Even if there is delicious food, if you don’t eat it, you don’t know how delicious it is. Even if you have the best principles, if you don't study them, you won't know its benefits. Therefore, only after studying will you know your own shortcomings, and only after teaching others will you know what you don't understand. Know your shortcomings so that you can reflect on yourself later; know what you don’t understand so you can encourage yourself later. Therefore, it is said: "Teaching and learning promote each other." "Dui Ming" says: "Teaching people is half of learning." This is probably the truth.
or
Translation of "Xue Ji"
"Xue
Ji"
1
． To consider the constitution and seek kindness is enough to rebuke others, but not enough to move the public. The virtuous body is far away, which is enough to move the masses, but not enough to transform the people. If a gentleman wants to transform the people into customs, he must learn from them!
If jade is not polished, it will not become a useful tool; if a person does not learn, he will not know. This is the ancient king who established the country and ruled the people, and teaching came first. "Dui Ming" says: The end of reading is the beginning of learning. That’s what it means!
Although there are fine dishes, if you don’t eat them, you don’t know their purpose; although there are great ways, if you don’t learn them, you don’t know their goodness. This is why after learning, one realizes one’s shortcomings, and after teaching, one realizes one’s difficulties.
If you know your shortcomings, you can then reflect on yourself; if you know your difficulties, you can then improve yourself. Therefore, it is said: Teaching and learning are mutually reinforcing. "Dui Ming" says: Study for half a day. This is what it means.
Translation
Article
Inspiring thoughts and seeking to comply with the law, and attracting kind people (these two things) can gain a small reputation, but not yet Moved everyone. Being close to virtuous people and caring for distant people can move everyone, but they cannot educate the entire people. If a gentleman wants to educate the people to change their customs, he must start with learning!
If jade is not carved,
it cannot be used as a tool;
If a person does not learn,
he will not understand the truth.
Therefore, when ancient emperors built their countries and ruled their people, they always put education and learning first. "Dui Ming" says:
"
You should think of studying regularly from beginning to end.
"
That's probably what it means. .
Although there are delicious foods such as fish and meat, if you don’t eat them, you won’t know how delicious they are. Although there is excellent truth, if you don't learn it, you won't understand its beauty.
Thus, it is only after studying that one realizes that one’s knowledge is not enough, and after teaching others one realizes that one’s knowledge is still lacking. If you know that your learning
doing is not enough, you can then reflect on yourself and learn more. If you know that there are still areas that you have not yet understood in your knowledge, you will be able to continuously strive for progress in the future. Therefore, teaching and learning promote mutual growth. "Dui Ming" says:
"
Teaching others to learn will yield half the effect of your own learning
.
”
That’s probably what it means.
2
. The ancient teachers had private schools in their families, a party and a school, well-organized skills, and a state-owned school. Enrollment in recent years and school entrance exams in middle age. One year of Shilijing distinguishes the will. Three years
Three years are regarded as dedicated and devoted to the community; five years are regarded as erudite learning and close teachers; seven years are regarded as theory and theory and making friends, it is called a small success; nine years is to understand the class and understand the class, be strong and not rebel, it is called a great success . Husband
Then it is enough to change the people and customs, persuade those who are near, and embrace them who are far away. This is the way of a university. "Records" said:
"
The moth is the skill of the time.
"
This is what it is called.
Translation
文
Ancient teaching, home schooling
"
Private school
< p>", the party runs schools
"
庠
"
, Suili runs schools There are
"
Preface
"
, and there are schools in the capital of the country
"
Learn
”
. Admission is once a year and exams are taken every other year.
After studying for a year, he was tested on his ability to read scriptures and discerned his ambitions and trends. After studying for three years, we will examine whether he is devoted to his studies, loves his classmates and enjoys the public. After studying for five years, we will check whether he has studied extensively and respected his teacher. After studying for seven years,
we tested whether he could discuss profound knowledge and choose friends; this can be called
"
小成< /p>
”
. After studying for nine years, you can hear one thing and know ten things, understand them by analogy
, make independent judgments without confusion, and no longer violate the teacher's teachings; this can be called
"
p>Dacheng
”
. Only in this way can the people be educated, customs changed, people nearby will be convinced, and people from far away will also come to join. This is the path of a university education. Ancient books say:
“
Ants are always learning to hold mud,
(and then they can build a big nest.)
”
That’s probably what it means.
