The sense of ups and downs comes from a special era and a special mood. The Ming and Qing dynasties changed generations, and the sky fell apart. Many people with lofty ideals gave up their fame and decided to fight against the Qing Dynasty and fight in the battlefield. After the failure of the anti-Qing Dynasty, they either retired from the countryside or buried themselves in their studies, putting the pain of national subjugation and the thoughts of the old country into writing, forming a special poetry group-the poetry group of adherents. Visiting the past and expressing the feelings of the rise and fall of the country is one of the main contents of the poems of adherents in the early Qing Dynasty. The West Cold Poetry School, which was active in Hangzhou at that time, was a branch of Yun Jian School represented by Chen Zilong, and was a famous group of adherents in the south of the Yangtze River. Many poems by Mao, Zhang Dan, Chai Shaobing and Xu are full of feelings of parting and ups and downs. Hong Sheng was born in the war in which the Qing army conquered Hang Cheng in Shunzhi two years, and was also influenced by the poetry style of Xilong Poetry School. Hongsheng felt the rise and fall of his youth.
In the sixteenth year of Shunzhi (1659), when Hong Sheng 15 years old, he wrote "Autumn in Qiantang": "Xiao Li played solo in Nanping, and Danxia first appeared at sea. A few old storks were released, and countless Zheng Hong flew around. The sad prince in the bleak bay of autumn water and the tower crane princess in Saiyun. The mountains and rivers are full of resentment against the southern dynasties, and the short brown long poles are allowed to fish in the rocky mountains. " [5] Poetry expresses young poets' feelings of thinking about the past and cherishing the present through the scenery seen by Xiao Deng Nanping, and conveys the pain and sadness of the rise and fall of the ages through "the desert bay of the prince" and "the lonely tower of the princess". In the fourth year of Kangxi (1645), Hong Sheng wrote Two Pentecostal Poems by Mrs. Lu at the age of 2 1 year: "In these twenty years, tears built an empty building. Huang Yuncheng is anxious for Hengtai, and first frost is black all night. " "Looking back on the lonely moon in Hengshan, the flowers and plants in the Wu Palace have long been deserted. I want to turn the Millennium stone, but I am not just sad. " [6] Mrs. Lu, the mother of Lu Fanshao, and her husband were both Jinshi during the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty. When the Qing Dynasty conquered Hang Cheng, she died for her life. Chen Ye followed her husband to "fall from the building and never die". Hungry for three days will not die. "In the poem, Hongsheng not only praised the virtuous character of Mrs. Lu Taimu, but also wanted to turn the Millennium petrochemical into her husband's ambition, and did not forget to express her sincere admiration for Lu Peizhi who died for her country.
Hong Sheng's sense of rise and fall, with the growth of age, the hardships of life become more and more intense. Hong Sheng entered imperial academy at the age of 24 in the seventh year of Kangxi (1648) and left imperial academy at the age of 45 in the twenty-eighth year of Kangxi, which lasted for more than 20 years. He experienced a series of events such as "the change of family ties", "the father was falsely accused" and the "Palace of Eternal Life" was staged on the national mourning day. Hongsheng is from a pair. The frustration of official career and the hardships of life gradually accumulated into alienation from the Qing court and nostalgia for the Zhu Ming dynasty, which was vividly expressed in this issue of Hong Sheng's poems, and the feelings of rise and fall were increasingly revealed.
Eight Miscellaneous Poems on Weizhou was written by Hong Yu in the seventh year of Kangxi (1648) and two years after he was promoted to imperial academy. He wandered around Enxian, Daming, Changyuan, hua county and Qixian. If the "sense of rise and fall" in Autumn in Qiantang is more about the literati feelings of young Hong Sheng, the Eight Miscellaneous Poems in Weizhou is more about Hong Sheng's official career. "Gone with the wind guest tears, drum horn old hero. Don't remember the ups and downs, sing a glass of wine. " [7] Compared with the memory of loyal generals such as Gan and Li Guang, we pay tribute to the ancient capital and battlefield, and use "singing a glass of wine" to get rid of the pain and anger caused by "remembering the rise and fall". This feeling of drowning one's sorrows by drinking wine and singing Long song is in sharp contrast with a series of hymns written by Hong Sheng when Emperor Kangxi arrived in imperial academy a year ago to interpret Confucius, such as "The sun and the moon look to the emperor to do the sacred work of Kunyang", "The Lord worships the Japanese and worships the Imperial Road" and "How lucky the Confucian scholars are to ask for the sacred bow" [8] and so on. The sense of rise and fall expressed in Eight Miscellaneous Poems of Weizhou is also a reflection of Hong Sheng, a talented person in Qiantang, who suffered the first blow to his ideal in Beijing and was dissatisfied with the Qing court.
