Today's classical Chinese is an article composed of an ancient written language in China, mainly including the written language based on spoken language in the pre-Qin period. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were no articles for writing, but bamboo slips, silk books and other things were used to write. With the change of history and the evolution of spoken language, the difference between classical Chinese and spoken language has gradually expanded, and "classical Chinese" has become the exclusive language of scholars.
After the modification of literati in past dynasties, it became more and more flashy. Han Yu, a great writer in the Tang Dynasty, initiated the "ancient prose movement" and advocated returning to popular ancient prose. The classical Chinese in modern books are generally marked with punctuation marks in order to facilitate reading and understanding.
Extended data:
First of all, the word is ambiguous.
The usage of Chinese characters is extremely complicated, and a word often has multiple meanings and usages. Polysemy is very common in ancient Chinese and even modern Chinese. Polysemy is also a common problem in classical Chinese reading and examination. To grasp the ambiguity of a word, we should pay attention to its original meaning, extended meaning, figurative meaning and borrowed meaning.
Understanding the original meaning and extended meaning of a word is the basic way to master polysemy. The basic meaning of a word is called "original meaning" and the meaning derived from the original meaning is called extended meaning. In addition, figurative meaning is the meaning produced by analogy, and loanword meaning is the meaning formed by loanwords.
Second, the classical Chinese sentence patterns
Classical Chinese sentence patterns are basically the same as modern Chinese sentence patterns. It is divided into simple sentences and complex sentences, both of which have six major components: subject, predicate, object and definite complement. The word order of sentences is basically the same. Of course, there is still a difference between the two. When learning classical Chinese sentences, we should try our best to grasp the differences between classical Chinese sentences and modern Chinese sentences.
Although the sentence patterns of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese are basically the same, there are some special sentence patterns because some entity words in classical Chinese are different from those in modern Chinese.
If you want to learn classical Chinese well, understand the meaning of sentences correctly and understand the content of the article, you must master the special sentence patterns of classical Chinese. We often say that the special sentence patterns in classical Chinese are judgment sentences, ellipsis sentences, inversion sentences, passive sentences and fixed sentences.
Baidu encyclopedia-classical Chinese
2. Excellent ancient prose and many dialects that are not bad for Lisao are appreciated, and the sentences are quite distinctive.
Chu Ci is a collection of poems by Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others during the Warring States Period, edited by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty and written by Wang Yi in the Eastern Han Dynasty. These poems use the poetic style and dialect rhyme of Chu State to describe the local customs of Chu State, which has a strong local color, hence the name "Chu Ci".
Li Sao was written after Qu Yuan was demoted. This poem has a certain position in the history of China, so the poet is also called "the poet".
The flexible alternation of fu, bi and xing is the biggest feature of his language use. It expresses the idea that if Chu wants to be strong, it must carry out American politics.
He expressed his dissatisfaction and remorse after the failure to implement the US government, and his firm belief in continuing to implement the US government. He said that he would rather die than betray the king of Chu if he had no chance to do American politics again.
The whole poetry center: promoting American politics. Narrative path: hard preparation, grief and indignation of failure, and reflection without regret; Once again, his attempt was frustrated and he was hopeless. He couldn't bear to vote and died.
Structure of the whole poem: it is divided into five chapters *** 14 complete paragraphs. The first two chapters * * * contain seven complete paragraphs as the first half; The last three chapters also contain seven complete paragraphs as the second half.
For the convenience of memory, the whole poem can be divided into ten independent stories: five in the first half, Qu Yuan leading the way, Qu Yuan wronged, Qu Yuan unyielding, Qu Yuan resenting and Qu Yuan arguing; In the second half, there are five: Qu Yuan knocks on the sky, Qu Yuan asks for women, Qu Yuan asks for divination, Qu Yuan asks for God, and Qu Yuan votes again. The first chapter "demoted" line 53; Qu Yuan leads the way (1) from birth, ambition and hard work.