3
. When teaching began in the university, Pi Bian offered sacrifices to vegetables as a sign of respect. Xiaoya studied for the third year, which was the beginning of his official career. He entered the school to play drums and drums, and continued his career. The two things of Xia and Chu were collected. If you don't know what to expect, you don't look at your studies, and you just wander your ambitions. Watching the time but not speaking, keeping in mind; young people listening but not asking questions, learning without being slow, etc. These seven are to be taught
Da Lun. "Records" says:
"
In all learning, officials come first and scholars come first.
"
This is what it means Huh.
When it comes to teaching in a university, teaching must have a proper career, and there must be a place to live after retirement. If you don’t learn how to play the mandarin, you can’t arrange the strings; if you don’t learn the boyi, you can’t arrange the poems; if you don’t learn the miscellaneous clothes, you can’t arrange the etiquette; if you don’t develop the skills, you can’t enjoy learning. Therefore, when it comes to learning, a gentleman should hide, cultivate, rest, and swim. Fu Ran, so he should settle down with his studies
Be close to his teacher, enjoy his friends and believe in his way. Therefore, although he is separated from his master, he will not rebel. "Dui Ming" says:
"
Respect your grandson's timely work, and you will come to practice.
"
What is this called? .
Translation
Article
When the university started, the emperor asked the person in charge to wear a leather ben hat and asked him to use vegetables such as algae. Come to worship the sages and teachers, and show respect to the students for Taoism.
Learn and sing "Deer Ming" and "Four Mu" from "Poetry
Xiaoya". The three poems "Huanghuangzhehua" reflect
the enjoyment and mutual comfort between monarchs and ministers, so that students can encourage each other as officials at the beginning of their studies. When entering school, students must be summoned by beating drums, and the boxes
2
must be opened (take out books to do homework). This is to make students respect their studies. The whip stick made of Xia and Chu wood sticks (used by teachers to punish unmotivated students to make them fearful) is used with a dignified dignity. Before the festival in summer, the emperor would not go to school
to inspect and inspect, so that students could study attentively and leisurely. Teachers should always observe quietly without talking too much, so that students can be inspired consciously
in their hearts. Young students can only listen to the lectures and don't ask random questions. That's because learning has to go up level by level. These seven items are the main principles of teaching
. The ancient book says:
"
Whenever you want to be an official, you must first learn how to do things; if you want to be a scholar, you must first strengthen your ambition.
"< /p>
That’s probably what I mean
.
University education is carried out in accordance with the time sequence (such as teaching etiquette and music in spring and autumn, poetry and books in winter and summer, etc.) and regular subjects must be taught;
When you retire to rest, you must also Continue to study at home. If you don’t learn the basic movements of tuning a piano, you won’t be able to tune the strings well; if you don’t learn extensive metaphors, you won’t be able to understand poetry well; if you don’t learn various clothing systems such as the crown, robe, and leather tie, you won’t be able to tune the strings well. If you cannot salute well; if you do not arouse interest in the six arts, you will not be willing to learn. Therefore, when it comes to learning, a gentleman always has his studies in mind, practices without giving up his studies, and is tired of work. I am studying all the time, and I am also studying when I am playing in my leisure time
. In this way, he can consolidate his studies and love his teachers, like his friends and abide by morality. Therefore, even if you leave your teachers and classmates, it will not violate morality. "Dui Ming" says:
"
Respect morality, be respectful to studies, work hard and concentrate, and make endless efforts, then he will succeed in his studies
.
”
That’s probably what it means.
4
． Today's teachers complain about the completion of their accounts, talk too much about the information, and then ignore their safety, so that people cannot be sincere and teach people not to use their talents; Seek it from Buddha. However, if you hide your knowledge and criticize your teacher, you will suffer the difficulties without knowing the benefits. Even if you finish your work, you will definitely leave it quickly. Teach them
Why not punish them?
Translation
Article
Today’s teachers just look at the words in the book and recite them (they do not understand the essence of it; ) and raise a lot of difficult questions, and
only talk about the system of names and things, (rather than delving into the fundamental principles;) seek to advance impatiently, regardless of whether students can accept it safely, and teach students not to exhaust their own loyalty
Sincerity does not measure the quality of students' aptitude. What he did was perverse, and what he demanded was unreasonable. In this way, students become so secluded in their studies that they hate their teachers; they suffer from the difficulty of learning but do not know the benefits of learning; p>will be quickly forgotten. This is probably the reason why education is unsuccessful.
5
． The law of the university is forbidden to call it Yu before it has been revealed. When it can be called, it is called Sun without the mausoleum, and it is called Mo when it is good to look at it. These four are the origin of teaching.