In the 20th year of Kangxi (166 1), JD.COM's Miscellaneous Feelings written by Hong Sheng at the age of 37 has always been regarded as the work with the strongest sense of ups and downs: "Before the fog hides the mountain, the forest opens a small city." The soft sand is flat on the moon, and the spring water is fine. Looking at the poor from a distance, I feel lonely and wasteful. The white-haired old man is there, pointing to the Ming Tombs. ""the old country opened a buffer region and the frontier was restrained. The eagle flies to the north of thistle and looks at Liaodong. The corner is quiet and lonely, and the flag turns over the tree. So far, I will talk about it. I still want to be a Rong Yuan. " [9] Poetry bears the memory of the Ming Dynasty, the thought of national subjugation, and the national hero Qi Jiguang who resisted foreign aggression, which implies the idea of reviving the Han Dynasty. A strong sense of the rise and fall of home country is not only out of proportion to the author's status of being born in imperial academy and growing up in the prosperous period of Kangxi, but also it is incredible that he showed such disobedience so boldly in the literary inquisition era of Qing Dynasty. This also shows that Hong Sheng's alienation from the Qing court and nostalgia for the Ming Dynasty have reached an uncontrollable level because of his hopeless career and long-term hardship.
In a word, the sense of ups and downs is one of the important themes in Hong Sheng's poems. Whether it's the sense of vicissitudes of life that "weeds grow in the old country for a while, and there are few guests in the gates, and the graveyard" (Wang) or "when Hou is not outside the green gate, where are the five-color melons planted" (the sense of occasional encounter in summer), it will be replaced by mountains and rivers, or in Guangling, Yingkao Uncle Temple and Wuyang Hou Temple. It's just that his sense of rise and fall more expresses the literati feelings of traditional intellectuals, and their dissatisfaction and resentment against the social reality of "superior people hate Liang meat and scholars don't have enough to eat" ("Picking flowers to send Shen family").
(2) Pay tribute to express feelings and tell the truth between people.
Hong Sheng was educated by Lu Fanshao, Mao, Zhu Zhijing and other orthodox Confucianism since childhood, and attached importance to human feelings and friendship. Expressing affection and friendship in his poetry creation has become one of the important contents of his poetry.
1. Family Poetry
Filial piety, love between husband and wife and friendship between brothers have always been the three themes of traditional family poems. In Hong Sheng's family poems, the most natural emotional expression of this human relationship is both warm and sour. Hong Sheng lived a prosperous life when he was young, and was "changed by his family" around the age of 27 (forced to run away from home, the reason is still unknown). Since then, he has been "worried about his health". If Bao Jiji's poems such as Remembering Mother in the Snow, Birthday of Yanjing Guest House, Remembering Mother, Remembering Father in Erjining, Sitting in Guobao Temple to Remember Father, and Wandering with Father show the wandering wanderers' yearning for their parents and their attachment to the warm home life, then they will be sent off to their father in Yingkao Uncle Temple, Apollo Temple, etc. In other words, "Because I used to go to court, Pepsi followed my mother." Ding Ning did not eat more than one meal, nor did he send clothes to first frost earlier ("Bao Jiaji remembers his mother in the snow"), which showed a delicate, straightforward and simple maternal love; It is too late to leave the nest crane at dusk, and the old crane cries around the tree "("Sitting in Guobao Temple and Remembering Father ") conveys his father's deep, kind and warm love. "The change of family ties" has changed the content and emotional expression of Hong Sheng's family poems. Although the whole volume of "Wandering Grass" was written out of the intention of Hong Sheng to be a dutiful son, I regret leaving my relatives in the past and now I have to go home. "I mourned for seven years and died in court" ("Picking Flowers and Returning to the South") and "Don't forget to repay the debt?" The heart is different from the wood, and the body cannot be empty. Lu Huai in xiao yue, Where can I leave soup when I have a mother (Yu Yingkao Uncle Temple), Ask myself when I can change to Lao Lai clothes (Yu Yingkao Uncle Temple).
