger in a foreign land alone, missing family members twice as much during festivals" makes people suddenly realize that " "My heart is close to mine." Then the poet turned his pen and drew his thoughts to his relatives in his hometown - "I know from afar that my brothers have climbed to the heights, and there is one less person planting dogwood trees everywhere." The transformation of time and space is like a "montage" technique, "Don't talk about me Missing him, but saying he misses me, is doubly miserable"(3). Wang Wei's writings often contain metaphors. The above-mentioned poems can already give a glimpse of its style. Another example is "Three Miscellaneous Poems": The family lives in Mengjin River, and the door is opposite Mengjinkou. There are often ships from the south of the Yangtze River, do you want to send letters to your home? You come from your hometown, you should know the things in your hometown. The next day, in front of the beautiful window, have the winter plum blossoms bloomed? I have already seen the winter plum blossoms blooming, and heard the singing of birds again. My heart is focused on the spring grass, but I am afraid of the jade steps! There is no word "lovesickness" in the whole article. It seems to be picked up easily, but in fact every sentence has profound meaning. By borrowing the metaphorical meaning of "winter plum" and "spring grass", the feeling of lovesickness is vividly expressed on the paper. The first poem describes the wife's concern for her husband who is far away in the south of the Yangtze River. The second poem is written from the husband's point of view, but does not express her longing directly, but asks the messenger from her hometown whether the plum blossoms in her hometown have bloomed. The writing method Chic and interesting, euphemistic and subtle. The two lines of "心心" in the third poem are the most powerful in the whole article. The woman's sadness and lingering affection are vividly portrayed through "Spring Grass Steps", which makes people sigh with emotion. Wang Wei's poems about military service, frontier fortress, etc. are also good at writing emotions. In this type of poems, a group of flesh-and-blood characters such as generals, soldiers, and heroes are depicted, and the poet's own heroic aspirations are expressed through writing about people. For example, "Watching Hunting" depicts the general's mental outlook through daily hunting activities: The wind is strong and the horns are ringing, and the general is hunting in Weicheng. The grass is dry, the hawk's eye is weak, and the snow is gone, and the horse's hooves are light. Suddenly we passed Xinfeng City and returned to Xiliu Camp. Looking back at the shooting place, the clouds are flat at dusk for thousands of miles. Among them, the two sentences "Looking back" reveal that "there is a sound of wind and rain" (4), which is nothing less than the embodiment of the poet's ambition. 2. There is painting in poetry. There is an old saying: "Poetry is an invisible painting, and painting is a tangible poem."
"Wang Wei is versatile. He brings the essence of painting into the world of poetry. He uses spiritual language and wonderful brushwork to depict for us a series of vivid works that are either romantic, ethereal, or remote. Su Shi once made a famous statement : "When you taste Mojie's poems, there are paintings within the poems; when you look at Mojie's paintings, there are poems within the paintings. "(5) As "In the Mountains" says: "White rocks appear in Jingxi, and red leaves are sparse in the cold weather. There is no rain on the mountain road, the sky is green and people's clothes are wet. "The white rocks in the shallow stream are dotted with faint red leaves, and the mountains are green and vivid. This is what Dongpo refers to as "paintings in poems". And in "The Envoy to the Fortress", "The desert is solitary and the smoke is straight, and the long river falls. "Sun Yen" is a couplet that uses only crosses to depict the desert, the solitary smoke, the long river, and the setting sun. The shape, body, light, and color are all in front of you. The composition is simple but does not conceal the majesty. It is really a masterpiece with profound artistic conception. Wang Wei The beauty of the poem's "paintings within the poem" lies in its expressiveness, whether it is the meticulous line drawing or the freehand brushstrokes, whether it is the most exaggerated rendering or the subtle implicitness, it leaves no need to dwell on it after reading. A vivid scene emerges. The poem "Mountain Residence in Autumn" describes a scene in a mountain village on an autumn evening after a new rain. The weather is late in autumn, and the bright moon shines among the pines, and the sound of clear springs and rocks flows upstream. Girl, the lotus moves under the fishing boat. The spring fragrance rests at will, and the king and grandson can stay. The sound and sound of the poem are integrated - the tinkling of the mountain spring reflects the silent moon, and the rustling of the lotus leaves is dotted with the soft words and chuckles of the girl wearing gauze. A vivid, smooth and energetic picture, it is no exaggeration to say that the whole picture is a poetic scenery film. The painting scene in Wang Wei's poem has a light and quiet