1 When you are worried about your country and hurt yourself:
Expose the fatuous and decadent rulers, such as Du Mu's "Crossing the Qing Palace" (Chang 'an looks back and embroiders in piles, and thousands of doors open at the top of the mountain. As soon as I rode on the smile of smoke and smoke, no one knew that the fresh fruit litchi was sent from the south. )
Reflect the pain of leaving the troubled times, such as: Du Fu's "Spring Hope" (although the country is broken, the mountains and rivers last forever, and the plants are green in spring. Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate. At the peak of March, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold. Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin. )
Sympathize with people's sufferings, such as Song of Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Bai Juyi's Charcoal Man.
Worries about the future and destiny of the nation, such as Du Fu's "Climbing the Building" (flowers, as high as my window, hurt the hearts of wanderers, because I see, from this height, everywhere sad. The spring scenery of Jinjiang flooded in, and the clouds on the mountain, ancient, varied and changeable. The imperial court, like the North Star, will not change in the end, and the Western Hills of Kohl will not invade Tibet. However, in the twilight, I felt sorry for the sorrow of a long-lost emperor. I sang the songs that his prime minister sang when he was not unfamiliar on the mountain. ) This is a poem that touches time and matter. The author wrote about going upstairs to see the boundless spring scenery, and he couldn't help but feel sad when he thought of the once-in-a-lifetime and changeable situation. Then I think the imperial court is as unshakable as the Arctic constellation. Even if Tubo invades, it is difficult to change people's orthodoxy. Finally, it reveals the ambition of imitating Zhuge Liang to assist the court, which is full of the spirit of clarifying the world. The whole poem is lyrical on the spot.
2. Make meritorious service to the country
The desire to make contributions is as follows: Cao Cao's "Although the turtle is born" (Although the turtle is born, there is still a time. The snake rides the fog and eventually turns to dust. An old horse crouches, aiming at a thousand miles. The martyrs were full of courage in their later years. The year of surplus harvest is not only in the sky. Blessings that nourish grace can last forever. I am glad to use this poem to express my inner desire. ) Lu You's book "Anger" (It is difficult to be a governor when you are young)
The determination to defend our country is as follows: Wang Changling's Join the Army. Yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, but the loulan is not returned. )
Is there any way to serve the country, such as Xin Qiji's Nostalgia at Jingkou Gubeiting and Ugly Slave? Teenagers don't know the taste of sorrow.
Over time, the sigh of hard ambition is like: Su Shi's Water Tune? Chibi nostalgia "
Sadness with unclear ideals, such as Qu Yuan's Crossing the River.
3. Homesick people
Wandering and anxiety: Meng Haoran's Sleeping in Jiande (my boat is sailing in the fog, the day is getting shorter and the memories of the old days begin). The vastness of the wilderness is deeper than trees, and the moon is very close to the moon. ) Wen Tingyun's "Going to Good Morning" (I will levy in the morning and I will mourn my hometown. When a chicken crows at the Maodian Moon, people walk on the Banqiao Frost. Mistletoe leaves fall on the mountain road, and orange flowers are on the wall of the post. Because they remembered Ling Du's dream, the geese returned home full of food. )
Miss relatives and friends, such as Wang Wei's "I miss my Shandong brothers on vacation in the mountains" and Su Shi's "Jiangchengzi"? Ten years of life and death "
Homesick border, such as: Fan Zhongyan's "Pride of Fisherman" (Qiu Lai scenery is different, Hengyang geese go inadvertently. The four sides are connected with each other. Thousands of miles away, the long smoke closes. A glass of turbid wine is Wan Li's home, but Ran Yan hasn't come home yet. Guan Qiang frost is sleepless in the world, and the general is white-haired and in tears! )
People in the boudoir, such as: Wang Changling's Forever in My Heart (Young women in the boudoir don't know how to worry, but when spring comes, makeup will go to Cuilou. Suddenly I saw the green willows, and I felt uncomfortable; Oh, I regret that I shouldn't have asked my husband to find Hou Feng. ) Ouyang Xiu's "Walking on the Sand" (When the pavilion is destroyed, the creek bridge is thin and the grass is warm and swaying. Sadness is getting farther and farther away, and the distance is like spring water. Inch by inch, my heart is tender, my eyes are full of tears, and the height of the building is not close to the dangerous fence. Pingwu is full of spring mountains, and pedestrians are even outside. ) Li Bai's Midnight Wu Ge (a bright moon hangs high in the capital, and ten thousand washing hammers knock. The autumn wind blew Yi Dao's voice, and every household remembered the people guarding the border. Oh, when will the Tatar army be conquered and when will my husband come back from the long battle! ? )
4. Miscellaneous feelings of life
I like the leisure of landscape and countryside, such as Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains by Wang Wei and Passing the Old People's Village by Meng Haoran.