1 to 8***8 lines; (2) The necessity of promoting American politics. Lines 9 to 18*** 10; (3) Discussed the process and reasons of the failure of Qu Yuan's political reform.
Line 19 to 35 * * *17; (4) Evaluate the situation of legal reform, and express views on failure and attitudes towards legal reform. Lines 36 to 53 *** 18.
Chapter II "Reflection" Line 38: "Qu Yuan is unyielding" (5) Self-reflection after failure. Lines 54 to 65 * * *12; "Qu Yuan was resented" (6) Relatives complained that Qu Yuan was demoted (leading to later reflection on history).
66 to 7 1***6 lines; Qu Yuan's reasoning (7) Comments and passionate lyricism. Lines 72 to 9 1***20.
The third chapter "Try Again" line 38: "Qu Yuan knocks at Heaven" (8) knocks at Tianmen (directly looking for the king of Chu). Line 92 to107 * * *16; Qu Yuan begging for women (9) begging for beauty (taking the harem route).
Lines 108 to 1 19***22. The fourth chapter "Wandering" line 38; Questioning divination in Qu Yuan (10) and its thinking.
Lines 130 to140 * *11; Qu Yuan asked heaven (1 1). Line 14 1 to151* *1; (12) seriously consider the guidance of the great gods and make up your mind to vote.
Lines 152 to 167*** 16. Chapter 5 Hetou 2 1 Line: Quyuan Hetou (13) made a Western Expedition to the Western Emperor.
Lines 168 to185 * * *18; (14) The summary of the whole poem is the center of the whole poem. Lines 186 to 188***3.
Overview of the whole poem: The first half includes seven complete paragraphs. Narrative path: origin, failure; Reflection, family complaint, reasoning.
The first chapter, line 53, describes the process of being demoted. This paper discusses the necessity of carrying out American Politics and the deep reasons for its failure, and expresses the feelings of * * *.
The second chapter "reflection" line 38: thinking about the reasons for being demoted. There is nothing wrong with feeling upright.
Ignore the accusation of "sister" and demonstrate the rationality and legitimacy of pursuing American politics. The second half consists of seven complete paragraphs.
The poet's route: After failing to go to the Heavenly Palace, he wanted to go to Kunshan to ask the fairy family for advice, but when he saw that there were no women in his hometown (like Nu Wa), he turned to women. After failing to ask for a woman, he went to Kunshan to ask God for advice. After being instructed by the immortal family, he turned to Xidi, but stopped homesick halfway, and finally decided to go to Peng Xian (the late king). The third chapter "Try Again" line 38: After reflection, I strengthened my belief and made clear that my political proposition (promoting American politics) was right, so I went to Tianmen (directly looking for the king of Chu) and asked for beautiful women (taking the harem route).
I hope to make a comeback and continue to promote American politics. The fourth chapter "Wandering" line 38: But "Tianhe (Wang ignored), female Tibetan (Princess ignored)", Wang did not wake up.
The road was blocked, so we had to "pray for a sign" and then think about what to do. Chapter 5 "Hetou" 2 1 Line: Full of twists and turns: At first, I decided to leave Chu for Xidi according to the guidance of the gods, but I was homesick and stopped to give up.
But if you stay in your former residence, there will be no confidant! But in the end, I chose to repay the kindness of the king of Chu with death. The first chapter is about the origin, ambition and efforts of the line 1 to 53 (1). Line 65438 +0 to 8. 8 has rhyme (ing), which is the main rhyme. The descendant of Levin, Bo Yong, is my father.
Descendants of the Yellow Emperor and sons of Chu officials. Do not forget your ancestors, do not forget your ancestors.
2. Just in the Year of the Tiger, the tiger is on the moon, and I came on the Year of the Tiger. People are famous and talented.
My father calculated my birthday and gave me a good name: longan. 4. The name is Zhengqi Xi, and the name is Ling Jun.
Flat = day = law, original = ground = spiritual average. Italian names: Qu Ping and Qu Yuan.
