1. Expression: narration, description, lyricism, explanation and discussion.
Second, the expression techniques: symbol, contrast, contrast, suspense, echo before and after, desire to promote first, express meaning by holding things, express feelings by borrowing things, associate, imagine and set off (positive contrast, negative contrast).
Third, rhetorical devices: metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, quotation, rhetorical question, repetition, intertextuality, contrast, metonymy and irony.
Four, the six elements of narrative: time, place, people, the cause, process and result of things.
5. Narrative sequence: sequence, flashback and insertion.
Sixth, description angle: positive description and side description.
Methods of describing characters: language, action, manner, psychology and appearance.
Eight, the perspective of describing the scene: vision, hearing, taste and touch.
Methods of describing scenery: the combination of dynamic and static (writing static by moving), the combination of generalization and concrete, from far to near (or from near to far).
X. Description (or lyric) methods: positive (also called direct) and negative (also called indirect).
XI。 Narrative mode: general narrative and detailed description.
Twelve. Interpretation order: chronological order, spatial order, logical order.
13. explanation: examples, numbers, analogy, comparison, definition, classification, explanation, imitation and quotation.
Fourteen, the plot of the novel is divided into four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending.
Fifteen, the three elements of the novel: the character, the plot and the specific environment.
Sixteen, environmental description is divided into: natural environment and social environment.
17. Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.
18. Argumentation is divided into factual argument and rational argument.
Nineteen. Argumentation methods: example (or fact) argument, reason argument (sometimes called quotation argument), contrast (or positive and negative contrast) argument, metaphor argument.
20. Method of argument: argument and rebuttal (rebuttable argument, argument, argument)
Twenty-one, the structure of argumentative essay: total score, total score, total score; There are often parallel and progressive parts.
Twenty-two, the role of quotation marks: citation; Emphasize; Specific appellation; Negation, irony, irony
Twenty-three, dash usage: prompt, comment, summary, progression, topic change, interjection.
Twenty-four, others:
(A) the role of sentences in the text:
1, prefix: opening point; Render the atmosphere (narrative, novel), bury the foreshadowing (narrative, novel), and set suspense (novel) as an auxiliary foreshadowing for the following; Below the general collar;
2. In the text: connecting the preceding with the following; Below the general collar; Summarize the above;
3. At the end of the article: point out the center (narrative, novel); Deepen the theme (narrative, novel); Pay attention to the beginning (argumentative, narrative, novel)
(2) The function of rhetoric: (1) its own function; (2) Combined with sentence context.
1, figuratively personified: vivid; Answer format: written vividly+object+characteristics.
2, parallelism: momentum, strengthen the tone, in one go and so on. ; Answer format: emphasis+object+characteristics.
3. Ask questions: arouse readers' attention and thinking;
Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics
Rhetorical question: emphasis, emphasis, etc.
4. Contrast: emphasize … stand out …
5. repeatedly emphasize ... strengthen the tone.
(3) Answer to the meaning of the sentence:
In such a topic, a word or phrase in a sentence is often expressed by metaphor, contrast, metonymy and symbol. When answering a question, reveal the object it refers to, and then clear the sentence.
(4) Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why?
Verb: No. Because the word accurately, vividly and specifically wrote ...
Adjective: No. Because this word vividly describes ...
Adverbs (such as all, most, very only, etc. ): no. Because this word accurately describes the situation of … (table degree, table limit, table time, table range, etc.). ), after the change, it becomes ... not in line with the facts.
(5) Can the order of two or three words in a sentence be reversed? Why?
I can't. because
(1) does not conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from shallow to deep, from surface to inside, from phenomenon to essence)
(2) This word corresponds to the above one by one.
(3) These words are progressive, interlocking and cannot be interchanged.
(6) Summary of paragraph meaning
1. narrative: answer clearly (when and where) who does what format: (time+place)+people+things.
2. Description: The answer clearly states what the object is and what its characteristics are: description (introduction)+description object+description content (characteristics).
3. Argumentative essay: clearly answer what the question is, how the author's point of view is formatted: what argumentation method is used to prove (demonstrate)+demonstrate.
Overview of basic knowledge of style
1. Article genre? This article is an article.
Poetry, novels, prose (lyric prose, narrative prose), scripts, expository essays, argumentative essays.
2. Six elements of narrative?
The time, place, person, cause, course and result of the event.
3. Find a topic sentence?
Look for lyric sentences in the first or last paragraph.
4. What is the content of the article?
Methods: Look at topics, people (events) and events, and make a comprehensive induction.
This article narrates (describes and explains) ... and shows (praises and reveals) ...
5. What are the characteristics of material organization?
Select typical events closely surrounding the center, and carry out appropriate clipping and detail processing.
