Phenology in the Poems of Great Poets in Tang and Song Dynasties
Zhu kezhen
There are two poems in the ancient legend of China: "Flowers should be all things, but stones can't be the most pleasing." But now it seems that although stones and flowers have no sound and language, they have their own set of structural organizations to express their essence. The task of natural scientists is to understand this essence, so that stones and flowers can tell the secrets of the universe. And so far, natural scientists have done a lot of work successfully. Taking stones as an example, chemists use isotope methods to tell the age of stones; Geophysicists use seismic waves to make rocks express their depth from the earth's surface; Geologists and paleontologists have initially found out the stone history of the earth's surface, that is, the earth's crust, by means of stratigraphy. Besides, flowers are creatures, and language is more lively. As mentioned earlier, as Jia Sixie pointed out in Qi Yao Min's Book, apricot blossoms are in full bloom, as if telling farmers to plow their fields quickly; Peach blossoms are in full bloom, as if suggesting that farmers should plant millet quickly. In late spring and early summer, the cuckoo came, and we farmers knew what it said: "Grandpa and grandma, cut the wheat and insert the grain." From this perspective, flowers and birds are the language of nature. It is important that we can understand this hint and understand this transmission, so as to understand and transform nature. ? !
On the one hand, some great poets in the Tang and Song Dynasties paid attention to the sufferings of people's livelihood and collected a large number of Zhi Zhu ci and folk songs in various places; On the one hand, he loves nature and is good at understanding the hints of birds and flowers, imitating the bamboo branches of this folk song and composing poems. Many of these poems are still praised by people because they contain wise words. Huang Zongxi, a scholar at the end of the Ming Dynasty, said: "The poet extracts the pure air of heaven and earth, and takes the moon, dew, wind, clouds and flowers and birds as his temperament, and his scenery and meaning are inseparable." Moon, dew, wind, clouds, flowers and birds are fleeting between heaven and earth, but the poet can't get rid of them. Every man has a moon, dew, wind, clouds and flowers and birds, which is not his temperament and is extremely unfriendly. "In other words, the moon, dew, wind, clouds, flowers and birds are a natural language, from which we can learn the essence of nature, that is, the laws of nature. Great poets can grasp the meaning of this language, so they can make it into poems and pass it on to the afterlife. Phenology is the process of moon, dew, wind, clouds, flowers and birds in a year. Great poets in Tang and Song Dynasties made outstanding achievements in singing phenology. & gt8 | N & amp
When Tang Bai Juyi (Lotte) was fifteen years old, he wrote a poem praising the fragrant grass (Farewell to the ancient grass): "The vast grass crosses the plain and comes and goes with the four seasons. Wildfire never completely devoured them, but they grew taller in the spring breeze ... "The poet Gu Kuang saw this poem and praised it greatly. Gu Kuang once boasted that this poem was handed down from generation to generation. These four ancient poems point out two important laws in phenology: first, the rise and fall of fragrant grass has an annual cycle; Second, this cycle changes with climate change. When the spring breeze comes, the grass wakes up. V0> VII
People in temperate regions hope that spring will come after a cold winter. But what is the sign of spring? We can find the answer from many Tang and Song poems. Li Bai's poem: "The east wind is green and Yingzhou grass is green, and the purple palace and red building feel good in spring." Wang Anshi lived in Jiangning in his later years. There is a proverb that says, "The spring breeze in Jiang Nanan is green. When will the bright moon shine on me? " According to Song Hong Mai's Rong Zhai Xu, when Wang wrote this poem, the original "Spring Breeze Comes Again". After careful consideration, he thought that the word "zhi" was inappropriate and changed it several times before adding the word "green". Li Bai and Wang Anshi used the word "green" in their poems to symbolize the arrival of spring. Today, in phenology, the flowering of flowers and trees is still one of the important signs of spring. The beauty of Wang Anshi's poem lies in the regional phenology. It is inappropriate to hum this poem as "Spring Breeze and Green Jiangnan". Because in Kaifeng and Luoyang, the symbol brought by the spring breeze is more yellow sand than green leaves, Li Bai's "Heroes of Fufeng" has the sentence "Luoyang flies to the lake in March". Although the "Husha" in the sentence implies the Anshi Rebellion, it is also true that there is a big sandstorm in Henan in spring. gMS [ 1
To be sure, the greening of trees is a very important indicator in early spring. However, all kinds of trees paint green at different times. What kind of tree can be regarded as the early spring index? Judging from the chanting of poets in Tang and Song Dynasties, Liu Yang is the most valued. It is no accident that willow was chosen as the representative of early spring. First, because willows bloom early; Second, because it is widely distributed, it is everywhere from Wuling in the south to Guanwai in the north. It is not afraid of wind and sand, and it is not too low-lying. Tang Yili's poem "Meeting the Envoys in the Riptide" says: "The southern spring in the desert reaches the riptide, and the green willows and green Saimaduo." Liu Yuxi wrote "Zhi Zhu Ci" in Sichuan: "It's sunny and rainy on the river, and it's spring in the west. There are willows in the west of Qiaodong Bridge, and people will sing. " It shows that from the desert south to the east of Sichuan, everyone regards green vitamins as a symbol of spring. There is a quatrain in Wang Zhihuan's "The Great Wall", saying, "Why should a strong flute blame a willow?". Spring breeze is not about Yumen Pass. This moral poem means that you can only hear the music of breaking willows from the flute outside the Great Wall. But in today's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, willows are everywhere. Therefore, in the poem "To Send Sorrow to the God", there is a saying that "there are thousands of willows in the spring breeze, and 600 million Shenzhou is as smooth as Yao". Nowadays, the spring breeze willow is not limited to Yumen Pass. Million dollars
Poets in Tang and Song Dynasties are also very concerned about migratory birds. They pay attention to swallows in early spring, rhododendrons in southwest in late spring and early summer, and rhododendrons in North China and East China. For example, Du Fu entered Sichuan in his later years, and the distribution of cuckoo birds is clearly written in the poem Du Fu: "There are cuckoos in Xichuan, but there are no cuckoos in Dongchuan. There are no azaleas in Fuwan, but there are azaleas in Yun 'an. I have been to Jincheng to build a house by the water. There are more than one hectare of bamboo and towering trees. Du Fu came in late spring, crying in the meantime ... "Z.
Lu You, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote the poem "Early Winter" at the age of 76: "Poetry leads time all one's life and loves the frost in early winter. The better the maple leaf, the more fragrant the plum blossom ... "This proves that Lu You is phenological. He not only pays attention to phenology, but also uses it to predict agricultural time. For example, the poem "Bird Song" can illustrate this point: "Savages have no calendar days, and birds know the four seasons; Listen to the rules in February, and spring ploughing is not too late; Smell orioles in March, and young women pity silkworms for hunger; Rhododendron in April, silkworm on the cluster; The crow in May calls me uncle, and the young seedlings worry about grass ... "Lu You can be called a poet who can understand natural language.
We can also see that phenology varies from place to place and from time to time from the phenology recited by poets in Tang and Song Dynasties. In other words, the phenology is different from north to south, from east to west, from mountains and plains, and from ancient times to today. In order to understand China's differences in north and south, east and west, height, location, ancient and modern time and phenology, we must discuss with other parts of the world at the same time so as to learn from each other's strong points.