Introduction: Li Sao is Qu Yuan's masterpiece and the longest lyric poem in ancient China, with 373 sentences and 2,49 words. This is a masterpiece of romanticism. In this poem, the poet's lofty ideals and fiery feelings made generate shine brilliantly. The following is the appreciation of Qu Yuan's Li Sao, which I compiled for you, for reference only, hoping to help you!
Sima Qian interpreted the name of Li Sao as "I am still worried about leaving", and Ban Gu of the Han Dynasty also said in the Preface to Li Sao: "I am still suffering from leaving; Sao, worry also. I know that I have been worried about as a speech. " This is the explanation that people in the Han dynasty got from the original meaning of the text. The poem describes the poet's "worry" and repeatedly expresses his deep worry, so this lyric poem contains many narrative elements. This poem can almost be regarded as the poet's "autobiography", which twists and turns to write the poet's thoughts and actions for most of his life.
this poem can be divided into eight parts. The first part describes his family background, birth and his ambition since childhood; The second part describes his political experience; The third part describes his feelings after persecution, indicating that he insisted on his ideals and never gave up until death; In the fourth part, when the woman told him that he didn't need to "be good at learning and repairing", he made a speech to the legendary ancient emperor Zhong Hua, telling his political ideal positively. In the fifth part, he wrote that he was depressed and had no choice but to fantasize about going to heaven and earth to seek someone who knew him. The sixth part describes his ambivalence; He asked about spiritual atmosphere and witchcraft; Hoping for guidance, Lingqi advised him to leave Chu, and Wu Xian advised him to stay and make plans, but looking around the political situation in Chu, he was disappointed. The seventh part writes that he fantasizes about leaving Chu for a long trip, but finally he is attached to it; The eighth part is "random words", which means to die for his ideal.
Li Sao shows the poet's concern for the motherland and his love for the people. Qu Yuan is a great patriotic poet with great ambitions. He wanted to refresh politics and save the state of Chu from peril: "Only the party members steal happiness, and the road is secluded and dangerous. I'm afraid of the loss of the imperial court, and I'm willing to rise up and be the pioneer of the king of Chu: "Take a horse to gallop, come, my doffer will go first!"
His purpose is not only to save the state of Chu from peril, but also to make it strong, so as to realize the unification of China. Reunification of China was the wish of the people at that time, and it was also the ideal of visionary figures. In Li Sao, Qu Yuan often mentioned Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Zhou Wenwang and so on, just to make Chu Huaiwang follow their example. At that time, Confucianism put forward these figures to be idealized, hoping that the rulers would unify China like these ideal figures. Qu Yuan's thought was the highest expression of patriotism at that time. He not only wanted to make his motherland a powerful country, but also wanted his motherland to accomplish the great historical mission at that time.
Li Sao also shows the poet's spirit of persisting in ideals, hating darkness and hating evil as hatred. The poet's ideal could not be realized under the resistance of the decadent ruling group of Chu, and he angrily rebuked the ruling group of Chu; He also described his own sentiment and Geng Jie's ambition in this way:
it is not urgent for me to chase after Xi;
Old Ran Ran is approaching, and he is afraid that his name will not be established.
drinking Mulan in the morning shows the dew, and eating autumn chrysanthemum in the evening shows the fall of England.
if you have more feelings and trust, you can practice what is important, and it won't hurt if you grow up!
press the root of the wood to tie the knot; Through the falling core of Ficus pumila;
I'm trying to persuade Hu Sheng to take care of me.
it's not for the common people to be obedient to me.
Although I am not familiar with people today, I would like to be Peng Xian's legacy.
......
The poet wrote that he drank the dew falling from the magnolia in the morning and ate the blooming flowers of autumn chrysanthemum in the evening; Wearing the decoration of Ficus pumila, Jingui, Hu Sheng and other fragrant flowers, it is used as a metaphor for one's nobleness. Compared with the greed, jealousy, rashness and pursuit of those ruling groups, it sets off the poet's contempt for those ugly souls. Then, after reprimanding the ruling group for "rumors" and "correcting mistakes by breaking the rules", the poet wrote his own uncompromising: "The birds of prey are not in groups, but they have been in the past."