Brotherhood is a deep and warm part of Hong Sheng's family poems. Hong Sheng has two younger brothers, the eldest named Yin Zhong, who was born in Hong Sheng with his parents, and the younger named Zhong Ling, who is Hong Sheng's half-brother. He had two younger sisters, rich in talent and love, who died young. I don't know their names. During Xiao Yue's tenure, Hong Sheng wrote a lot of articles describing brotherly feelings, such as parting brothers, sending them to Yin Zhongdi and Zhong Lingdi, recalling them, recalling them to Zhong Lingdi, recalling them to Zhong Lingdi, sending them to Zhong Lingdi, and getting news from Zhong Lingdi and Jimo. Shao's description of the love between husband and wife is the most colorful romantic chapter in Hong Sheng's family poems. On July 1st, the third year of Kangxi (1644), on the occasion of Hong Sheng's 20th birthday, he married his cousin Huang Hui, who was born in the same month of the same year. This is the most gratifying thing in Hong Sheng's life, and it is also a much-told story in Qiantang cultural circle. Not only did the relatives and friends in Hongsheng celebrate the couple's "getting married" and "growing old together", but the groom Hongsheng couldn't restrain his ecstasy and wrote "Four Poems in the Tanabata Boudoir": "Recalling the past, reuniting after a long separation, crossing the river every autumn. From now on, I will join hands and laugh at the two stars. " [10] Poetry not only narrates the pain of the poet's separation from his lover in the past, but also expresses the joy of formally marrying the right woman on the Tanabata Day when the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl met in the sky. The word "smile" is beyond words. The beautiful marriage with Huang Hui is not only a romantic chapter in Hong Sheng's life, but also an inexhaustible source of Hong Sheng's poetry creation. In many later poems, whether it is "the younger generation belongs to the brothers, make up the leisure day ... and then get married, and the contract is over the age of one" ("Three Poems on the Moon Building"), the narrative is a sweet memory with Huang Hui's childhood friends, and the two children have no guesses, or "distant memories sit by the window, lonely nights are beside me ..." ("Xiao Yue Lou Ji, send it inside").
2. Friendship poems
Hong Sheng has made a wide range of friends in his life, and there are both dignitaries and more literati in the circle of communication, so the answering and singing works account for more than half of the total works. If we exclude such things as "the morning light in Feng Huangming is in the sky, and the geese in Zezhong bathe in the blue waves". Many friendship poems that can truly convey Hong Sheng's true feelings are very valuable parts of Hong Sheng's existing poems.
Written to the teacher, such as "show me my teacher, and the scenery will never be embarrassing." Treat people with sincerity, so as to get to the bottom of the secrets "(Xiao Yue Feng Yu)," Only remember those who lie high in the north window, and play the lute in the shade of pine "(Xiao Yue Yu, answer Mr. Lin Ping Shen to cherish the summer and see him in the dusk of winter)", "Being a guest in Chang 'an for a long time, we begin to believe that friendship lies in cloth" (Xiao Yue Yu).
Some poems with friends are the richest parts of Hong Sheng's friendship poems. Hongsheng's circle of friends is most concentrated in Hangzhou and Beijing. The former are mostly classmates' friends, while the latter are mostly literati who enter the officialdom through their official career. Hong Sheng and some of their duets, nearly a hundred of which are marked with famous surnames. Most of these poems are sincere and full of loyalty. For example, "Talking about petty things and making friends with poor people, the horse's head worships a daughter ... mountains and rivers go to court to entertain themselves, and articles are forgotten at night ... There is always only one confidant, such as Jun, who can wash away his troubles and melt away his hatred (Collection with Mao Yusi) and" Five Tombs sing in the moonlight night, but remember. Hong Sheng, Fu, Shen Qisheng and four others are not only bosom friends of classmates, but also good friends in the song. Hong Sheng wrote nearly 20 poems for them, such as A Mountain Tour with Shen Qisheng, Farewell to Shen Qisheng, and A Farewell to Fujian. From the 7th year of Kangxi (1668) to the 30th year of Kangxi (169 1), Hong Sheng "became famous for decades" and made many friends in the cultural circle of Beijing, including such senior officials as Xu and Li Tianfu, as well as Tang and others. During this period, Hong Sheng wrote a lot of poems about the bosom. Even in the contacts with dignitaries, there are some flattering works, such as Jane's high position that makes several people stand tall, Mr. Xu Jian 'an's high position, Mr. Lang Ting's royal suit and Mr. Liang Xianggong's high position, and there are many chapters of sincere friendship, such as Mr. Li Rongzai, a bachelor in our bank, and Gong Li who killed several people. The poems recording Hong Sheng's contacts with Tang Dynasty can be said to be the most attractive part of Hong Sheng's poems about friends during his stay in Beijing. Such as Farewell to Mr. South, Wind and Mid-Autumn Festival Waiting for the Moon, Simple Soup in the Rain on the West Cliff, Farewell to Wu Xiquan for Li, and Farewell to Wu. From then on, we can not only observe Hong Sheng's childlike innocence in the communication with friends, but also learn about Hong Sheng's main social activities and living conditions during his stay in Beijing.