The feelings of prosperity in the past are as follows: Jiang Kui's slow Yangzhou and Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane.
The feeling of satirizing the present through the past is as follows: Xin Qiji's "Nostalgia at Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou"
The sadness of youth is fleeting, such as Li Qingzhao's dream? Last night, it rained and suddenly there was a strong wind.
Frustration in official career, such as Bai Juyi's pipa and Su Shi's water tune? When did the moon begin to appear?
Comfort the joy of life, such as: Du Fu's "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night", the banks of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army, and Xin Qiji's Xijiang Moon (the bright moon surprises the magpie, and the breeze cries at midnight. The cool evening breeze seems to have spread to cicadas in the distance. In the fragrance of rice and flowers, people talk about the harvest of a year, and frogs croak in their ears, as if in a bumper harvest year. In the old days, Maodian was near the forest, and the road turned to the stream bridge. )
5. Farewell, Pavilion
Reluctantly, such as Liu Yong's Yu Linling and Wang Wei's acropolis.
Affectionate encouragement, such as Wang Bo's "Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shuchuan" (across the wall of Sanqin, across a layer of fog, five rivers are merged into one river). We said goodbye sadly, and our two officials went in opposite directions. After all, the world is just a small place. Why are you wandering at the fork in the road? The child is holding a towel. )
Tan Chen's confession of the new knowledge is as follows: Wang Changling's "Parting with the new knowledge at Furong Inn" (On a rainy night in Wu Han, Chushan was flat and clear. Friends, if my friends in Luoyang invite me; Just say I'm still Bing Xin Okho, and stick to my faith! )
Several problems in evaluating the ideological content of works
1. Understanding the writer's life, thoughts and creative style is helpful to understand and grasp the content of his works. For example, Xin Qiji fought bloody battles in the forefront of the anti-gold struggle and died in the battlefield. After returning to the south, he was squeezed and hit by the capitulators. Therefore, most of his words are in full swing to recall the past fighting life, or to express the resentment of serving the country, and his style is bold and sad.
2. An era has its own characteristics, and an era has its own literature. A correct understanding of the style and characteristics of an era is also helpful to accurately grasp the literary works of this era. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, the national strength was strong, and most of the intellectuals who joined the army were in high spirits and heroic. Their poems, especially frontier poems, are full of indignation and determination to defend the country, although the environment outside the Great Wall is harsh and they have deep yearning for their relatives in their hometown, so their style is high and their emotions are stirring. The song dynasty was very different. The Great Song Dynasty, which was poor and weak and its national strength declined, has lost the flavor of the Tang Dynasty. In the writings of intellectuals, there is less heroism, more sadness, less grandeur and more worries about home and country.
3. Many ancient poems have brief prefaces in front of them, some explain the creation time, some explain the creation reasons, some explain the creation process, some explain the creation background, and some lay the emotional tone for the whole work. Understanding the ideological content of the work is also very important and cannot be ignored.
4. The thoughts and feelings of most works are not single, which may be mixed with many very complicated emotions. Pay special attention to this point. Of course, readers can sometimes use their imagination on the basis of the original work and make a second creation. In addition, a writer's overall creative interest and style should be fixed, but it does not rule out the existence of special cases in individual works. Such as Li Qingzhao and Xin Qiji, all have their own creations outside the inherent style.
How can we quickly and accurately grasp the author's writing intention, interpret the artistic conception of poetry and explore the theme of poetry? Breakthroughs can be made in the following eight aspects.