5. Beautiful and capable, which is great for Chang Xin. Strive to gather energy in Xiu De, strive to rebuild laws and regulations, and make Chu strong.
6. Twist the neck and sew it into a scarf. Carefully wipe the rope thread with vanilla, sew the blue leaves and weave the scarf.
Metaphor is creative work.
7. I am afraid that time is like running water, and I know that time is the most ruthless. Know the luck of the day. 8. Pick magnolia on the slope at night and pull holly on the shore.
Metaphor is to work hard, sooner or later. (Collecting raw materials for sewing scarves) (2) The necessity of American politics.
9 to 26, 18 lines and one rhyme (u) main rhyme 09. The sun and the moon will always rotate and go to Qiu Lai in spring. Metaphor is not what it used to be.
10. Look at the grass and trees dying, I'm afraid the beauty will also die. The metaphor is that the current national situation is getting weaker and weaker, and it lost its strength that day.
"Beauty" is a metaphor for dynasties. 1 1. We should forget the old and learn the new. Why not rebuild the law? We should amend the law to guide American politics in order to revive the national prestige.
12. Ride the Dragon Leap and I will lead the way! To act quickly, I am willing to be a pioneer. 13. My late king was noble, and many people ran after him.
Metaphor: specific direction. Take the king of Chu as an example to attract talented people.
14. Zanthoxylum bungeanum accompanied by osmanthus fragrans. Metaphor: loyalty and righteousness get together and work together. 15. Yao and Shun are honest and temperate, and always walk on the right path.
Take history as a mirror (the right way). 16. By hook or by crook, you will be trapped if you take a shortcut.
3. Ten advantages of learning classical Chinese: Zhejiang University once conducted a survey on college students who have graduated. One of the questions is: What do you think is the most useful course of college Chinese? The result was unexpected, and "Ancient Literature" ranked first. Most graduates believe that "ancient literature" can enhance their sentiment and temperament, and even directly affect their work performance.
Learning classical Chinese can appreciate the beauty of culture. Some classical Chinese (including ancient poems) in middle school Chinese textbooks are well-known masterpieces, which are exemplary and representative in terms of ideological content, emotional factors, artistic skills and language forms. They can directly cultivate middle school students' self-cultivation and improve their cultural quality, which is conducive to becoming an elegant person in the future. A person with a certain foundation in ancient literature will have appropriate expressions and actions in practical work, and it is easier to get close to success. It makes people full and not frivolous.
Understanding the relationship between ancient and modern vocabulary and expanding language knowledge, modern Chinese and ancient Chinese come down in one continuous line. For example, learning classical Chinese can help us understand the origin, exact meaning and evolution of idioms, and we can also use idiom vocabulary accurately. Therefore, learning classical Chinese can make our language concise and lively, and improve our reading ability and expression ability.
Learning classical Chinese can improve the ability of language use and form your own creative style. Many great modern writers in our country, because of their profound classical literature accomplishment and language accomplishment, flexibly use fixed words, phrases or sentence forms in classical literature, thus forming their own unique style and becoming literary masters.
Learning classical Chinese can learn from the writing skills of famous ancient writers. Poems written by ancient writers have their own characteristics in conception, conception, drawing materials, cutting materials, using allusions, planning articles, layout, wording and sentences, narration, description of characters, lyricism, analysis and expression of things. Ancient writers paid special attention to the artistic conception, structure and language of articles, and tried to learn from ancient masters by studying classical Chinese, which helped to improve their literary accomplishment and writing style. China's influential literature is well versed in China's ancient literature.
The culture of any country has a foundation, and the cultural background of China begins with ancient literature. Learning classical Chinese and reading ancient Chinese can expose people to China's temperament. Classical Chinese records the ancient cultural heritage of our country. If you don't understand classical Chinese and ancient literature, there is no way to inherit, absorb and develop. Students can read China's ancient articles with simple reference books. We can understand the poems of the Han and Tang Dynasties, and even understand the articles on Oracle bones and bamboo slips. However, if the British want to understand the original Shakespeare printed more than 300 years ago, they have to rely on thick reference books to understand it. It is not easy for middle school students to understand it.