6. Hierarchical?
(1) divided by time (find the phrase that represents time)
(2) According to the position (find the phrase indicating the position)
(3) According to the development process of things (find each event)
(4) the total score (pinching the head to the tail)
7. What are the narrative clues and functions?
Clues: (1) key people (2) key things (3) key events (4) time (5) place (6) author's emotion.
Function: It runs through the context of the full text, organically links the characters and events in the text, and makes the article coherent.
8. Write a title for the article.
Find the clue or center of the article
(1) core figures (2) core things (3) core events (6) the author's emotions
9. Fill in the reading card.
Find the original text as required, and then fill it in. Pay attention to the title, author, publishing house and other items of the original text (sometimes in brackets).
10. Narrative sequence and function?
(1) Time sequence (according to the sequence of events)
Function: The narrative has a beginning and an end, which is clear, clear and impressive to read.
(2) Flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before. )
Function: arouse suspense, attract readers, avoid dull narration and enhance the vividness of the article.
(3) insert (interrupt the clue when telling, and insert another related thing. )
Function: complement and set off the plot, enrich the image and highlight the center.
(4) Plain narration (omitted)
1 1. Language features?
Choose from the following words in combination with context and rhetorical methods:
Vivid image, fresh and beautiful, concise, accurate and rigorous, incisive and profound, easy to understand, harmonious phonology, strong sense of rhythm. (Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with specific sentences. )
12. Writing skills and functions?
(1) anthropomorphic technology
Give things people's character, thoughts, feelings and actions, make things personalized, and thus achieve vivid images.
(2) Metaphorical skills
Describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth.
(3) exaggeration
Highlight the characteristics of people or things, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.
(4) Symbolic techniques
Giving specific meanings to the things described expresses the feelings of … and enhances the expressive force of the article.
(5) Contrast technology
Through comparison, highlight the characteristics of things and better express the theme of the article.
(6) technology of setting off (side contrast)
Set off the main person or thing with the secondary person or thing, and highlight the characteristics, personality, thoughts and feelings of the main person or thing.
(7) Irony
Use metaphor, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and laugh at people or things, strengthen profundity and criticism, and make the language spicy and humorous.
(8) Want to promote first and then inhibit
First belittle and then praise the described object, contrast the context and highlight the written object, which has unexpected touching effect.
(9) Care before and after (echoing from beginning to end)
Make the plot complete, the structure rigorous and the center prominent.
13. Rhetoric methods and functions
(1) Metaphor: describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth.
(2) personification: endowing things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, and personalizing things, so as to achieve vivid images.
(3) Exaggeration: highlight the characteristics, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.
(4) Parallelism: the organization is clear, the rhythm is distinct, the language potential is enhanced, and it is longer than lyric.
(5) Duality: the form is neat, the phonology is harmonious, and they set off each other and complement each other.
(6) Repetition: emphasizing a certain meaning, strong lyricism and appeal.
(7) Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself, attract attention and inspire thinking.
(8) rhetorical question: clear attitude, strong tone and strong lyricism.
Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with related sentences.
14. What are the meanings and functions of specific words?
Methods: Contact the original meaning of words, explain the meaning of the text and find out the specific content it refers to.
A: The word "××" originally means …, and here it means …, playing the role of ….
15. What does this sentence mean?
Grasp the key words, analyze their characteristics and significance, and then explain them in context.
16. What is the function of sentences in the structure?
(1) Continue the above.
(2) Open the bottom (lead to the bottom)
(3) connecting the preceding with the following (transition)
(4) Pave the way for the following.
17. Expression?
Narration, discussion, lyricism, description and explanation
18. What is the role of argument in narrative?
Inspire readers to think, point out the meaning of people or events, highlight the center, sublimate the theme, and play the role of making the finishing point.
19. What is the role of lyricism in narrative?
Express the author's sincere and profound feelings, arouse the feelings of readers, and make the article have strong appeal.
20. What is the type and function of description?
Type:
(1) Portrait Description (2) Appearance Description (3) Attitude Description (4) Action Description
(5) Language (Dialogue) Description (7) Psychological Description (8) Scenery Description
(9) Description of scene (10) Description of environment (1 1) Description of details.
Function: to create characters, promote plot development and reveal the theme of the article.
2 1. Prose features?
The shape is scattered but the spirit is not scattered.
22. What kind of prose?
(1) Narrative Prose (2) Lyric Prose
23. What kind of novel?
Novel, novella, short story, short story
24. What are the three elements of a novel?
People, environment, plot
25. What are the types and functions of the environment?
(1) natural environment
Explain the time and place of the story and the space of the characters' activities to set off the emotions of the characters.
