? Original poem
After a thousand years of mourning, everyone cherishes the feelings of Tao. I refuse to drink, but I care about the name of the world.
So, isn't your body living? How many times can life be restored? It's like being electrocuted.
How did you realize this wish in the past 100 years?
? translate
Guo Weisen/Bao Jingcheng, Complete Translation of Tao Yuanming's Collected Works, p 122.
Morality has been declining for thousands of years, and everyone is hiding their true feelings.
I refuse to drink wine, only worrying about my reputation in the world.
Don't people cherish themselves because they only have this life?
How much time can life have? Suddenly, like lightning, it is frightening.
How can you really succeed by swaggering and gloating all your life?
Meng Erdong's Notes on Tao Yuanming's Collection, p 127.
Morality has declined for nearly a thousand years, and everyone is selfish and stingy. If you refuse to drink wine, you only care about worldly vanity.
Cherish yourself so much, isn't it for this life? How long can a lifetime last? As fast as lightning.
Busy life is fame and fortune, how can you achieve something!
? explain
Guo Weisen/Bao Jingcheng, Complete Translation of Tao Yuanming's Collected Works, p 122.
In this chapter, many people only care about love and pursue fame and fortune, but what will be left after a hundred years?
Meng Erdong's Notes on Tao Yuanming's Collection, p 127.
This poem shows the poet's attitude towards life by denying those who only care about themselves and pursue fame and fortune.
Liu Jicai translated and interpreted Tao Yuanming's poems, p 100.
This poem is based on the fact that the avenue has been lost for thousands of years, and everyone is not emotional, pointing out that the reason is "but taking care of the world's fame" and then saying with a stroke of a pen that a person should protect his reputation, not for a while but for life. However, people's life is also short, so we should eat, drink and be merry in time. Obviously, this poem has a sentimental feeling. This is not worth taking. The poet's mood seems to contradict the idea of advocating fame after death in the previous poem. In fact, these two songs are related. Tao Yuanming lives in a transitional period. The war-torn society and sinister environment made his ambition "not show" and he had to "send wine as a trace". Therefore, the reason why he laments that life is short and advocates eating, drinking and having fun in time is a kind of helplessness caused by the failure to realize his ideal. Although this poem is short, it is not stagnant, but meaningful.
Ye Jiaying and Ye Jiaying said that Tao Yuanming imitated ancient poems by drinking, p80.
I think since we are talking about poetry, we should not only make clear its content, its affection and its philosophy, but also look at whether this poem is a good poem or why it is a good poem from the perspective of words. We talked about Tao Yuanming's poems before. We say that Tao Yuanming's poems are thoughtful, but when he expresses his thoughts in his poems, he not only speaks a truth, but also is a poem with great flavor. That's because, first of all, these ideas and truths mentioned in his poems are closely combined with his life experiences and feelings; The second reason is that there are many images and metaphors in his poems that are used very well.
In addition to the above two points, there is another reason why the second poem of Drinking is good. Last class, we said that Tao Yuanming's idea of "rewarding by accumulating goodness" originated from Sima Qian's Historical Records and Biography of Boyi. Biography of Boyi is an excellent and noteworthy article in Historical Records. It is different from other biographies in Historical Records. Why is it different? A very simple reason is that in other biographies, write a biography first, and then Sima Qian's evaluation of this person, that is, the evaluation marked by "Gong Yue, a Taishi". "Taishigong" is the official name of Sima Qian. In the Han dynasty, the duty of officials was to record history. Biographies in Historical Records are all separated from biographies. Only Biography of Boyi does not separate Sima Qian's subjective comments with the symbol "Gong Yue, the official historian", but combines comments with biographies. He sometimes talks about narrative and sometimes criticizes narrative, and the two are well integrated. In addition, he not only combines narration with criticism, but also combines doubt with regret. In the Biography of Boyi, he used a lot of questions to express a questioning tone. He once quoted an ancient saying that "Heaven has no relatives, and always cooperates with good people", and then cited many examples, all of which were the unfortunate results of good people, while bad people lived well, so he finally asked, "What if the so-called heaven is evil? Non-evil? " -If there is a so-called heaven, heaven always bless those who do good, is that true? Is it "yes" or "no"? When giving examples, he asks questions first, and then gives examples. He gave it to Boyd. He said he looked like Boyd. "If the so-called good people are not!" -Boyd is a nice guy, isn't he? But why did Boyi and his younger brother Shu Qi starve to death in shouyangshan? What I am talking about now is the characteristics of the article "Biography of Boyi", which combines narration with criticism and suspicion with emotion. Sima Qian's Historical Records is not only a history, but also an excellent literature, precisely because he didn't just tell a story, he wrote some feelings and comments in it.