Middle school students have good image thinking, abstract thinking has been formed, and their memory ability is at its peak. Now is the best time to learn classical Chinese, and we must not miss this golden stage of learning classical Chinese.
4. Ask for some short words in classical Chinese, such as Naoko's suspicion of neighbors: there were rich people in the Song Dynasty, and the rain wall was bad. His son said: "Ruan talked about the existence of ghosts and gods, or regarded people as dead as ghosts, but he didn't take it seriously, saying:" Ghosts today are born with clothes. If people die of ghosts, will clothes be haunted again? Wei Mingdi cut off the tiger's minions in Xuanwu for the people to watch. Seven-year-old Wang Rong also went to see it. The tiger climbed the fence and roared, and its voice shook the ground. All the audience easily shook their servants, and Zhan Ran did not move or fear. Wu Weipin bought Cao E's tablet, and Yang Xiu saw the inscription on the back of the tablet, "Yellow silk young woman, grandson mortar." Call and answer: "Thank you." Wei Wu said, "You have nothing to say. Let me think about it. Three miles later, Wei Wu said, "I found it." "Xiu Yue:" Yellow silk and colored silk are on the word "absolutely"; Young women, girls also, on the word "wonderful"; Sun Tzu, a woman, is also on the word "good"; The word "ci" means "ci"; The so-called "Miao Yan" also. "Also come to think of it, and show tong sighed," although I am not as good as qing, but feel three miles. Shi Shuo Xin Yu is really worth watching several times, which is very interesting. The ancient literati in China are worthy of admiration-poetic literati in the Tang Dynasty and literati in Wei and Jin Dynasties with unique style. Although they also like the heyday of the Song Dynasty, they always feel that. Always the same as our predecessors. The dear John letter of later generations is not as heartless as Juyuan's dear John letter. Later generations cried at the end of the road just to imitate Ruan Ji. The meaning of drunkenness in later generations is not in wine, nor in Yuefu poetry. The heyday of feudalism ended in the Tang Dynasty, and so did the complacency of literati. Then there is the unspeakable hatred between the nation and the family, and more tragic poems are in the text. I can't see what happened after five generations. Those countless forests are just the beginning of prosperity with a tragic ending. I don't deny the achievements of literati in this period. After all, it includes Dongpo, an unprecedented great man, but as a form, I personally prefer Yuefu and Li Bai, who pushed Yuefu poetry to the peak. Compared with Li Bai's Yuefu poems, the word "long and short sentences" is trite and harsh on the melody format, which is more exciting than chic. Literati in Tang Dynasty and figures in Wei and Jin Dynasties come down in the same strain in spirit, but chic was a minority in Wei and Jin Dynasties and the mainstream in Tang Dynasty. However, the characters in Tang Dynasty were not as touching as those in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the cultural level of Shi Shuo Xin Yu was not high. What is important is that it describes the life details of the characters in Wei and Jin Dynasties and enriches all aspects of the characters in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties are full of personality. Their personality beauty is the most striking: Ning Guan and Shi Shuo Xin Yu. Seeing a piece of gold in the field, there was no difference between a hoe and a tile stone, so China people grabbed it and threw it. Some people who have read at the same table, and those who have passed through the porch, would rather read as they are than read waste books, and would rather cut the table and sit down, saying, "My son is not my friend! Wang Junchong, a senior official, took a chariot and passed by Huang Gong's wine cellar. Gu said to the passengers behind the chariot, "I used to drink here with my uncle and Ruan Sizong. My trip to the bamboo forest is also a rehearsal. Since I died and Ruan Gong died, Ling said, "Very good. I can't help it, but I should swear to ghosts and gods! You can have wine and meat. " The woman said, "Respect your life. "Please dedicate the wine and meat to God and ask the singer to perform. The singer knelt down and said, "Born Liu Ling, in the name of wine, drink a welcome and five buckets to relieve the pain. Be careful not to listen to what women say! " He introduced wine into the meat and suddenly got drunk. The unique character of Wei and Jin dynasties is a kind of temperament similar to Taoism and fairy wind. As far as the seven sons of bamboo forest are concerned, most of them still worship Taoism and despise Confucianism. Their unique aesthetic view is also formed in the quiet thought of Taoism. The combination of elegance and sadness is a typical aesthetic view in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Naturally, drunken singing, fairy wind is far from positive, but as a kind of,
