Wordsworth thinks that the common language of rural people is the real poetic language, and says that there is no fundamental difference between prose and poetry. Coleridge disagreed with this view in his literary biography. The study of this kind of language problems is regarded as the support of its internal factors by the new critics. However, Coleridge neglected the thoughts, concepts and consciousness of poetry, which is the external factor mentioned in the new criticism. Coleridge emphasized the genius of Shakespeare's plays in his lectures on Shakespeare and regarded him as a god. He doesn't approve of seeing Shakespeare as a great writer who made many mistakes, but as a perfect and noblest writer. He thinks that he not only has genius, but also has strong judgment, and genius is actually manifested in judgment. In addition, Coleridge has some philosophical works, such as The Help of Thinking. In order to oppose Malthus, Miller and other British materialistic tendencies, he followed Barclays and introduced the idealism philosophy of Kant and Schelling to Britain.
Coleridge emphasized the imagery thinking of poetry, that is, the internal factors of literature in the new critical thinking. But he also thinks that good poetry is more than just images. No matter how beautiful the image is, no matter how faithful it is to nature, it cannot be a good poem in itself; Only when the image is controlled by the dominant passion, or has the effect of deleting complexity and simplifying, or is controlled by the poet's intelligence, can such an image become a good poem. This is the standard used by Coleridge to criticize Shakespeare's plays, and it has also become the standard used by new criticism such as Brooks to criticize Shakespeare's plays and other literary works.
Coleridge also believes that poetry is basically not fixed for poets and readers, but constantly develops; As an active body, poetry's aesthetic structure is complex and rich, and its meaning is multi-level, which can be reinterpreted by different times and readers to meet the different requirements of different times. So the new critic Warren said that Milton had Addison and Pope's neo-classical Milton and Wordsworth and Byron's romantic Milton. There are Shakespeare by Coleridge, Shakespeare by Wilson and Shakespeare by Knight. Every era has found undiscovered factors and new shortcomings in a great work, but on the whole, this great work can meet the aesthetic requirements in different situations. Coleridge's works depict supernatural mysteries with real details, which makes people willing to believe them without considering common sense for the time being, and gain enlightenment or conscience awakening while enjoying a strange beauty. Coleridge's creative practice and theoretical construction not only influenced his contemporaries, but also influenced Byron, Shelley and Keats who disagreed with his political attitude. But also has important reference value for today's poetic art explorers. He occupies an important position in the history of English literature and is an important representative of romanticism. He is a long poem by Coleridge, a lake poet in the19th century. The whole poem is a voyage story full of fantastic beauty. The whole poem discusses the crime and punishment of life, and the poet combines pantheism, which loves everything in the universe, with Christian thought to promote benevolence and Christian atonement. In the poem, the psychological activities of sailors are described in detail. The sailor's killing of the albatross means that he refuses the gift given to him by society. He got rid of the things that love him deeply and represent the supernatural, which means he got rid of his feelings for the world. Finally, the sailor's heart changed and he treated nature with a new attitude, so he could be free.
Ode to the Ancient Boat is one of samuel taylor coleridge's masterpieces. This is a long poem, telling a story in the form of a ballad. This poem can be regarded as a dream journey to another field, a story about sin and exposition, or a quiet essential expression of a alienated and isolated modern individual.
Ode to a Bitter Ship is Coleridge's only complete long poem. The minister's 625-line ballad is a mysterious and horrible romantic story: an old sailor told his terrible story to a guest who went to a wedding reception. The guest wanted to go away for dinner, but was attracted by the special expression in the old sailor's eyes and had to stand there and listen to the story. The old sailor and his companions went out to sea by boat. Have a safe trip. Then there was a storm. After the storm, sailors shot an albatross for no reason, which was regarded as a symbol of good luck by sailors. Therefore, bad luck has come again. The ship sailed into the sea of tranquility, where there was no wind or waves; The sun is shining. Sea water and green land are full of rot. The ship stopped, and the old sailor was regarded as the cause of this bad luck. The sailors were dying of thirst, as if a ship had come to save them and then disappeared. It was a magical ship, and the sailors died on the deck one by one. Every dead man's eyes are destined to stare at the sailor who killed the albatross. Of all the people on board, only he is not dead. Later, he regretted the bad things he had done. So the angels sympathized with his sorrow, let the body stand up and continue to be a sailor. They set sail. Although there is no wind, the ship is still moving slowly. So the ship sailed all the way to the old sailor's hometown. A pilot left the shore and came out to meet him. But before he got to the boat, it suddenly sank, leaving the old sailor to fight death in the low waves. He was saved by the pilot. Later, he remembered the untold pain he suffered at that time and couldn't bear it. His heart burned inside him, and he didn't feel comfortable until he told the terrible story.
Freedom, equality and fraternity are important norms of bourgeois morality. The slogan of "freedom, equality and fraternity" was put forward during the bourgeois revolution. It is not only a political proposition of the bourgeoisie, but also an important content of bourgeois morality. This slogan not only played a role in promoting historical progress in politics, but also made great progress in the history of human moral development, because it denied personal attachment and affirmed personal freedom; Denying hierarchical privilege and affirming human equality; Denied the inhuman idea of fraternity that regards people as human beings. In a word, it affirms human dignity, value and personal pursuit of happiness. Therefore, it has played a great revolutionary role in the publicity of personality and the development of self-awareness, and in getting rid of the shackles of asceticism, obscurantism and hierarchy.
Western Christian pantheism holds that God is everywhere and everything is the appearance of God. This view holds that God is equal to everything; Any individual thing is God; Everything in the world is actually nothing.