personality, which can be fully reflected in his depiction of the sunset and the scenery. You can feel it through the rendering of the bright moon, empty mountains, deep forests, clear springs, distant villages, white clouds, solitary smoke and other scenery. For example, "Zhuli Pavilion" says: Sitting alone in the secluded bamboo, playing the piano and roaring, the people in the deep forest do not know that the bright moon comes to shine. The quiet bamboo forest and the bright moonlight made the poet feel proud, shouting to the sky, and venting his depression, but only the bright moon could understand his thoughts. Wang Wei expressed the loneliness of a hermit through the bamboo forest and the bright moon. Sadness and anger. In the poet's writing, the wonderful use of the finishing touch, the structure of virtual and real shades, and the arrangement of the charm are all unique. His "Birds in the Stream" says: "The moonrise scares the birds, and they sing in the spring stream." "The two words "jing" and "ming" are used as highlights, reflecting the tranquility of the spring mountain. Another example is "the quiet night is full of movement, and sometimes I hear the dogs in the forest" ("Bamboo Pavilion on a Spring Night Presenting Money to the Shaofu Returning to Lantian")," Sentences such as "Fruits falling on the mountain in the rain, grass and insects singing under the lamp" ("Sitting Alone on an Autumn Night") are all wonderful strokes of stillness in movement and movement in stillness, which add a bit of vividness to the painting. In the poem "Zhongnan Mountain", The poet wrote: Taiyi is close to the capital, and the mountains are connected to the sea. The white clouds look back, and the green mist comes into view. The whole poem is full of changes in reality and atmosphere. The strange peaks of Zhongnan Mountain, the deep valleys and clouds, make the poem full of charm, and make people feel as if they are actually there. The distant charm is the soul of Wang Wei's poems. "Lu Chai" says: "No one can be seen in the empty mountain, but the sound of people's voices can be heard. Returning to the deep forest, the light shines on the moss again. "The poem deliberately describes the author being alone in an empty mountain and deep forest, seeing a ray of sunset shining through the gaps in the dense forest on the moss in the forest. In the vast and complex natural scenery, the poet captured the most fascinating moment , using simple and light brushwork, meticulously paints a quiet and quiet picture, with far-reaching meaning and fascinating meaning. Just as Lu Dian, a Qing Dynasty man, said: "Mojie's poems reach the divine realm, where the scenery is the meaning and the meaning." The scenery is instant, the scenery is obtained without creating the scene, and the meaning is completed without expressing the meaning." (6). 3. In the poem, there is an era when Zen King Wei lived, Buddhism was prosperous, and the scholar-bureaucrats were very popular in studying Buddhism. Political dissatisfaction, life After living in seclusion for several times, Wang Wei devoted himself to studying Buddhism, "living on a vegetarian diet and avoiding meat and blood"(7), in order to ignore fame and fortune and get rid of troubles. The monks of the sect also studied Buddhist scriptures of various sects by themselves, and received the influence of Buddhism from them. Wang Wei devoted himself to Buddhism and yearned for seclusion. We can get a glimpse of this in the third chapter of "Six Poems by Occasionally": Seeing Taihang day and night, he meditated. I couldn't go. I asked you why. My younger sister is growing up, and my brother is not married. My family is poor and I don't have much money. I hesitate to look at each other again. There is something left. How long have we left? The old friend is in the middle of the road. The day of Zen has faded. Suddenly I am about to leave. This is the earliest work in which the poet talks about his personal Buddhist faith. The two sentences "Ren" show that his belief in Buddhism is getting stronger and stronger, and worldly greed and love have become increasingly weak. Wang Wei was quite dissatisfied with the dark politics of the treacherous ministers' dictatorship, and was unwilling to join in. In addition, his official career was frustrated, so he had to escape However, he was not willing to live in poverty, and while living in seclusion, he fantasized about the "shortcut to the south". The contradictory poet tried to find spiritual comfort and the theory of his own thoughts and behaviors from Buddhism. Basis. The main ideas he received from Buddhist teachings can be seen everywhere in his poetry creation. There is a saying in "I am sick and I am sending this poem to the scholars." Revealing the body in the morning; seeing the underworld like this, where can I be? The obstacles are solid, the joy is empty and the guest is at home? The mind is cleansed and suspended, and the path is enlightened. The main idea of ??this poem is that once tiny thoughts of dust arise, you will suddenly feel life. The shortness of time is like morning dew, and it feels like there is no place in the world. However, just cleansing the evil heart cannot free us from life and death. In the process of "enlightenment", people are still lost.