5. What are the charms of Chinese characters? The beauty of Chinese characters has a special position in the history of world culture, and it is also the only writing in the world that has been circulated for thousands of years without interruption and still retains pictographic features. Ancient Babylon was completely annihilated in the two river basins; Ancient Egypt stayed in the pyramids; Ancient India was torn by Islamic culture. Only the Chinese civilization has survived to this day, whether it is Oracle Bone Inscriptions, inscriptions, classical Chinese or modern Chinese, the unified information is completely preserved. A square Chinese character not only contains rich connotations, but also its external beauty is reflected in the art of calligraphy. Chinese characters have rich and accurate information, thus creating a 5,000-year continuous culture in China. The unique structure of Chinese characters makes people have endless reverie, which leads to writing arts such as word splitting, word filling and repetition. This kind of writing which integrates information, games, games and art constitutes the unique charm of Chinese characters. I'm reading Chinese Character Management Wisdom recently. From the perspective of management, combined with his own practical experience, the author disassembled the selected words with a sense of the times, work and life. These dismantlements not only inherit the thinking sparks of the predecessors who separated Chinese characters in previous dynasties, but also are the insights of actual combat management, and are the innovations of the new era: activating the genes of the times of Chinese characters, blending into the atmosphere of the times and injecting some things of the times. Between the disassembly of stippling, management wisdom is vivid everywhere, and management ideas are passed down inadvertently. In the process of disassembling and solving, the wisdom of Chinese character management is interpreted! If you want to know more about Chinese characters, you can have a look.
6. How do you feel after learning classical Chinese? I have selected a set of articles here for your reference.
I hope it helps you. The experience of high school students learning classical Chinese is of great significance. Nikki, class 20 13 (1), has been exposed to and learning classical Chinese since primary school.
Because of the long history, Bai Juyi's so-called "old women can read" poems are inevitably obscure. However, along the way, the harvest and significance are still revealed unconsciously.
Recite from babbling, read "Nature is Good at the Beginning of Life", and listen to the stories of "Dogs Save * * *" and "Huang Xiang Warm Mat" told by my parents. Reading "Wen Zhiming's Xi Zi" was deeply moved by his learning spirit of "making great progress with ten books a day".
When we entered high school, we learned more and more famous classical Chinese articles. I feel more and more that as a Chinese son and a young man who wants to make progress, it is necessary to learn classical Chinese.
Reading Zeng Xian Wen means that a sheep kneels and suckles, and a crow feeds back. We clearly know that we should honor our parents.
After reading the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, everyone knows how to get it, but he doesn't know how to get it. I see, giving to others is also a kind of gain.
Reading Gongsun Zilong is humiliating without fighting. It teaches us that it is a shame to stand up when justice is insulted and bullied.
Reading Mencius, I am old, I am young and I am young. Reading "Zhuangzi", the friendship between gentlemen is as light as water, and the friendship between villains is as good as ever.
Read Zuo Zhuan, The Doctrine of the Mean, and Fan Zhongyan's Worry about the World First, and Enjoy the World Later. By studying classical Chinese, I have a direct understanding of history and the thoughts of the ancients.
Many China people's indispensable knowledge comes from classical Chinese. Three mountains and five mountains, three emperors and five emperors.