(2) Social environment
Explain the social background and characteristics of the times, contrast the characters' personalities and promote the development of the plot.
Reveal the theme of the article.
26. What are the parts of the plot?
Start, development, climax, end
27. Continue to write the ending of the novel.
Continue to write according to the law of the development of novels and stories, and be concise, implicit, philosophical and thought-provoking. Argumentative Reading Skills —— An Argument (What to Prove)
Argument should be a clear judgment, a complete expression of the author's point of view and a complete sentence in form. Arguments are generally expressed in the form of judgment sentences.
1. There are 1 central arguments (sub-arguments of commanders)
(1) Clearly:
N sub-arguments (supplementing and proving the central argument)]
(2) Method
① Find from the position: Ⅰ title; Ii begins; ⅲ middle school; Ⅳ end.
② Analyze the arguments of the article. (Can be used to test whether the expected parameters are appropriate)
(3) Extraction method (only sub-argument, no central argument)
2. Analyze how the argument is put forward.
(1) Put facts, reason and summarize arguments;
② Cut to the chase and put forward the central argument;
(3) Propose topics according to the phenomena existing in life, and summarize the central arguments through analysis and discussion;
(4) Narrating the author's experience and summarizing the central argument;
⑤ The author asks questions from the story, then analyzes and infers them step by step, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.
2. Argument (with what evidence)
(1) argument type: (1) factual argument (summarize after giving an example, and closely summarize the argument); (2) argument (quote famous words to analyze).
(2) The arguments should be true, reliable and typical (subject matter, country, ancient and modern, etc.). ).
(3) Sequential arrangement (reference argument);
(4) judging whether the argument can prove the argument;
5] Supplementary arguments (proof arguments).
Three arguments (how to prove)
(1) demonstration method
(1) argument (example method) fact argument narrative.
(2) Argument (citation and reasoning) Argument discussion.
(3) Comparative argument (itself can also be an example argument and a reason argument)
(4) metaphor (metaphor)
⑵ Analysis and demonstration process
(1) How the argument was put forward;
(2) How the argument is proved (which truths and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning); (3) Contact the structure of the full text, whether there is an abstract.
(3) the integrity of the argument (A: make the argument more comprehensive and complete, and avoid misunderstanding)
(4) The function of analysis and argumentation: to prove the argument in this paragraph.
Structure of argumentative essay
(1) General form: (1) Introduction (question); (2) this theory (analyzing problems); ③ Conclusion (solving the problem).
(2) type
① coordinate type: I total score; Ⅱ total score; ⅲ points total.
② Progressive type.
Argumentative language
(1) compactness (use of decorative and restrictive language);
(2) Vividness (idioms, the use of various rhetorical devices);
(3) Word order (from the perspective of caring for life logic and context);
(4) Sentence order (the use of related words, pay special attention to the progressive relationship).
Read six rebuttal papers
(1) What is the wrong viewpoint that the author wants to refute?
(2) How does the author refute and apply those reasons and arguments;
(3) From this, what is the correct view established by the author? Reading guide to the explanatory text of the senior high school entrance examination 1. Master the stylistic knowledge of expository writing;
(1) Grasp the object of explanation and distinguish whether the object of explanation is a thing or a thing.
Clarify the characteristics of the thing to be explained: a sign that one thing is different from others.
(2) In order to explain the characteristics of things or things, it is necessary to properly master several common interpretation methods and analyze their functions in this paper:
1. Classification: The description should be clear and avoid repetition.
2. Definition: Make readers have a clear understanding of the concept.
3. Comparison: Compare what people know with what they want to explain, so as to highlight the characteristics of the explanation.
4. For example, it can make readers know the characteristics of the object of explanation.
5. analogy: it can achieve the function of vividly explaining things.
6. Number: It can explain things accurately.
7. Use the chart: let the reader see at a glance and understand the explained content very intuitively.
8. Citation: It can make the explanation more specific and substantial.
(3) Instructions should be in order: Common instructions are: chronological order (program order is a kind of chronological order), spatial order, and logical order. According to the purpose and object of interpretation, the order of interpretation can be dominated by one order, and other orders can be used at the same time.
(4) Pay attention to the structure when reading the explanatory text.
The common forms of expository structure are: general concreteness, general concreteness, sub-general, sub-general, parallel and progressive.
(5) The accuracy of explanatory language is the premise of explanatory language.
Accuracy, diversity and flexibility are not contradictory. Some are good at simplicity, while others are good at vividness. Because the language styles of the explanatory object and the author are different, the explanatory languages are also varied. Or general, or specific, or concise, or full, or concise, or detailed; Or plain and simple, or humorous. In short, not stick to one pattern.