Under the domination of these two thoughts, the author regards albatross as an apostle of Christianity. The old sailor shot the albatross for no reason, which showed that he refused the gift from society. He got rid of what he loved deeply and represented the supernatural, and also got rid of his feelings for the world. The old sailor shot an innocent albatross against God's will and the laws of nature, and was doomed to be punished. Then, disaster came: the wind stopped, the ship could not move forward, the sun was hot, and the sailors were thirsty. At this time, someone accused the old sailor-"How dare you shoot birds! It is it that attracts the south wind. " At this time, the old sailor began to realize the mistake of his behavior. So he began to feel guilty constantly. Psychology believes that shame is one of the elements in the moral emotional system. After Pythagoras asked people to reflect on their words and deeds, they should feel ashamed, sad and afraid of despicable behavior. Rejoice in good deeds. Shapu Ciboli believes that moral good and evil mainly depends on the sense of shame in the emotional system. He said: "Everything done out of unjust feelings is unjust, evil and negligent; If emotion is just, sound and kind, and the content of emotion is beneficial to society, and it is implemented in a way that is beneficial to society, or it is moving, it will definitely constitute what we call fairness and integrity in any action. "Injustice, evil deeds and negligence will cause people's sense of shame. Shame is the expression of a person's self-moral consciousness, which expresses his inner experience when condemning his behavior, motivation and moral quality. Conscience is the main mechanism of shame, which is often manifested as anxiety, shame and guilt. Moral anxiety is a complex emotion. Among them, pain and fear are the main "factors". But it only aims at avoiding external punishment. External punishment is a low-level form of shame, but it is also the basis of shame. So, what is the real function of shame? It is guilt. Only guilt is the product of high subjective consciousness, which activates potential thinking and strength, focuses on regret and regretful behavior of mistakes, and promotes individual psychological maturity. If individuals lack guilt, they will disdain morality and fail to reach the understanding of "knowing shame and being brave". At the same time, shame should be based on self-esteem. A person who has no self-esteem will not be ashamed, let alone blame himself. Self-esteem reflects the closeness to self-social discourse. Without the defense of self-esteem, there can be no self-reproach consciousness and behavior. The old sailor felt ashamed, ashamed and regretful for his immoral behavior. Because of conscience, the old sailor really felt the mistake of his behavior, so he lived in fear all day and constantly blamed himself.
The situation has further developed. Under his confession and prayer, the bird hanging around his neck fell, but all the sailors in the same trade died one by one because of lack of water, and only the old sailor was still alive. This seems to be another punishment of God. On the one hand, he felt that his crime was serious, which led to the death of other sailors-pain; On the other hand, in the vast sea, he is alone in a boat-fear. So his heart went through another test of pain and fear. Conscience is everyone's own internal moral evaluation, and it is all psychological reaction activities such as his own understanding, cognition, judgment, attitude, feelings, experience, intention, will and motivation. The old sailor always blames himself for waking up. The basic factor of conscience is emotion, which is the experience of need and the motive force of psychology. On the one hand, it produces the cognitive factors of conscience, which pushes them to judge the moral value of their actions; On the other hand, it also produces factors of conscience and will, which pushes them to make good choices. After the behavior happens, conscience has the function of influencing and evaluating the consequences of behavior. It is convenient to self-condemn the influence and behavior that has fulfilled moral obligations and produced good consequences, which makes people feel guilty, ashamed and regretful. This kind of self-condemnation can often form a force to urge people to correct their behavior.
Later, the old sailor prayed devoutly that the sea snake would break the magic, and he was rescued home. It is human nature to make mistakes. Moral mistakes will inevitably occur in life. Moral introspection is to encourage people to take new moral behaviors to remedy the moral misfortune caused by regretting moral faults, and to provide a compass for moral behaviors that will begin by awakening moral faults. The essence of moral reflection lies in the critical analysis of the moral choices made by the subject, which is the profound reflection of the subject on his own heart after experiencing the mistakes of his own moral behavior. Through reflection, we can provide new routes and plans for future behavior, and we can make up for it when we understand it. In the course of future actions, thousands of times of compensation should be used to replace the original losses; Through reflection, the subject will have a deeper understanding of the system of self-development, self-need and social morality.
At the end of the story, the old sailor went home So the opening scene appeared: he tried to hold the people who went to the wedding banquet and let them listen to him tell this bizarre story-he wanted to find the audience, admit his mistakes, tell his own story and relieve his inner pain-atonement. Although the old sailor has sincerely repented, he still feels guilty and longs for understanding and venting to eliminate his inner pain. So is life. When we encounter difficulties and pains, don't shut ourselves up, find a loyal listener and tell him our troubles. This is a good way to release stress.
In a word, Coleridge's poems are famous for their mystery and grotesque, and their psychological descriptions are exemplary! Poetry explores philosophical issues such as crime and punishment, good and evil, life and death, and publicizes the theory that all living things are created by God. However, the real value of poetry lies not in the story itself, nor in the philosophy it contains, but in the fact that it creates a magical ocean picture for readers with the accuracy of plastic arts and the sense of flow of music: sometimes it is calm, quiet and peaceful; Sometimes the storm suddenly rises and is very noisy. When writing this poem, Coleridge was not familiar with the sea, but he could interweave the real scene with the imaginary scene by imagination, and integrate ordinary details with poetic symbols, which fully showed his magnificent and peculiar imagination. In the art of poetry, long poems combine the freedom of English folk songs with the preciseness of classical literati poems, and extract a lively and natural poetic style suitable for expressing romantic feelings. The beauty of rhyme and rhythm of long poems also shows the poet's ability to sing words.