This poem by Tao Yuanming not only uses the thoughts and feelings of Biography of Boyi, but also draws lessons from the narrative method of Biography of Boyi by Sima Qian. How did he describe it? He began to say that "good deeds are rewarded with good deeds"-those who do good deeds are rewarded with good deeds, but "Uncle Yi is in Xishan". Why did Boyi and Uncle Qi starve to death in Xishan? People who wrote poems in ancient China generally didn't add punctuation marks between poems, so there are no punctuation marks here. If you add a punctuation mark to him in a new way, it is to add a question mark or exclamation mark after the sentence "Uncle Yi is in Xishan". This sentence is what I just said, imitating Sima Qian's way of combining his own questions, feelings and narrative biography: If there is good news in Ji Mountain, how can good people like Boyi and Shu Qi starve to death in Xishan Mountain? Here, Tao Yuanming not only uses the content of Sima Qian's Biography of Boyi, but also writes the tone of combining doubt and emotion in Sima Qian's Biography of Boyi. You see, he doesn't seem to write his feelings directly, but between his questions and answers, he has conveyed the poet's feelings. Since "good fortune is rewarded", how could Uncle Yi starve to death in Xishan? This is a turning point. Next, "good and evil are not allowed". If this good and evil really have no retribution, then "what's the point?" Why do you want to say something empty to make people accumulate goodness? You see, this is another turning point, which makes the affection of poetry fluctuate with the change of narrative tone and expresses the poet's deep affection.
The following "Ninety Ropes, Hungry and Cold", he not only wrote his own doubts and feelings, but also used very profound and rich images. As I said before, the image in poetry can be the scenery in nature. For example, his fifth poem, "The mountains are getting better every day, and the birds are coming back every day", which is the image of nature. "ninety lines of rope, hunger and cold in those days" is the image of the world, not the image of nature. The source of this image can be what you see now, what happened before your eyes, or what happened in history. The Ninety Lines with Suo is about a glorious period, a contemporary of Confucius. This is a historical figure, so it is an allusion. China often uses allusions in his poems. The advantage of using allusions is that typical figures or events in history can be condensed into a concrete image, not just an image, which also contains a long, complex and rich story. For example, Ninety Ropes, Hungry and Cold, is not only an old man in his nineties, but also poor enough to tie his clothes with hemp rope. According to China's old habits and traditions, this is still the case in his later years, and the poverty and hardship in his youth can be imagined. Of course, this is not true in the west. In the west, young people are not poor, but old people are poor. China people are not. China is the responsibility and obligation of children to support their parents, so that the elderly can live in their old age. Therefore, Rongqi was still so poor in his later years, and he must have been poorer that year.
However, this story is not just to tell you that Rong Qi is a poor and pitiful old man. No, what he wants to tell you is that although Rong Qi's old man is so poor materially, he is happy. At the same time, this allusion also tells us a truth: if you can really hold a "Tao" in your heart, you will naturally be fearless, both worthy of heaven and ashamed of others. I've never done anything that I'm sorry for God and people. What can I be sad and afraid of? This is the real intention of Tao Yuanming's brilliant allusions. So Tao Yuanming said later, "It's not bad to consolidate poverty. Who will carry on the family line?"
I have also quoted many words about how to help the poor in The Analects of Confucius and Mencius. Tao Yuanming would rather not be an official, not have such good material comforts, starve and go back to farming. He wanted peace of mind, so he said, "Poverty alleviation is not a bad thing, but who will pass it on for a lifetime." "Poverty" means that although it is poor, it can be "solid", that is, it is persistent, unchanging and unshakable. In these poems, Tao Yuanming showed many thoughts, thoughts and experiences about life.
None of Tao Yuanming's poems is very long. You see, the poem "My Uncle is in the Western Hills" has only eight sentences, and now we are talking about only ten sentences, all of which are very short. But as I said just now, although his poem "Accumulated good clouds are rewarded" is short, he has repeatedly thought about it, which shows that the structure of this poem has many ups and downs. Now let's look at this poem. What's he thinking?