First, a breakthrough from the title of poetry
The title is the eye of the article. Some titles summarize the important content of the work, some titles reveal the clues of the work, and some titles lay the emotional tone of the author. For example:
Hearing the wind from the bamboo window, he sent a wonderful method to find Uncle Sikong.
Li yi
Sitting alone by the breezy window at dusk, meditating on leisurely thoughts far away from the sky.
The breeze opened the door, stirred the bamboo forest and doubted the arrival of old friends.
Dewdrops on the branches and leaves fall from time to time because of the wind, which gradually moistens the dark green moss under the steps.
When the wind blows open the curtains in the room, it wipes away the dust accumulated for a long time for me.
The word "literary style" in the title is the clue of the whole poem and the key to understanding its connotation. First, the two couplets are written about thinking of friends in the wind and suspecting friends at the wind; The neck couplet says that the wind blows the leaves, and the dew grows moss, which means writing the wind; When the tail is connected with the wind, it is also said that the wind is a daydream, and I hope the wind will send friends. It can be seen that the whole article closely revolves around the artistic conception of "smelling the wind", and through the image of the breeze, it expresses the poet's lonely mood and his yearning for his old friend.
Second, describe the breakthrough of the "cold" and "warm" colors of the scenery from the poems.
When the ancients wrote poems and lyrics, they often used scenery to express their feelings. Therefore, when appreciating the scenery, we should first find out the words describing the scenery, and then appreciate what is written.
"Cold" and "warm" scenery, and then grasp the author's thoughts and feelings. For example:
Two Poems on Water Threshold (I)
Du Fu
The hut is far away from the hustle and bustle of Chengdu, with a spacious courtyard, no villages around and boundless vision.
Clear water, almost drowning both sides; Green trees and flowers in full bloom in the evening.
It was drizzling, and the fish jumped out of the water happily; The breeze is blowing gently, and the swallows slant across the sky.
The city is crowded with thousands of people; There are only two Three Lamps District here, and it's free.
The scenery in this poem is mainly written in the second and third paragraphs. The poet first described the surrounding environment of the open and beautiful thatched cottage with the words "Chengjiang is less flat, secluded trees spend more flowers in the evening", and then described a vibrant spring scene with the words "Fish come out in the drizzle, Yan Xie in the breeze". You see, fish are swaying in the drizzle, and swallows are flying lightly in the breeze. How cheerful and free! It is by depicting such a "warm" color scene that the poet expresses a leisurely and happy mood that he has temporarily settled down after the war.
Thirdly, the breakthrough of poetic imagery.
Many images in ancient poetry have specific meanings, and poets often express their unique feelings by choosing specific images. When we appreciate poetry, we should pay attention to images, mobilize accumulation and try to figure out the meaning of images, so as to understand the content of the works. For example:
Five Poems of Chang Xin Qiu Ci (Ⅰ)
Wang Changling
The plane tree leaves in Jinjingbian are yellow, and the night pearl curtain is not rolled out to see the frost.
Jade pillow jade pillow looks like a withered face, lying on your back and worrying about listening to the south temple-style leaking face.
The first sentence of the poem uses "phoenix tree" and "autumn leaves" to render the bleak and cold atmosphere, and the "smoke cage" in the third sentence further sets off the cold night environment in the deep palace. Combined with the last sentence, we can know that it is because the poet is in a sad mood and can't sleep. He feels that the leakage from the Nangong (the emperor's residence) is sad and long.
Fourthly, the breakthrough of implied keywords in poetry.
Poetry is the product of the poet's "feeling". Sometimes, if we can capture the words that can best express the poet's feelings, we will find the key to appreciate this poem. For example:
Jiang Lou gan JIU
Vicki Zhao; zhao Wei
Alone at the bottom of the river, I vaguely thought that the moonlight was like water.
Where are the people who came to see the moon together? The scenery is vaguely like last year.
The word "thinking" in the first sentence lays the emotional tone of the whole poem and becomes a window for us to peek into the poet's inner world. Why do poets "think"? What is the object of thinking? From the following, we can know that the poet misses his friend because he saw a scene similar to last year.