If you develop and then restrain, you will be incompetent and unable to win; if you learn after the time has passed, you will be diligent and hard to achieve; if you mix things without inheriting, you will become messy and do not cultivate; if you study alone without friends,
Yan was lonely and ignorant; Yan Peng rebelled against his teacher; Yan Pi abandoned his learning. These six are the reason why teaching should be abolished.
A gentleman knows how to promote teaching and how to abolish it, and then he can be a teacher to others. Therefore, the teachings and metaphors of the gentleman are: the Tao is not limited, the strong is not restrained, and the open is not reaching. If the Tao is not restrained, it will be harmonious; if it is strong but not restrained, it will be easy; if it is open but not reaching, it will be thoughtful. Heyi Yisi can be said to be a good metaphor.
Translation
Article
University education method: Stop mistakes before they happen. This is called
"
p>
yu
”
(Prevention;) Educate him when he can be educated
This is called
"
At the right time
"
(Properly;) Teaching within the time of the festival is called
"
p>Xun
”
(Sequence;) Observe each other and learn each other’s strengths
This is called
"
Mom
"
(Observe and imitate.) These four methods are the ways for education to flourish and succeed.
If you try to stop an error after it has occurred, it will conflict and be ineffective. If you study only after the appropriate study time has passed, it will be difficult to achieve success even if you study hard again
. Teaching in a haphazard manner without following the steps will destroy and mess up the order of education and make it impossible to teach well. If you study alone without friends, you will be ignorant. Making illegitimate friends will violate the teacher's teachings. Indulging in dissolute entertainment will waste your studies. These six items are the root causes of the abandonment of education.
The gentleman now knows how education can flourish and succeed, and also understands the reasons why education has been abandoned. From now on, he can become a teacher for others.
Therefore, the education of a gentleman is to teach students, to guide but not to force, to inspire but not to suppress, to inspire but not to do everything for them. If you guide but don’t force, the teacher-student relationship will be close and harmonious; if you encourage but don’t suppress, students will feel relaxed; if you inspire but don’t take care of everything, students will think deeply on their own.
Being able to achieve close and harmonious relationships, making learning easy and easy, and allowing students to think deeply can be called being good at understanding students.
3
6
． Scholars make four mistakes, and teachers must know them. When people learn, they may lose a lot, they may lose a few, they may lose it easily, or they may stop it. These four,
have nothing in common with each other. Know his heart, and then he can save his loss. Those who teach are those who develop good deeds and save those who have lost.
A person who is good at singing will make others follow his voice; a person who is good at teaching will make others follow his ambition. His words are also general but expressive, subtle but vague, and rare but metaphorical. They can be described as continuing ambitions.
A gentleman knows how difficult it is to learn something, and knows its good and bad qualities. Then he can understand it well. If he can speak well, he can become a teacher. If he can understand it well, he can become a teacher. If he can become a teacher, he can become a leader.
The future can be yours. Therefore, as a teacher, learning becomes a king. This is why you should not be careless when choosing a teacher. "Records" says:
"
Three kings and four generations were his only teacher.
"
What is this?
Translation
Article
Students have four kinds of faults,
Teachers must know them.
When most people study,
some mistakes lie in greed for too much,
some mistakes lie in seeking less,
some The fault lies in looking too easily, and some fault lies in giving up halfway. These four kinds of faults have different ideological conditions; it is necessary to understand the different ideological conditions so that we can remedy their faults in the future. Education is about developing the good qualities of students and making up for their shortcomings. A person who is good at singing can make others inherit his beautiful singing voice; a person who is good at teaching can make others inherit his lofty ambitions. His language is concise and makes people understand, implicit and beneficial, and his metaphors are few but can make people understand, so that people can inherit his will.
A gentleman knows the difficulty of learning and the right and wrong of learning, and then he can use his extensive knowledge to make others understand; he can use his extensive knowledge to make others understand, Only then can you be someone else's teacher; only then can you be someone else's teacher, then can you be an official; only can you be an officer, then can you be a king.
So the teacher teaches people to learn to be kings. Therefore, you cannot be careless when choosing a teacher. Ancient books say:
"
Three Kings and Four Generations are
cautious in choosing teachers.
"
< p>That’s what I mean.7
． Any way to learn is difficult for a strict teacher. The teacher is strict and then the Dao is respected, and the Dao is respected and then the people know and respect the students. Therefore, if the ruler does not submit to his ministers, he will not be his ministers if he is a corpse, and if he is a teacher, he will not be his ministers. Although the etiquette of the university is issued to the emperor, there is no north, so it is respectful to the teacher.