However, it is undeniable that in the face of the concept of the ancients, we must understand it realistically in combination with the historical background at that time, but its reference function is undeniable. Make the past serve the present, inherit and develop.
Traditional Chinese medicine originated in China and has the characteristics of holistic treatment based on syndrome differentiation. It undoubtedly inherits our traditional culture well.
Even during the Cultural Revolution, Chinese medicine, as a medical example of "making the past serve the present", was developed with the support of the party and state policies. Modern Chinese medicine is still one of the commonly used methods to treat diseases in China.
Classical Chinese has always been a compulsory subject in Chinese medicine examination. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) came into being in primitive society, and the theory of TCM has basically taken shape during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
Just for medicine, what rich wisdom is contained in classical Chinese! The Chinese nation has a long history. A long history of 5,000 years is condensed in written classics.
There are infinitely rich materials in classical Chinese, which embodies the wisdom of the ancients. Of course, learning these classic articles will have a positive effect and influence on our cultivation connotation.
As sons and daughters of China, it is our bounden duty and responsibility to carry forward the traditional culture of the motherland. As middle school students, in the process of inheriting and developing traditional culture, they can increase the charm of conversation, broaden their horizons and enrich their knowledge. Why not? Experience of learning classical Chinese: Classical Chinese in Chao Ruijie Class 20 13 is the ancient written language in China, mainly including the written language based on the spoken language in the pre-Qin period.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no articles were invented to record characters, but bamboo slips, silks and other things were used to record characters, and silks were expensive, bamboo slips were huge and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, unimportant words must be deleted. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" among the ruling classes had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.
Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, characterized by writing based on words, paying attention to the use of allusions, parallel prose, neat rhythm and no punctuation, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose and ancient prose. As a China person, it is everyone's unshirkable responsibility to learn and inherit the excellent culture left by our ancestors.
It is conducive to our understanding of traditional culture, ancient figures, living customs and scenic spots. Through the study of classical Chinese, we can guide the direction of our life. When we are at the bottom of our lives, we will think of Fan Zhongyan's "Don't rejoice in things, don't grieve for ourselves". When we feel insecure about ourselves, we naturally think of Li Bai's famous sentence, "Since God has given talents, let them be employed!"! , spin a thousand silver, all come back! " .
Therefore, it is very important for us to learn classical Chinese and finally master and be familiar with its application. There are several ways to learn classical Chinese: first, from the perspective of characters, we should read and write accurately, that is, we can accurately grasp the pronunciation and font, and pay special attention to the study of interchangeable characters.
Secondly, from the perspective of words, we should learn from the following aspects: commonly used nominal words, commonly used function words, flexible use of parts of speech, ancient and modern different meanings and so on. Specifically, it is to learn the polysemy of commonly used notional words, the various usages of commonly used function words, the causative usage, intentional usage and behavioral usage in flexible use of parts of speech, the conversion and flexible use of nouns, verbs and adjectives, and the semantic differences between ancient and modern homographs.
Third, from the sentence level, we should master several special classical Chinese sentence patterns, including ellipsis, inversion, passive sentence and judgment sentence. Specifically, it is to master the ellipsis of subject, predicate, object and preposition in ellipsis, preposition in inversion, preposition, attribute and adverbial in preposition object, passive verb in language, interval, action and quilt, and the passive phenomenon without passive markers, and to judge several common formats of sentences (such as
Another example is the judgment sentence expressed by "to be, to be, to be". Fourth, from the perspective of literary and cultural common sense, we should pay attention to the literary common sense of writers, works and authors' times, pay attention to the accumulation of cultural common sense of ancient imperial examinations, calendars, timing, festivals, surnames and official promotion, and combine historical knowledge. For example, if an official moves to the left, it means that an official is demoted.
Therefore, we must pay attention to the accumulation of history and culture in our usual study. Fifth, after studying, you can read more classical books, such as Sima Qian's Historical Records, and you can buy some books that compare ancient and modern times, so that you can compare while reading, which is conducive to improving your appreciation level.
Here I can.