In the poem, "object and subject" are used as metaphors for "emptiness and existence", which means that one must understand the principle of "emptiness" and reach the state of neither emptiness nor existence, in order to achieve Buddhism and achieve liberation. This is obviously influenced by Buddhist theories such as "the four elements are all empty" and leads people to lose touch with reality. In "Suspicious Dreams", the poet also reveals his negativity of being content with the real environment and seeking spiritual comfort from fantasy: Don't be surprised, favored, humiliated, empty, worried or happy, don't count the hardships of gratitude and hatred. Where did the Yellow Emperor Confucius ask, How do you know that you are not in a dream? The poem above can taste the Buddhist philosophy of "emptiness", including the indulgence of seeing through the world of mortals, and the tranquility of all thoughts. The poem embodies Zen meaning, which is also reflected in Wang Wei's pastoral poems on landscapes and rivers. For example, "Xinyiwu": There are hibiscus flowers at the end of the wood and red calyxes in the mountains. There is no one in the stream. They open and close one after another. Regarding the Zen meaning of this poem, Mr. Chen Zhongqi once made a very insightful discussion: "Because he has no concern for the environment, the flowers bloom and fall, and cannot arouse any sadness or joy from the poet; because he is not separated from the illusion, he After all, he saw the natural phenomenon of flowers blooming and falling; because "Tao is omnipresent", he seemed to see the supreme "wonderful truth" in the blooming and falling of flowers: Xinyi flowers bloom and fall one after another, without being attached to "emptiness" , and not attached to "you", what a "free luck"! The word "fenfen" shows the detached attitude of Xinyi flowers in life and death, life and death, and neither life nor death. , the entire spiritual world and material world, isn’t it just like the Xinyi flower, which evolves with continuous cause and effect, no beginning and no end, and self-sufficiency in the momentary birth and death?...Wang Wei realized the Tao due to the flower. , seems to truly see the nature of 'nature'. "(8) Most of Wang Wei's landscape poems pursue a quiet and quiet realm, and this realm often contains Zen meaning. No wonder Hu Yinglin lamented that "after reading it, I forget my life experience and all my thoughts are silenced" (9). Many of Wang Wei's poems have a light and natural style but profound artistic conception. His superb technique of using movement to describe stillness and using stillness to embody Zen has been praised by poetry critics of all ages. From his fresh and elegant poems, it is not difficult to feel the poet's indifferent, peaceful and quiet heart. Every time I read the volume, it seems that the poet took us to admire the moon in the empty mountains, take a rest in a distant village, go to the stream to drink springs, and look at flowers in front of the window... Reading poems is like appreciating paintings, and reading articles is like reading Zen. , immersing ourselves in the ethereal realm created by the poet for us, the worldly disturbances and impetuous material desires gradually dissipate. It is really that we have forgotten our life and experience, and all thoughts are silent.
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