Appreciation of Shuowen is one of the styles of ancient argumentative writing, which often expresses one's will by depicting things. Zhou Dunyi's "Love Lotus" is a rare masterpiece in this style.
Lotus was once the object of admiration by literati in the past dynasties, but most literati were amazed at its beautiful posture and plain appearance and shaped it into a pen; However, this excellent essay has a unique way. Through the description of the image and quality of the lotus, it eulogizes the loyal character of the lotus, thus showing the author's noble personality of leading an honest and clean life, not colluding with the secular world, despising and hating the world that pursues fame and fortune.
From the content point of view, this paper can be clearly divided into two parts: the first part tries to describe the image of hibiscus noble; The second part reveals the metaphorical meaning of the lotus, comments on three flowers and expresses the author's deep sigh for the lotus itself.
In the first part of the article, I wrote that the beauty of lotus lies in its "net" character. First of all, "Out of the mud but not stained, clear but not demon" wrote the valuable spirit of lotus in the mud, but spotless, not following the secular, self-love naive and natural; Secondly, it is "straight outside and straight inside, not loose", which shows its noble quality of being connected inside and outside, straight outside and inward, consistent outside and inward, and not involved in clinging; Once again, "You can watch from a distance, don't play with it", and write that Lotus is like an arrogant gentleman, and will never be lightly played by Shu Ren.
Everything mentioned above is actually a portrayal of the author's personality and a self-evident mind, which can be proved from the second part of the article. As the author said, "Who gave the lotus love?" The subtext is that there are too few people like him.
In terms of writing, the two novels have a common feature, that is, they express their will by supporting things. Starting with "getting out of the mud without staining", the article depicts the bearing and style of lotus flowers with strong colors, which places the author's affirmation and pursuit of ideal personality, and also reflects the author's contempt for the secular mentality of pursuing wealth and fame and his pursuit of a clean and honest life. At the same time, the article also uses the method of comparison and contrast, and compares the beauty of lotus with chrysanthemum and peony several times in the article; It also compares the seclusion of chrysanthemum, the wealth of peony and the nobleness of lotus, so that one of the themes of "Love Lotus" can be deepened, without empty preaching, but through the comparison of three images, it plays a role in highlighting the center and deepening the artistic conception, and the technique can be described as extremely ingenious. Moreover, the word "love" runs through the whole article, which makes the article structure rigorous. At the end of the article, the author laments that there are few real hermits, few noble gentlemen and many vulgar people who are greedy for money, which is intriguing and thought-provoking.
This poem is also very distinctive in language, that is, it is beautiful and concise, and it is indeed as beautiful as a lotus flower-"don't ramble" and there is no unnecessary useless language.
Its key point is "emerge from the mud without staining, clear without demonizing", which is the central theme of the full text. This sentence and "near the ink is black" just express the opposite meaning.
The ancients generally used things to express their feelings. The same sentence has two meanings, one is metaphor and the other is expression. Similarly, there is a second meaning to express your feelings, that is, "the mud is not stained, the ripples are clear, but not evil." Metaphorically, the author himself has the noble character of "emerging from mud without dyeing, purifying lotus without demon". In fact, what he means is that officialdom is dark, so it is as difficult for you to maintain a noble character in officialdom as it is for a lotus to emerge from the mud without being defiled. This is also a summary of his experience as an official, because he doesn't want to go along with it. And "Zhuo Qing Lian has no demon" is just a good wish of the author. Walking by the river often, how can you not wet your shoes? Therefore, it is commendable to be able to stand alone in a hundred flowers. This is also the author's sigh, because he can't be immune to the big environment, except to escape and stay away. Or, like him, guard one of his festivals conscientiously.
Zhou Dunyi's "Love Lotus" begins with "the flowers of land and water vegetation are very sweet". The opening part is profound and atmospheric, which not only points out that the lotus in Ailian is also a flower of land and water, but also points out that the lotus is lovely, and it is just one of the "extraordinary" people. This laid a logical foreshadowing for his "single love lotus" below. So, the pen is extraordinary and eye-catching. Next, Zhou Dunyi did not entangle in Fan Fan, but simply narrowed down the scene. The sentence "Tao Jin loves chrysanthemums" makes this question more clear. Tao Yuanming can express his feelings by loving chrysanthemums. How can I not love Lotus alone?
The next sentence, "Since Li Tang came, everyone loves peonies", which seems to be repetitive, but actually deepens the meaning. Moreover, this sentence makes the sense of contrast stronger, and it also paves the way for him to seek the nobility of lotus. Zhou Dunyi's love for lotus flowers is different from Tao Jin Yuanming's love for chrysanthemums. In order to keep a noble and pure life, he would rather die in Nanshan. He wants to be a gentleman in the world. This mentality of staying innocent in a dirty world and seeking truth alone is essentially different from the herd mentality that everyone envies wealth (peony). This paves the way for Ailian's theory of "getting out of the mud without being stained".