(3) Climbing the mountain near the water is a feeling of life.
There are a large number of Hong Sheng's poems about climbing the mountain and facing the water, such as Jiu Feng in Suling, Pan Jiang to the village, Sunrise on the balcony and the pavilion owner at the first time, Crossing the Yellow River, Early Autumn on the River, Climbing the Mountain Building in Nine Days, Four Poems on Mount Tai, Seeing the Mountain at Dawn and Four Miscellaneous Poems on Houjiang River. In traditional poetry creation, most of the works that climb the mountain and face the water mainly show the joy of pastoral poems, such as Tao Yuanming, Wang Wei and other landscape poems have become the mood code for literati to enjoy leisure and pleasure. Compared with this kind of traditional poetry, many of Hong Sheng's mountain climbing works on the waterfront, except the earlier ones such as Su Ling Jiu Feng, Pan Cun Zuo, Watching Sunrise on the Early Balcony, and Fairy Pavilion Master, describe the joyful mood, and more express their own sighs and confidants, reflecting the bitterness and bitterness of Hong Sheng's life of "being down and out for 40 years" and "singing when there is injustice"
Early Autumn on the River was written by Hong Sheng in the 10th year of Kangxi (16 17) to avoid "family difficulties" and swim across the Qiantang River. Because Hong Sheng's life creation track has turned into a turning point of "family relationship change", Early Autumn on the River is also the beginning of Hong Sheng's description of the voice of poverty by climbing mountains and wading. "In the early autumn, the west wind gradually spread eastward, and the autumn was crisp ... I didn't dare to shake when I got on the plane, and I was free to catch the boat." 【 165438+ In Hong Sheng's works, whether it is the "west wind" that shakes off a leaf in early autumn or the "river" that gives birth to sorrow, it is the emotional artistic conception of poetry, but what the poet really worries about is the "falling down" in autumn that he dare not grieve, and the free and easy expression of the sentence "fishing at will" is entrusted to him by the poet. Compared with the straightforwardness of the emotion expressed in Tears When Drunk, Laugh When Worried (Xiao Yue Lou Ji, who went to Wushan on the 9th to work with gentlemen from all walks of life), Early Autumn on the River seems to be better in poetic art. ..
Wang Shan Lou, Wang Xiao Qi Shan, Visit Xiao Fa Shan Dian, Four Poems of Mount Tai, Four Miscellaneous Poems of Houjiang and Yanxiawu were all written by the poet during his stay in Beijing, or during his travels in Beijing and Hangzhou, or during his leisure time with friends. Chen Xu, Hong Sheng's brother-in-law, once described Hong Sheng's living conditions in Beijing: "I remember Chang 'an, and I sent him here. Selling wine articles, traveling food, relying on people. Eight people are still tired, and parents are always true. I stayed away from rice for many years and tried to step on the dust in Beijing. "[12] The poor and sad life made it difficult for the poet to enjoy the happiness of his youth. What can be observed from these lines is that the poet is trapped by life, tired, sad and angry with reality, from "wandering in the dust, turning to a quiet gentleman" (Yan Xiawu), "How to compete for fame and gain in Asako" (Seeing the mountains at dawn) and "Half-light crying alone, the moon sets at five o'clock" (Xiaofashan Hall).