His first poem said that "decline and glory" are uncertain, and the second poem said that "heaven" is impermanent. If the "decline and glory" and "heaven" in the world are completely unreliable, how should that person think and pursue? He said: "Everyone cherishes the lost feelings of Taoist priests." . As I said before, Tao Yuanming often used this word in his poems, and Confucius often used this word in his Analects. The word "Tao" has a wide meaning. Not only Confucianism but also Buddhists use it. Taoism naturally uses this word more, even the Bible translated by Christianity uses this word. Of course, if distinguished in detail, different religions may not have exactly the same meaning of Tao, but they also have something in common, that is, they do not deny that there is one of the most important and precious things in the universe, which can make people have their own ethics, unshakable, carefree and fearless, and that is Tao. But now Tao Yuanming has said that "Tao has been lost for thousands of years", and there should be such a "Tao" in the universe. This is why all thoughtful religious scholars and philosophers in the West, the East, India and China are thinking and exploring the highest realm of human wisdom. But later people, they got lost. They don't know that they have lost one of the most important and precious things. "Mourning" means losing and losing. How long has Tao been lost and lost? Incense Millennium: "Incense" means about, nearly, almost, and people have been unable to find this "Tao" for almost a thousand years. From Confucius meeting Rong Qi to Tao Yuanming, he lived for almost 900 years, which can be said to be "a thousand years". The numbers appearing in poems are generally approximate integers or totals, so he said, "Tao is lost for a thousand years." The highest principle of being a man has been forgotten for a thousand years. Now people have stopped pursuing Tao, so what do they pursue? He said, "Everyone cherishes their feelings". Tao has been lost in the world, and everyone doesn't know how to seek it. What do you pursue? It is "affection", the enjoyment of lust, fame, wealth and splendor. People no longer value the existence and gains and losses of Tao, but only see the material desires and passions in front of them.
Tao Yuanming's following two sentences, we need to have a special view to understand him, because what he said later is: "I refuse to drink, but I care about human names." These two sentences are easily misunderstood by readers. He said that those who only know "cherish love" are "unwilling to drink", so what do they pursue? It means "but care about the fame and fortune of the world", and "but care" means that they always care about and care about the fame and fortune of the world. One day, I saw some drunks on the road. They were drunk on the side of the road, acting like they didn't know anything. Why does Tao Yuanming say here that it is not good for you to pursue fame and fortune in the world without drinking? So, in Tao Yuanming's view, is drinking better than pursuing fame and fortune in the world? If you drink in the street and look like a drunk, is that ok? During the Liang Dynasty, Prince Xiao Tong of Zhaoming said that although Tao Yuanming's poems were about wine, he was not interested in wine, which was the most important thing to pay attention to, otherwise these two poems would be incomprehensible. According to the superficial meaning of Tao Yuanming's two poems, is it better to lead a drunken life than to pursue fame and fortune? Actually, that's not what Tao Yuanming meant. What was Tao Yuanming thinking when he was drinking? He thought of "the decline and glory are uncertain, and each other is more * * *"; Thinking of "if you don't break the poverty-stricken festival, the immortal will pass it on", he thought of the ethical view of "a gentleman can help the poor". Can those drinkers who are drunk on the street have poor integrity? How did Tao Yuanming think of so many life problems out of thin air? Isn't it because of drinking that these thoughts about the truth of life are brought out? Therefore, the "wine" mentioned in his poems is not wine in the general sense, but a medium that triggers and touches his ideological activities.
Earlier, I quoted Su Shi's comments on Tao Yuanming's poem Drinking. He asked Tao Yuanming why he thought of so many life problems when drinking. In fact, it is the role played by the medium of "wine", and we have also talked about the real motivation and purpose of the wine delivery person. In addition to these reasons, I think Tao Yuanming regards wine as a tool for self-liberation and self-release, so that his will and desire can be liberated in drinking and he can find something that belongs to his heart. You know, life is short, and because of this, life is always tense. The success or failure of the world will always haunt your life and make you feel very tired. But when you drink, all of a sudden, you relax this nervous nerve, this mental burden is gone, and you will sincerely feel the value of freedom and relaxation. I think that's why Tao Yuanming drinks, and that's why he wants to say, "I refuse to drink, but I care about the world." Tao Yuanming really realized the freedom and joy after liberation when drinking, and got a kind of consciousness and comfort from it. This is what "wine" does to Tao Yuanming, so he writes about wine and drinks. However, some people can't let their will be free and find opportunities for self-liberation. This is the intention of the poem "I refuse to drink, but I care about the name of the world".
Then he went on to say, "So this is not your life." He said that the most important thing for each of us is our own flesh and blood. It is precisely because of this purely tangible body that we have had so many influences, so many problems and relationships in this world. The word "so" means "why". Why does he say that the body is precious?