In the next sentence, Zhou Dunyi directly got to the point, "Love lotus is not touching, clear lotus is not evil, direct communication with the outside world is not creeping, fragrance is far and clear, and plants are elegant, but you don't play from a distance." Writing the language of lotus, expressing Yu Lian's love for lotus, can be described as one go, which seems to be an intuitive description of lotus, but in fact, every word is the best. The exquisiteness of this pen is amazing. It can be said that the whole reader has no chance to breathe. The language is extraordinary, but the aftertaste is meaningful and long, and the more delicious it is, the more delicious it is.
At the end of the article, Zhou Dunyi first takes flowers as a metaphor, and makes the characteristics of flowers compare with people. Although dull, the metaphor is to the point, which makes people have a different taste. "To call chrysanthemum, the hermit of flowers also; Peony, blooming with wealth; Lotus, the gentleman of flowers. " This plain sentence is followed by "Tao Jin Yuanming loves chrysanthemums alone; Since Li Tang came, people all over the world love peony. Love the lotus alone ... "It is seamless, leaving no trace. More importantly, the metaphor of flowers vividly describes Tao Yuanming's isolation and pursuit of a prosperous life, without a word of direct accusation.
Through this comparison, Zhou Dunyi compared himself to a gentleman. It is better to avoid the world than to be a gentleman. From this perspective, Zhou Dunyi is somewhat narcissistic. However, Zhou Dunyi also had some self-knowledge, and then he sighed deeply, "The love between chrysanthemums and flowers is unknown after pottery;" Who gave the lotus love? Peony love is suitable for all ages. "Yes, the world of mortals is rolling, and how many people can avoid the world for a reason? There was Tao Yuanming in Jin, but I haven't heard of anyone who can do it now. Or, like me, how many people in the world can stay together in a pure and gentlemanly manner like me? Most people just follow the crowd in the world of mortals. It can be seen from this that Zhou Dunyi is arrogant, and his mentality of seeking purity without conformity is commendable in the secular world. He lamented that it was because the world was getting worse and worse, and most people were defiled by it.
It expresses the author's attitude towards life without seeking fame and fortune, and also expresses the author's contempt for pursuing fame and fortune and going with the flow. Eulogize the gentleman's virtue of "getting out of the mud without staining, lingering without demon" and express the author's noble sentiment of not going with the flow.
This article is elegant and refined, concise, catchy and rhyming. It is really a rare short story in ancient Chinese. Moreover, it has a double interpretation, heavy content and far-reaching artistic conception. In addition, its writing is similar to the vernacular, which is easy to read and understand, so it has become a popular product in later generations. When enjoying this article, if you can be moved by the chronicle in the article, this is the best income from reading this article.
[Edit this paragraph] Author introduction
Zhou Dunyi (10 17— 1073)
Zhou dunyi
Mao Shu, born in Lianxi, posthumous title, was a thinker, philosopher and neo-philosopher in Song Dynasty in China. Originally named Dunshi. The world is known as Mr. Lianxi. Daozhou is a native of Yingdao County (now Daoxian County, Hunan Province). Founder of Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zheng Xiang, a bachelor of Longtuge, was the master of Ren Fen Ning (Xiushui), transferred Nan 'an Army Manager to join the army, moved to Guiyang and Nanchang, and was sentenced by Hezhou Judge and Ganzhou. When Ning first learned about Chenzhou, he was transferred to Guangdong as a judge and was sentenced to prison. Wherever I go, I have made great achievements. "In Hezhou County for four years, the people are convinced that the official has no husband's hand and dares not be the master." In his later years, he learned about Nankang Army, where he ruled today's Xing Zi County. I have been to Lushan Mountain and was attracted by its scenery. In his own poem, I said, "I have loved Lushan Mountain for a long time, and I bought Tian Shanyin." Because the house is built under the Lotus Peak of Lushan Mountain, there is a stream in front of it, which joins the Ganjiang River. Named after the former residence of Lianxi Yingdao, he later settled here and moved the tomb of his mother Zheng, who was originally in his hometown, to Sanqi Mountain, Qingquanshe, Lushan Mountain. Dunyi died and was buried next to his mother's grave. The descendants live in Jiangzhou, and the descendants are Mianyan.