Four Miscellaneous Poems of Houjiang Star written in the 25th year of Kangxi (1686) can be regarded as a typical poem of this kind in Hong Sheng. One: "Go to the bright moon and return to the bright moon. Like yesterday, the end of the world turned poor. An empty boss takes care of people and begging is a hero. It's freezing, wailing and breaking the flood. " [13] Poetry chooses marching on Fuchun River in autumn moonlight as the trigger point of lyricism. However, unlike the general works of climbing mountains near water, the scenery of Fuchun River in autumn and moonlit night failed to become the object of the poet's singing, and the misty and quiet Qiu Jiang poets only regarded it as "the river is like yesterday", "the end of the world is turning poor" and "taking care of people and begging for food to be a hero". Hong Sheng's poems attach great importance to the creation of artistic conception. However, compared with the poems on the river in the early autumn in xiao yue Lou Ji, the later works such as Four Miscellaneous Poems of Houjiang, Yutai and Lonely Mountain included in Mickey Collection are not so euphemistic.
As for the artistic features of Hong Sheng's poems, Jin Kun once summed up in No Miscellaneous Notes and Poems (Volume 7): "Xihe (Mao Qiling) commented on the five-character law, which is similar to the Tang Dynasty, with charm and charm, style and meaning, elegance, but the Tang Dynasty knew nothing about it (the manuscript lacked two words). The ratio of approaching goodness to new people is indifferent; Those who are still looking at the old jade don't refute it with its charm, but use it. " Zhu Rong, a famous poet, also said that Hong Sheng's poem "The originator of it is the spring stream, the sudden one is the mountain, and the secluded one is Chunlan. Its syllables are peaceful and Shi Xuan plays eight tones." If the hook rope rules, the scouts are far away and Diao Dou is strict. " Although the former was a close friend of Hong Sheng in his later years, and the latter was the editor of his poems, the wording of his comments was inevitably exaggerated, but as far as the artistic summary of the characteristics of Hong Sheng's poems is concerned, the words used by them are different. Generally speaking, the artistic features of Hong Sheng's poems are unique, which is closely related to Hangzhou local poetics in the early Qing Dynasty.
(A) the patriarchal clan system flourished in the Tang Dynasty and gained its charm.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the local poetry in Hangzhou was dominated by the "West Cold Poetry School". This is a branch of Yun Jian School of Poetry with Chen Zilong as the core in the early Qing Dynasty, and its poetics advocates that the trend of thought of Tang Zong is dominant. In the process of learning and communicating with famous poets, Hong Sheng was naturally deeply influenced by the "West Cold Poetry School". Among the masters of Tang poetry, Hong Sheng learned from others and formed his own style: Du Fu's poems are gloomy and frustrated, Li Bai's poems are elegant and handsome, and Cen Can's poems are skillful. The main scenery is reflected in Hong Sheng's poems to varying degrees, but they all have their own unique temperament charm. Zhu Rong's Preface to Enchantment Collection: "Yun Si lives near Shaoling, and its strength cannot be asked of Shaoling." His ancient poems were written by Gao Cen, but he begged Gao Cen not to say a word. Try your best to get what you want, and there is no way to change it. "A friend Zhu Shi's" A Gift to Fortune "said that he was directly suppressed by the Romantic School, and he was famous in the ci world for twenty years. "("Linjiang Poetry Draft "Volume 71) Li Tianfu's" Thousands of Rongzhai Poems, Sending Good Fortune to Home "says:" This son has a wonderful posture and has never had a treasure rhyme ... Dumen is elegant and arrogant. Who was the hidden city in the past? " These comments reflect people's affirmation of Hong Sheng's poetic achievements and the origin of his poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty from different angles.
In Hong Sheng's poems, there are not only Li Bai's elegant and bold works, but also some articles that express his lack of talent and reflect the hardships of life, which are quite realistic and care for Du Fu's "depressed and frustrated" style. For example, "Watching Sunrise with Pavilion Owners in the Early Stage" describes the sunrise scene: "Come like a flying stork and move like a flaming palace. Can be like the blue sky with rosy clouds and floating like red clouds. Flying on the sky for half a day, it's cold, and it's autumn water at sunrise. Dragons come and go in the fog, and the scales are shining. The smoke and water are even, and the fishing boat shakes into the clouds. " [14] The poet described the sunrise wonders from the aspects of color, shape and potential, and the realm was open and gorgeous, which was no less magnificent than Li Bai's "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream". There is a saying in "Komori Yang Zijiang" that "you can only know the greatness of the world if you don't look at the wonders of the country". Lu Ciyun, a good friend of Hong Sheng, commented that it is "cool, eye-catching and quick-thinking." [15] Other works, such as Song of Sword, Two Poems of Wild Glory, Lonely Mountain, Huayang Pian, and Traveling with Shen Qi to Win the Mountain, are all works of poets, and flying poems are quite prosperous in the Tang Dynasty. However, poems such as Eight Miscellaneous Poems in Weizhou, Reading at Night, One Night, Ten Miscellaneous Poems in Quzhou, and Northern Sense not only directly inherit Du Fu's spirit of worrying about the country and people, but also resemble Du Fu's melancholy and desolation in style. Yuan Mei's Poems with the Garden (Volume I) comments on Hong Sheng's poem "Sending Zhan Ren Gao Jiang Village Palace to Beijing", which is full of five lines and rhyme, gloomy and realistic. It is a sharp evaluation of Hong Sheng's poetic style.
