"Science and technology" means that the content of the article mainly reflects and summarizes the achievements of natural science. Most of these articles are frontier science and technology trends or frontier disciplines, representing the latest scientific research achievements and reflecting the development trend of science and technology. "Sketch" means that this kind of articles are mostly literary and artistic, interesting and humanistic, such as "Litchi Dan in Zhou Nan in June" and "Sandstorm"; Second, the content of such articles is scientific and universal, and it is not a textbook for professional knowledge; And the article is very short, about 1000 words. "Appreciation" means that the main purpose of reading is not only to learn and master the scientific and technological knowledge introduced in the article, but also to understand and appreciate the ideas, methods and language application of the article. Choosing such articles in the college entrance examination is not a test of scientific and technological knowledge, but a comprehensive application of Chinese knowledge. After all, scientific essays are the introduction of scientific and technological knowledge, and articles often use some new concepts, with many long sentences, concentrated content and high information density, which are relatively difficult to understand. However, it still belongs to the category of expository writing. Following the general idea of reading expository articles, that is, the object of explanation, the main points of introduction, the order of explanation, the method of explanation, the use of rhetorical devices and the characteristics of language, we can easily get a correct understanding and evaluation.
First, outline the main points and objects.
The object of exposition is the core of the article, and determining this core is the key to understanding and appreciation. The explanatory objects of scientific and technological sketches are mostly things and events, and the views of event explanatory texts are generally in the first paragraph of the article, or a few words in front of each paragraph, which plays a role in summarizing the full text or the whole paragraph. If you connect the views of each paragraph in series and summarize them, you can get an overall impression.
1. Analyze and summarize the topic.
Sketches of science and technology often take the description object as the title, such as "the name of copper galloping horse" and "sandstorm". Before reading the text, do some analysis and speculation on the topic, which is conducive to grasping the main points of the full text. For example, the main contents that should be explained in general are what is the original name of "Copper Running Horse", what should be the correct name, why it should be renamed, and what is the basis. It is speculated that "sandstorm" should explain what sandstorm is, its cause, function, harm and prevention. Reading the corresponding original text with these guesses can quickly grasp the main contents and opinions of the article. If you need to add topics, you should summarize the main information of scientific papers, pay attention to the key information in the first and second paragraphs, screen and summarize the author's views, attitudes and examples, and condense the main information into concise sentences.
2. Corresponding viewpoints and examples.
A scientific paper often contains several kinds of information and opinions, citing many examples and listing various bases. Sometimes there is a big gap between ideas and examples in writing. This requires us to correspond examples and viewpoints one by one when reading, to find opinions with examples and to find basis with opinions. Examples with the largest number of words can often illustrate the most important points. College entrance examination proposers often ask questions between opinions and evidence, and use examples of opinions to cross each other and set up interference. Clear up the viewpoints and examples, general viewpoints and sub-viewpoints, so as to grasp the full text, prepare for understanding and appreciation, and reduce the resistance to doing the questions.
3. Confirm the meaning of demonstrative pronouns.
Commonly used demonstrative pronouns such as this, that, these, those, it, them and this. In order to be concise, the author often uses these pronouns instead of all kinds of information, opinions and examples in the text, selects the sentence or content closest to the pronoun according to the context, confirms the meaning of each pronoun, and clarifies the relationship between different pronouns, such as juxtaposition, intersection and tolerance. Reference is mostly a link between the past and the future. If you substitute the quoted content into the original text, what you can read is generally the content of the generation; Sometimes there are many references. If you can read the original text or even understand it smoothly, you should consider the content closest to the pronoun, or compare it with the small argument in this paragraph and choose the content closest to the argument. If the content of reference contains rhetorical devices, it is necessary to infer the specific meaning of rhetoric.
Second, clarify the hierarchical thinking of interpretation.
Generally speaking, there are few paragraphs in scientific papers, but the levels in the paragraphs are more complicated. Clarifying the levels in paragraphs and the relationship between paragraphs is a necessary step to grasp the content and form of the article as a whole, and is the basis for further understanding and appreciation. When reading, you should sketch out explanatory opinion sentences, small opinions in each paragraph, various cognitive opinions and bases, and mark them well. Infer the relationship between sentences and paragraph levels, and separate them with double vertical lines. Reading expository articles, mainly using logical thinking, can simplify, quantify and list the contents, so that the contents, viewpoints and arguments can be seen at a glance. For example, in the article "Rectifying the name of the bronze galloping horse", it is not satisfactory to correct the name of the bronze galloping horse first, and it is even more inappropriate recently. The name "Yan Fei" is the most appropriate. The viewpoint is clear, the argument is substantial and powerful, the words are eloquent, the level is clear, and the following is accurate. Another example is "sandstorm". This paper first puts forward questions, points out the essence, characteristics and functions of sandstorm, then analyzes its significance in ecological balance from several aspects, then analyzes the causes of its harm, lists its manifestations, and finally gives suggestions.
Third, distinguish content categories.
Although the number of scientific and technological sketches is small, the content is complex and the capacity is large, especially some key paragraphs. Sometimes I read them three or four times, but I still get nothing. This requires us to learn to sort things out.
It can be classified according to two or more contents clearly put forward in the original text. For example, the author of "Correcting the Name of the Copper Horse" thinks that it is inappropriate to name it "Flying Sick Copper Horse" and lists a lot of evidence and reasons. We can divide it into four categories: ① it was written too late, and it was full of miscellaneous novels; (2) Whether a person is an animal or a bird is uncertain and insufficient; (3) Wuwei bronze horse is realistic, different from myth, the combination of reality and reality is far-fetched, and the evidence is insufficient; (4) The flying sickle and copper horse point to two things, which confuse the concept and are not sufficient. It can also be classified according to the object or according to the prompt. Many scientific sketches have many bright or dark hints at the beginning or middle of a paragraph, which can be used as a sign of classification. For example, in the third paragraph of Sandstorm, "Dust not only plays an important role in soil distribution and recharge, but also plays an important role in the global water cycle", in which "soil distribution and recharge" is a category and "water cycle" is a category. Can also be classified according to the front and back. Some relatively scientific sketches are most suitable for classification from positive to negative.