Zhou Dunyi is the founder of China's Neo-Confucianism, and his Neo-Confucianism plays a connecting role in the history of China's philosophy. Huang Zongxi, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, said in the case of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty: "Since Confucius, Chinese Confucianism has only learned to pass on the classics, and it has been a long time since then. The rise of Cheng Cheng's successor Yuan Gong ... If we discuss the subtleties of mind, nature and justice, we will break the darkness of several Yuan Gong. " He inherited the Book of Changes and some thoughts of Taoism, and put forward a simple and systematic theory of the composition of the universe, saying that "Tai Chi is infinite" and "Tai Chi" moves without moving, resulting in everything of yin and yang. "Everything is born with endless changes, but people have to show their beauty, which is the most spiritual ("Tai Chi Map ")." The sage also imitated "Tai Chi" to establish "human pole". "The extreme of human beings" means "sincerity", which is "the wood of the five permanent members, the source of all kinds of actions, and the highest state of morality". Only through the main static, no desire, can we achieve this state. In the following 700 years, it had a wide academic influence, and his philosophical categories, such as infinity, Tai Chi, Yin and Yang, five elements, sports, life, good and evil, became the research topics of later Neo-Confucianism.
Zhou Dunyi was not respected before his death and his academic status was not high. People only know that he is "outstanding in political affairs" and "outstanding in official career", especially "aiming at the mountains", with a free and easy mind and a fairy wind. However, no one knows his Neo-Confucianism. Only Cheng Taizhong, a judge in Nan 'an, knew that his Neo-Confucianism attainments were profound and sent his two sons, Cheng Hao and Huang Cheng, to his door. The latter two are famous neo-Confucianists. Hu Hong, a scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, highly praised the study of Dunyi, while Zhu, a master of Neo-Confucianism, highly praised him, stood up for him and commented on Taiji Shuo and Yi Tong. Zhang (Mu) called him "the Taoist priest" and his reputation grew. Jiujiang, Daozhou and Nan 'an built Lianxi Temple in memory of him, and Ning Zongci was posthumous title's Yuan, so Dunyi was also called "". In the period of Li Zong, Zhou Dunyi's position as the founder of Neo-Confucianism was confirmed by worshipping Confucius Temple.
Zhou Dunyi's temperament is simple. He said, "Taro dishes can die for many years. Silk cloth is food and clothing, warm and rich, and Corning is priceless. I am willing to cover it, and I am humble and sincere." He believed in the ancient faith since he was a child, and "honed himself with honor." He has never been greedy for money in his life and loves to talk about fame and fortune. He believes that "a gentleman values Tao, and he is safe and rich". Although he is an official in various places, his salary is very small. Even so, when he came to Jiujiang, he gave his savings to the clan in his hometown.
Zhou Dunyi loves elegant, dignified, beautiful and clean lotus flowers. After learning the news of Nankang Army, he dug a pond to grow lotus flowers on the east side of the mansion. This pond is called Ailian Pool, which is more than ten feet wide. There is a stone platform in the middle, a hexagonal pavilion on the platform and a zigzag bridge on both sides. He often strolls in Chi Pan in midsummer, admiring the lotus floating in the wind and reciting the lotus of love. Since then, Lianchi has been well known.
The Yanshui Pavilion in Jiujiang was originally built by Zhou Dunyi. Because the pavilion is in the middle of the lake and looks like the moon, it is named "Moon Immersion Pavilion". Later, he continued to advocate waste, taking the artistic conception of "thin cage smoke on the top of the mountain" and renamed it "Yanshui Pavilion". In the seventeenth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, inspector Cui Lunqi restored the Yu Yan Pavilion and established the Five Sages Pavilion, and Zhou Dunyi was named one of the Five Sages. There are Lianxi Road and Lianxi Neighborhood Committee in Jiujiang City.
Zhou Dunyi is the author of Zhou Ziquan's book. Lianxi Academy is his lecture platform, and his theory has a great influence on the development of Neo-Confucianism in the future.
Zhou Dunyi is an advocate of systematic discussion on the origin of the world as a philosophical issue.
[Edit this paragraph] Writing background
In the fourth year of Song Xining (A.D. 107 1), Zhou Dunyi, a famous neo-Confucian, came to Xing Zi with Nankang Army. Zhou Dunyi was honest and indifferent, and loved Lian all his life.
After Zhou Dunyi came to Xing Zi, he dug a pond on the east side of Junya and planted all the lotus flowers. When Zhou Dunyi came to Yukiko, he was old (55 years old) and sickly, so whenever he was alone after dinner, he invited friends from the three or five aides to enjoy flowers and tea in Chi Pan and wrote a well-known essay "Love Lotus". Although The Story of Ailian is short, it has been told by people all the time.