(B) focus on sentence refinement, poetic harmony
Zhu Rong's evaluation of Hong Sheng's poetry "pinching the heart and kidney and carving people's words" refers to his efforts in reciting and refining sentences. And "its originator spring, sudden peak, secluded person Chunlan also, its beads are brilliant, its syllables are peaceful, Shi Xuan plays eight tones, if the hook rope follows the rules, swimming far away and Diao Dou is strict" (Zhu Rong's "Xu Yi Ji Xu") said its poetic harmony. Hong Sheng learned from Mao and Chai Shaobing, the "three masters in Zhejiang" since childhood, and was quite accomplished in verse. Around the age of 20, they wrote Notes on Poetry Rhyme (six volumes). Looking at all Hong Sheng's poems, it is found that metrical poems occupy the largest space among all Hong Sheng's poems. There are 400 poems in Renqi Collection, including more than 280 poems. Hong Sheng's friends especially praised Hong Sheng's five-character poem meter, Hu Huien praised him as "whose opponent is the five-character halal" ("Qingfengtang Manuscript" was given to Hong Yunsi), and Zhu also said in "Give Hong Yunsi" that he "gets sick every time he breaks a word, and five words can fight for the right of nature". This admiration for the transformation of Hong Sheng's poetry is naturally related to Hong Sheng's academic skills and cautious creative attitude. Harmony of poetic rhyme is the natural pursuit of Hong Sheng's poetry creation, and it is also one of the reasons why he painstakingly recited sentences. There are many examples of bitter sentences in Hong Sheng's poems. For example, four pieces of "Chinese Valentine's Day in the Boudoir" are included in "Abortion Lou Ji", and the third piece is "Recalling the past and not being together for a long time, crossing the river every autumn." From now on, I will join hands and smile at the double stars. Later, it was included in Lian Zhu's collection, with the subtitle "When I was newly married", but there were two changes in just four sentences. In Lian Zhu Ji, the first sentence "concentric" was changed to "ventilation", and the third sentence "boudoir" was changed to "boudoir".
Another example is "Farewell to Wu Xiquan and Return to Li" (third): "Where to live in seclusion, the door faces the mountain. The flowing water is blue at all times and the white clouds are idle. The woodcutter sings and treads on flowers, and the crane looks loose. Solve a lifelong problem and return to a long retreat. " Wu Wen, whose real name is Zhang Tian and whose real name is Xiquan, and Wang Shizhen, Hong Sheng's teacher, were friends of Hong Sheng when he was in Beijing. This poem is the farewell work of Wu Wenying, a learned scholar, who returned to Yongle and Hongsheng. Poetry is straightforward, slow and harmonious, and poetic. Moreover, in each line of poetry, the sentence tone is also carefully arranged: "flowing water-four seasons-blue, white clouds-eternity-leisure." The woodcutter's song-stepping on flowers-going far, the crane's whistle-looking loose-returning "echoes from level to level, and the voice rises and falls, with cadence and rhythm, expressing the poet's infinite feelings when he bid farewell to his best friend. The title of the poem was changed from "Farewell to Wu Xiquan for Li" to "Farewell to Wu Guiyong Le". Although the poem has not changed, the latter naturally reveals the cordial and sincere friendship between the poet and Wu Wen. The whole poem is neat and precise, and every word is refined, which fully embodies Hong Sheng's extraordinary skill in reciting and refining sentences. There is also "Xing follows the flowing water far away, and the heart is idle with wild cranes. The green island is lonely, and the white clouds return "("Lake Up the Mountain "); Listening to thousands of LinYu at night, looking at thousands of valleys. Through the clouds into the stone flow, falling flowers and setting mountains "(watching the spring after the rain) and so on. Expressing the poet's different emotions with different phonological changes, using neat words and being close to poetry fully embodies the characteristics of Hong Sheng's poems that focus on refining sentences and harmonious poetry. Li Tianfu once lamented: "The style of Hong Sheng Wu Ling's writing ... I have to be absolutely amazed when I read it" (Li Tianfu's "Sending Good Fortune Home"), and Jin Kun quoted Mao Qiling's evaluation of Hong Sheng's poems as "a person who still values old jade". Hong Sheng's artistic attainments, simplicity, beauty and harmony of syllables are all the results of his efforts and struggles.