Isn't it because there is such a tangible life in your life? But how long will this life be yours? "How many times can you recover in your life? This is like an impact. " . "Shu" means suddenly and quickly. The beauty of the body is that you have lived for decades, but the ancients said that "life is seventy years old and rare", and life passes quickly, just like a bolt of lightning in the sky, fleeting. "How many times can you recover in your life, such as lightning" has two meanings. First, the value of your life lies in your life, but there is also a priceless and even sad side, that is, your life is short and empty like lightning, which everyone should reflect and experience. According to Buddhism, what you have done in your life, what you have left behind, what impact you have had on the world, and the relationship between them are all causal. Don't take life's gains and losses, fame and fortune, honor and disgrace seriously. Those are illusory and worthless. But at the same time, you should realize that your life is valuable, and every thought, thought and action you have may have an infinite influence in the universe. As Hua Yan Jing said, "For example, in many mirrors, many shadows reappear." If we are surrounded by mirrors, these mirrors reflect each other, so they also reflect each other. Don't think that your words and thoughts are nothing, but it is in this interaction that a chain reaction may be formed. Therefore, there are things in life that deserve your attention. Don't neglect that you can lead a drunken life. But don't think that the immediate gains and losses are important. In a word, life has both valuable and despicable aspects. Tao Yuanming has repeatedly thought about many valuable and contemptible questions in his life: "I refuse to drink, but I care about the world name"; "So I am expensive, not expensive in this life."
So at last he said, "What can you do with this desire in a hundred years?" The word "Dingding" has always been said differently by people who talk about Tao Yuanming's poems. The Book of Rites Tan Gong said: "Tintin is a villain." Zheng Zhu explained that "Dingding" means great comfort. What is "Dashu"? Shu means relax. "Shu" was originally slack in the Book of Rites, which means doing things carelessly, casually and lazily. If you follow this meaning, it is also possible. Tao Yuanming's poems are sometimes difficult to tell, just as Chen Houshan, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said, "Tao Yuanming is not a poem, but a wonderful ear in his chest." He wrote down his feelings and thoughts. He wrote about how the thoughts in his heart moved. His heart fluctuated, and he wrote down this fluctuation. Later people sometimes don't understand what he is saying, and he doesn't care if you understand. The reason why these two poems are difficult to understand is that he wrote them entirely with the flow of his own thoughts and ideas, saying that life has a valuable side and a priceless and illusory side, and everyone can't grasp this, so there is an argument. According to the meaning of the Book of Rites Tan Gong, that is to say, you should make good use of this life. If you relax, slack off and degenerate, your century-old life will become an illusion in the blink of an eye. "Persist in this desire" and "persist" are persistence. What can this lazy, casual and unruly attitude towards life achieve? Therefore, this "Tintin" can be relaxed. But we use a lot of annotation materials, such as Tao Yuanming's poems, just because he looks simple on the surface and just writes down his inner activities, but in fact he is very complicated, and his inner activities are so rich and tortuous that it is difficult to understand. The ancient Chinese annotation we use is different from the explanation in Zhengzhu. He thinks "Dingding" means noisy, which means what you can accomplish in such a noisy and chaotic environment. There are other people's comments They think "Dingding" means fast, which means what you can accomplish in this short time.
In a word, Tao Yuanming's poems are profound. He saw that life has both a valuable side and a despicable side. How can we master and improve ourselves in this life? It's not that you have become a thing outside, for example, you have become a millionaire, but a million dollars is a thing outside. What he said is what you have accomplished by yourself, which means "How can you achieve this goal in a hundred years?"
The new edition of Tao Yuanming's financial notes, p 128.
Liu Lu's Notes on Selected Poems, Volume 5: This statement has been lost for a long time, and the lust is growing. People in the world refuse to be loyal to their sexuality, but cherish the glory of the world. I didn't know it was like electricity in my life. Now is to relieve laziness, not to realize it quickly, but to seize the past. What do you want to achieve and become famous? The cover is not particularly ironic, but also a self-warning.
Tao Biquan's Yujiang Poetry: How insightful this poem is! During the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, people regarded foreigners as a substitute, but they knew nothing about worldly fame. Those who "want to succeed" will also join hands in the whole ceremony. There is no trace of words, so it is super.
Juck Zhang is equivalent to reading "Three Poems by Cao Tao Ji" Volume III: If you forget your worries after drinking, you will be happy and carefree. Why can people forget their innocence when they are tired of fame? So, Jingjie said it without hesitation.
Tao Yuanming's Essay |(053) Twenty glasses of wine (below)