A year later, Zhou Dunyi resigned due to old age and infirmity, and settled in a church at the northwest foot of Lushan Mountain to give lectures. He left behind the lotus pond and the article "Love Lotus", which has always been cherished by future generations. In the sixth year of Xichun (AD 1 179), Zhu was transferred to Nankang Zhijun. With admiration for Zhou Dunyi, he rebuilt the lotus pond and established the Lotus Hall. He got the ink of Zhou Dunyi's "Ailian Shuo" from Zhi Qing Zhou, Zhou's great grandson, and asked someone to carve it on a stone and by the pool. Zhu wrote a poem: it is unusual to hear the roots move to a jade well and flowers bloom for ten miles; The bright moon is high and cold, and no one sees it, only for the husband to grow up. Appreciation of "The Theory of Ailian" focuses on "getting rid of the mud without dyeing, and clearing the lotus without evil", which is the central theme of the full text. The ancients generally used things to express their feelings. The same sentence has two meanings, one is metaphor and the other is expression. Similarly, there is a second meaning to express your feelings, that is, "get out of the mud without being stained;" Lotus, not demon. " Metaphorically, the author himself has the noble character of "emerging from mud without dyeing, purifying lotus without demon". In fact, what he means is that officialdom is dark, so it is as difficult for you to maintain a noble character in officialdom as it is for a lotus to emerge from the mud without being defiled.
This is also a summary of his experience as an official, because he doesn't want to go along with it. And "Zhuo Qing Lian has no demon" is just a good wish of the author. Walking by the river often, how can you not wet your shoes? Therefore, it is commendable to be able to stand alone in a hundred flowers. This is also the author's sigh, because he can't be immune to the big environment, except to escape and stay away. Or, like him, guard one of his festivals conscientiously. Zhou Dunyi's "Love Lotus" begins with "the flowers of land and water vegetation are very sweet".
Zhou Dunyi (10 17 ~ 1073) is the founder of China's Neo-Confucianism, and his Neo-Confucianism thought plays a connecting role in the history of China's philosophy. Zhou Dunyi loved reading since childhood and was quite famous in his hometown. People say that he is "ambitious, knowledgeable, practical and has the demeanor of the ancients." His knowledge and tolerance also moved many people to follow him, the most famous of which were two brothers, Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao, who later became famous Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty.
In 1072, Zhou Dunyi came to Jiangxi and founded Lianxi Academy. From then on, I began to give lectures and educate people. He named the stream in front of the academy "Lianxi" and called himself "Mr. Lianxi". Because I love lotus all my life, I built a lotus hall in the academy, and carved a pool in front of the hall, named "Lotus Pool", and pinned my lifelong ambition on the noble lotus. After giving lectures and studying, Mr. Wang often walks in front of the main hall to admire the lotus. Later, he wrote a poem "Love Lotus", whose famous sentence "Out of the mud but not stained, clear but not demon, straight but not creeping, fragrant far and clear, graceful and pure, far but not ridiculous" became a swan song, and it is still widely circulated today.
[Edit this paragraph] Understanding dictation
1. The sentence that describes the purity and simplicity of lotus is: "Mud comes out without touching, clear without demon."
2. The central sentence of the full text is: "Lotus is a gentleman of flowers."
3. Zhou Dunyi's famous poem "Love Lotus" says: "Love lotus only, without dirt, clear but not demon, straight and not crawling outside, fragrant and beautiful, graceful, but not ridiculous from a distance."
At the flower show in the park, there are always more people watching peony than other flowers. In the words of "Love Lotus", it is: "Peony love is suitable for everyone."
5. The sentence that shows that the master is not bound by secular life and hates secular life is: "Who gave the lotus love?"
6. The sentence describing the beautiful image of the lotus is: "The mud is not stained, the ripples are clear but not demon, the outside is straight, the fragrance is far and clear, and the vegetation is graceful."
7. Compared with "black near the ink, black near the ink", it embodies the noble quality of lotus. Now people often use it to describe the sentence that some people don't go along with the world but lead a totally clean life: "Get out of the mud and don't dye, don't dye and don't dye."
8. The sentence that compares the reputation of a gentleman is: "Xiang Yuan Yi Qing."
9. One sentence that can best summarize the noble quality of lotus is (main sentence): "Lotus is also a gentleman of flowers."
10. The sentence that a gentleman is honest and reasonable and does not cling to the powerful is: "Straight through, not sloppy."
1 1, the sentence that generally sets off the lotus: "The flowers of land and water plants are very sweet."
12. From the perspective of the growing environment, write a noble, simple and solemn sentence of lotus: "Mud is not stained, but it is not evil."
13, a sentence that describes a clean and honest life, but does not flatter people: "The mud does not touch, but it is not evil."
14, the reason for "loving lotus alone" is: "The mud is not touched, the ripples are clear but not demon, the communication is straight, the fragrance is far and clear, and it is graceful, so you can look at it from a distance without being ridiculous."
15, set off the words of Lotus from the opposite side: "If you don't touch the mud, you won't be evil."
16, the author uses a hermit-chrysanthemum to set off the lotus on earth.
17. At the same time, the author uses peony, a rich person, to set off the noble sentiment of lotus with a gentleman's way, unlike the world who only pursues fame and fortune.