(3) the language is shallow and true, and the feelings are deep.
"Shallow talk about true feelings" and "deep affection" are Mr. Wang Jisi's comments on Hong Sheng's poems about relatives and friends and Visiting the Ancient Times when he prefaced Liu Hui's Hong Sheng Ji [16]. However, after searching all Hong Sheng's poems, it is found that not only the above two kinds of poems occupy a huge number of chapters in all Hong Sheng's poems, accounting for almost two thirds of the total, but even if all his poems are counted, "conciseness" and "deep affection" can best summarize the overall creative characteristics of Hong Sheng's poems.
"True feelings" is the standard of Hong Sheng's masterpiece The Palace of Eternal Life and the essence of Hong Sheng's poetry. Among the numerous poems of affection and friendship in Hongsheng, as a dutiful son, elder brother, husband and friend, Hongsheng's true feelings are everywhere, such as Seeing Father off at Yanjing Guest House's Birthday (six poems), To Yin Zhongdi, Passing on My Brother's Success, and Too Heavy a Sound. Among his numerous realistic care poems, the emotional expression in Hong Sheng's poems is sincere. For example, "Sorry, the mountains and rivers are flooding" ("Quzhou Miscellaneous Feeling"), in the face of the victims displaced by the flood, the poet not only sighed, but even burst into tears; "Inquiring about the elders, or fearing to get sick in Sang Ma" ("Rain and Sand"), the concern for the elders who suffered from hail is vividly on the paper; "Urge the family to apologize when they are old and tolerate their poverty" ("Looking at the rain at home") "How sad is Zhongze?" (Kou Xun's hometown) This fervent love for "poor Lebanon" sometimes appears in the form of pleading for the people. These poems are easily reminiscent of Du Fu's poems, and the true feelings of "worrying about Li Yuan" naturally overflow in Qiantang Buyi's poems. In a word, Hong Sheng's simple poetic style, narrative and colloquial expression and the internal drive of "eternal truth" constitute the overall characteristics of his poems.
If the superficial feelings truly reflect the emotional and linguistic features of Hong Sheng's poems, then the profound feelings show the attainments of Hong Sheng's poems in lyrical discussion. Suffering from "family difficulties" for a long time, the poet's accumulated anger often lingers in Hong Sheng's poems. Whether it is a nostalgic work or a work that feels the world when injured, it is very emotional. If Guangling Nostalgia, Yingkao Uncle Temple, Wuyang Houci, Zhouzhi Jiangning, Zhang Suiyang's Tomb, Huangtiandang and Apollo Temple express more the feeling of the rise and fall of the country, Hoonji Pagoda Nostalgia, Diaoyutai and Yimen pay more attention to lamenting the sadness of the world, although the content is slightly different, but they are all diffuse. Just as "Multi-view Building" laments the desolation and desolation of "the rise and fall of the present, people complain today, and wine asks firewood" by climbing the multi-view building where dangerous buildings lean against the blue sky, "Yimen" laments the desolation and desolation of life without a door to serve the country. However, whether it is "Duojing Building" or "Yimen", Hong Sheng's poems are also remarkable in the construction of poetic artistic conception and emotional rendering. "Duojing Building" uses "one river is limited to the north and south, and the golden banana is divided at two points. There are clouds in the pavilions, and the sky is low and the sea is far away. Outline the remoteness of heaven and earth, the vastness of rivers, and have a profound sense of history; " "Yimen" is poetic and desolate with the theme of "the wind and sand rise in the four fields, and the color is dim in the daytime". With the theme of "abandoning hunger and gathering darkness, thirsty for empty trenches", it describes the desolate and scattered ancient Yimen, and tries its best to render the sadness of the protagonist's disorientation, which makes people feel deeply.