A good scholar will get twice as much work as a teacher, but he will be mediocre at the same time. A bad scholar is a diligent teacher but gets half the result, and therefore resents him. A person who is good at asking questions is like attacking a tough tree. First he can change things, and then he can explain them for a long time. People who are not good at asking questions can do the same. Those who are kind to those who ask questions are like ringing a bell. If you knock it if it is small, it will make a small sound, and if you knock it if it is big, it will make a loud sound. Treat them calmly, and then use their full voice. Those who are not good at answering questions will do the same. These are all ways to learn.
The knowledge of memorizing questions is not enough to be a teacher. Must he also listen to the language? If you don't have the strength to ask, then you can talk about it; if you don't know what to say, you can give it up even if you don't know.
The son of Liangye must learn to be Qiu. The son of a good bow must learn to make a Ji. The first person to drive a horse will do the opposite, with the chariot in front of the horse. When a gentleman observes these three things, he can be determined to learn.
Translation
Article
Of all the principles of studying, respecting teachers is the most difficult to achieve. The teacher is respected, and then the way he teaches will be respected; the way he teaches is respected, and then the people know how to advocate learning. Therefore, when a monarch no longer treats his ministers as ministers, it is under two circumstances: when
the ministers dress up as sacrifices
"
When a minister becomes a teacher, he will not be treated as a minister. According to the etiquette of the university, even if the teacher is summoned to give lectures to the emperor, he will not stand facing north. This is to show respect for the teacher.
For people who are good at learning, the teacher is very leisurely, but they can get twice as much results as others, and they can attribute it to the teacher; for people who are not good at learning, the teacher is very hard-working, but I only got half the grades compared to others, and I blamed the teacher for it. People who are good at asking questions are like chopping hard wood. They start with the easier parts to chop first, and then move on to the more difficult knotty parts. As time goes by, the wood will naturally fall off and be chopped. . People who are not good at asking questions are the opposite. Being good at dealing with people who ask questions is like ringing a bell. If the bell is struck lightly, the ringing will be smaller. If the bell is struck hard, the ringing will be louder. You have to wait until the person who rings the bell is calm and leisurely, and then the aftertaste will be melodious. Being bad at asking questions is the opposite of this. These are all ways to make academic progress
.
A person who just memorizes some ancient books and waits for students to ask questions cannot be a teacher. He must listen to the questions raised by students
and give answers!
Some students do not have the ability to find problems and raise questions.
Only then can they be explained directly;
For students who still do not understand after explanation,
It’s okay even if you give it up.
The son of a good blacksmith must first learn to sew leather coats; the son of a bowsmith must first learn to weave dustpans; and a beginner's horse must be tied to the back of the cart in reverse
Horse. (First train not to frighten the horse.) When a gentleman examines the principles of these three things, he will have the ambition to learn.
8
． Ancient scholars were uglier than others. Drums are not suitable for the five sounds, and the five sounds are not harmonious; water is not suitable for the five colors, and the five colors are not harmonious; learning is not suitable for the five senses, and the five senses are not harmonious. If it is not cured, there is no way for the teacher to take the five medicines, and if the five medicines are not obtained, the patient will not be intimate.
The gentleman said: Great virtue is not an official, great principles are not a tool, great trust is not a promise, and great times are inconsistent. After observing these four things, you can be determined to learn.
The three kings sacrificed to the river first and then to the sea, either as a source or as a source. This is called serving the foundation.
Translation
Article
Ancient scholars were good at comparing and identifying similar things. The sound of drums does not belong to any of the five tones, but the five tones would not be harmonious without the rhythm of the drums
Water does not belong to any of the five colors, but the five colors would not be harmonious without the harmony of water It will not be clear; learning does not belong to any of the five senses
, but if the five senses do not learn, they will not be able to manage things well; teachers do not belong to any of the five services, but they will not be able to manage things well without education. I don’t know
the reason behind Bai Wufu’s blind date.
The gentleman said:
“
A saint with great virtue will not be limited to one official position; a saint with great virtue will not be like an utensil. Everyone uses his own power; a saint with great faith will not be restricted by an oath; a great time will not be uniform.
"
(These four items are all because the source is great
and the body and function are not lacking.) Therefore, after clearly observing these situations, you can be determined to expand from the fundamentals in your studies. . When the three kings offered sacrifices to rivers
they always offered sacrifices to the river first and then to the sea, because some were at the source and some were at the end of the water gathering. This kind of sacrifice is also called focusing on the roots.