Fourth, analyze and understand long sentences.
Science and technology sketches often use long sentences with complex additional components. One sentence compresses a lot of content, such as the time, scope, nature and state of one thing or one thing, or uses multiple sentences as decorative and restrictive elements. These long sentences are often obstacles for us to understand the full text, and they are also places where proposers set up test sites. An effective way to understand long sentences is to divide the subject, predicate and object into definite complements, decompose the content components of sentences, divide them into levels, and turn small into large ones. Firstly, extract the trunk and determine the subject, predicate and object, because they are the center of the sentence; Then determine to extract adverbials and pay attention to the position of each adverbial; Then confirm the extraction of attributes, pay attention to the order of attributes, and the content emphasized in the sentence is often close to the head word. Generally, long sentences are decomposed from the inside out or from the outside in. On the basis of decomposing the sentence, grasp the meaning of each level, so as to understand the meaning of the sentence.
Fifth, grasp the meaning of words sensitively and accurately
Because of the complicated content, many long sentences, accurate expression requirements, subtle distinction and appropriate proper limit, the selection and application of words are precise and meticulous. To understand some words, we should cultivate the habit of drawing circles, improve our sensitivity and grasp their specific meanings.
1.
Common related words are progressive, parallel, hypothesis, condition, cause and effect, turning point and so on. When reading, when you see "first", you must think of "second"; When you see "multiple conditions", you should find "unique conditions"; When you see "so", you should look for the reasons ... college entrance examination proposers often set obstacles in the use of related words, such as describing the sufficient conditions of the original text as necessary conditions and causality as conditional relations.
2. adverbs.
When expressing scientific and technological achievements, scientific and technological articles often use words such as "already", "future", "possibility", "possibility" and "assumption" to distinguish realized facts from unrealized facts and understand the connotation and extension of words.
3. Negative words.
Words commonly used to express negative meanings in scientific and technological texts include "no", "no", "veto", "overthrow", "unconditional", "prohibition" and "cancellation". Among them, we should pay attention to the double negation to express the positive meaning. If there are more than three negatives in a sentence, first take out two negatives and turn them into affirmations, and then understand the meaning of the whole sentence. It is also necessary to understand the exact meaning of some negative words, such as "absolute" means "unconditional, unlimited" and "unconditional" means "no requirements, no restrictions".
4. Words expressing opposite meanings.
Pay attention to the opposite expression of a sentence in scientific and technological texts. Commonly used words such as "reduce", "shrink", "inverse ratio", "diametrically opposed" and "different from". First of all, we should know the meaning of opposing words in detail and carefully distinguish the nuances of words in a sentence. If the contents of the two sentences are different, we should write down the original sentence and compare it with the difference between subject, predicate and object, for example, "The temperature at the poles of the earth rises during the full moon, but the situation in the mid-latitude region is completely opposite." Understanding "contrary" can be imitated as "the temperature drops in the mid-latitude area during the full moon"
5. figurative words.
Because the meaning of scientific and technological articles is abstract, in order to be concrete, figures of speech or metaphorical meanings of words are often used, and "noumenon" should be found when understanding. For example, in the sentence "the information superhighway refers to the superhighway built by the United States in 1950s", the meaning of "information superhighway" is not "interconnected superhighway" but "interconnected information network". To understand rhetorical sentences accurately, we should pay attention to the characteristics of comparison and correspondence.
Six, familiar with the setting method of test interference.
1. Out of context.
Taken out of context, that is, the set options do not understand the content from the main idea of the full text, but deviate from the main idea, and extract several phrases to synthesize a seemingly correct understanding, misleading candidates to make wrong choices. 2. Exaggerate the scope.
Proposers often exaggerate the scope, function and degree of things, or arbitrarily expand the concept extension to lure candidates into the trap.
3. generalize by partiality.
Generalization is to deliberately narrow the scope, narrow the role, or arbitrarily narrow the concept extension to replace the whole, misleading candidates.
In addition, "stealing concepts", "arbitrarily setting cause and effect", "deducing other ideas" and "wrong integration" are all commonly used methods of setting questions, which need to be familiar with one by one in daily training to help us judge.
Seven, master the general problem-solving ideas and steps.
1. Grasp the requirements of the topic accurately.
We should carefully analyze the meaning of each word in the topic, such as meaning, explanation, function, reason, evidence, inference, main, fundamental, attribution, non-attribution, etc.
2. Determine the corresponding area.
With the overall grasp of the full text, it is not difficult to find a suitable area quickly. However, some options involve more than one piece of information, and candidates often only find one point and throw away the others. This requires us to establish a "multi-point consciousness" and find all the corresponding points accurately.
3. Analyze and compare the original text and options.
This paper makes a careful analysis and comparison between the original text and the content text of the option, distinguishes the similarities and differences from the aspects of sentence pattern, statement object, sentence meaning emphasis, scope and degree, and uses the knowledge of interference methods commonly used by the proposer to help judge and choose.
4. Look back.
After the options are preliminarily determined, the correctness of the options is verified again according to the requirements of stem.
The formation of any kind of ability is cultivated through repeated practice. The first choice is to ensure the "quality" of reading, and to be careful every time, rather than rushing by. After each reading exercise, we should reflect. We can't just rely on feelings, accumulate perceptual knowledge in many reading practices, and constantly comprehend and summarize some regular things, so as to improve our ability.