Fifth, break through the sentences with poetic eyes in the works
When the ancients wrote poems, they paid special attention to the choice of words and sentences, striving for every word. These poetic sentences often best reflect the connotation and expression skills of the works. For example:
Lu Shimen saw Du off.
Lipper
Not drunk for a few days, boarded the pool platform.
When will Shimen Road open again?
Eyes rested on Surabaya, and the sea was bright.
Looking across the wall, the cup is in your hand!
The third couplet in the poem is vivid, and the words "falling" and "Ming" are concise and vivid, which is the poetic eye of the couplet. "Falling" gives "Surabaya" a sense of movement, as if falling from the sky, making the static image dynamic; "Ming" gives the static natural color a sense of movement, not to mention how green Culai Mountain is, but that light green actively and intentionally reflects Culai Mountain. Connecting with the whole poem, it is not difficult to find that the poet wrote the landscape so beautifully in order to set off his pure friendship with his friends.
6. Breakthrough from the author's life experience.
"Poetry expresses ambition", the author's life experience is different, and the ideological tendency expressed through poetry is also different. Therefore, appreciate
We might as well break through from the author's time environment and life experience. For example:
Qingpingle? Dushu Boshan Wangshi Temple
Xin Qiji
Hungry mice ran around the bed and bats danced around the dark oil lamp. There is a breeze blowing in the room, and it is raining hard. I am talking to myself between the broken paper windows. From the northern frontier to the south, and now retired to the forest, it is already an old face with white hair. Bubeciu
Dreaming at night, eyes wan.
Xin Qiji was a famous patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. He insisted on resisting the restoration of gold all his life, but he was not reused and died with regret. His words are more expressive.
The picture shows the patriotic enthusiasm for restoring national unity and the ambition to pour out grief and indignation. This word expresses his great ambition and his great concern for the country and people.
Seven, from the meaning of poetry allusions breakthrough.
Ancient poets sometimes use some allusions to express profound themes when creating. If we pay attention to these allusions and understand these.
Allusions undoubtedly help to grasp the theme of the work. For example:
mourn (for/over the dead)
Du Mu
Down and out, rivers and lakes carry restaurants, and Chu has a thin waist and a light palm.
Yangzhou's ten years, like a dream, wake up, but in the brothel women this is a fickle reputation.
In the poem, "Chu's waist is slender" implies "Is everything wrong? Second in command: "King Chu Ling has a thin waist, but there are many hungry people in the country." "Lightness in the palm of your hand" is the classic of The Biography of Flying Swallows, which refers to Zhao, the queen of Emperor Han Cheng, who is "light and can dance in the palm of her hand". The poet used these two classics to illustrate that he once indulged in debauchery and debauchery. Looking at the third sentence again, the "ten years" and "one sleep" in the poem are relative, giving people a strong contrast between "a long time" and "extremely fast", which shows the poet's deep affection. Throughout the poem, we can find that the poet's thoughts are not only contrite, but also dreamy and unbearable.
Eight, breakthrough from the annotation of poetry
Some poems are appreciated with comments after the original poems. Reading these notes can help us understand the author and his works, so as to understand the author's feelings and the contents of his works more accurately. For example:
Climb Yueyang Tower with Xia Twelve.
Lipper
Climb the Yueyang Tower and overlook the Yangtze River until you reach the open Dongting Lake.
It breaks my heart to see geese flying south, and the distant mountains are in the title of a good month.
On the upper floor of the sky, stay in the chair and upload a glass of wine from the sky.
The cool breeze rising after drunkenness, blowing the sleeves with the wind, we will return.
[Note] This poem was written in the autumn after Li Bai was pardoned and exiled. He is Li Bai's friend in December.
The notes after the poem provide the writing background of the poem. From the words "I was forgiven in exile", it is conceivable that the poet should write this poem with a relaxed mood. Therefore, all the natural things in the poet's works seem to be endowed with life: wild geese fly high and take away the poet's sad and depressed heart; When the moon comes out of the mountain pass, it seems that Junshan has a good reunion month. Such an affectionate and intentional scene sets off the poet's incomparable pleasure after being forgiven.