The brilliance of ideas in Qu Yuan's works is exactly shown in this way: he hates the decadent ruling clique very much, and hates them in order to protect his beautiful thoughts. Because of this, the deeper the hatred. He not only exposed and castigated the decadent ruling clique, but also cited his own beautiful ideals when he exposed and castigated, which showed the ugliness of the exposed and the heavier the castigation.
The whole work has a strong romantic color, and in the second half, this color is even stronger. The poet wrote his life experiences, political ideals and the exposure of dark politics in front, and most of them were real. However, it uses some techniques of "comparison and prosperity", which is completely different from the "prosperity" in the Book of Songs, and it is not a simple metaphor. The image it uses as a metaphor contains a distant artistic conception:
I have both inner beauty and cultivation. Hu Gracilaria and Bi Zhi Xi, threading Qiu Lan thought Pei. If I am not as good as I am, I am afraid that my age will not be with me. Mulan Xi in the morning, and Shu Mang in the evening.
making lotus flowers means clothes, and Jimei Rong means clothes. I don't know that it is also awkward, and I feel that I believe it. In his works, the poet writes about his love for all kinds of vanilla flowers, which is a metaphor for his purity and elegance. When people read these poems, they not only feel the color and fragrance of flowers and plants, but more importantly, they feel attracted by a far-reaching artistic conception. Gracilaria, Pizhi, Qiu Lan, lotus, and hibiscus, which grow in the deep rocks of the water country, could easily lead people's mood to the realm of fantasy. Poets use them to symbolize noble character, and wearing them symbolizes his clothing and morality. This writes the noble and touching image of the poet.
but the most important feature of romanticism in Li Sao is not here. But the important feature is that under the poet's pen, a large number of myths and legends, historical figures, the sun and the moon, the quicksand of mountains and rivers, etc. are driven, forming an extremely magnificent and complete picture. If the poet writes that his ideal can't be realized and no one can understand him, in a helpless mood, he fantasizes about flying into the sky in a phoenix and a phoenix, and looking for the emperor of heaven to talk:
The morning started in Wu Xi, and the evening went to the county garden. If you want to leave this spirit less, the day will suddenly turn to dusk. I ordered xi he to be cautious, and look forward to it without forcing it; Luman Manqi Xiu Yuan Xi, I will search up and down. After drinking the rest of the horse in the salty pool, the total rest is tied to the hibiscus, and if it is broken, it will be a slap in the sun, and it will be easy to talk about the sheep. Wang Shu was the pioneer before, and Fei Lian was the subordinate after; Luan Huang warned Yu first, but Lei Shi told Yu not to have it. I make the phoenix fly, followed by day and night; Gone with the wind Tun its separation from Xi, handsome Yun Ni came to the royal; Disputes are always on and off, and the spots are separated from them.
The artistic conception written in this paragraph is extremely broad and magnificent. The poet imagined that he left Cangwu in the south in the morning and arrived at Kunlun Mountain in the northwest before sunset. He also told the sun god to slow down and go "up and down" before sunset. He drank horses in the salty pool where the sun bathed and rested in the hibiscus where the sun passed. He was followed by a large group of deities such as Luna, Fengshen, Luan Huang and Lei Shi. The momentum is very impressive.
this is not only the description of this paragraph, but also a large number of descriptions. He can make all the wonderful scenes in the universe come to his pen.
There are some places in Lisao that express the poet's lonely feelings, which are different from those above:
Chao Wu will help the white water, climb the wind and win the horse. Turn around and cry; Mourn for the childless daughter of the high hills!
who wants beauty and releases a woman (you)? Why is there no fragrant grass, and why do you care about the past!
These sentences can make people feel deeply moved, showing another kind of deep and graceful feelings in the works.
in Li Sao, Qu Yuan expressed his grief and indignation with the help of myths and legends and the wonders of the universe. Disappointed in reality, he fantasized about roaming in the divine world. However, fantasy can't eliminate his resentment in reality. Therefore, when the poem is written in a gorgeous place, it immediately describes his disappointment, such as writing that he flew into the sky in a phoenix and a phoenix bird, and told the "emperor" in the sky to open the door, but the "emperor" was "leaning and looking at it". He Another example is to write that he was sad when he suddenly saw his hometown in the bright sky, when he drove all the way through Kunlun, crossed quicksand and pointed to the West Sea. The works intricately express the poet's full of grief and indignation. At the same time, it is written repeatedly and twists and turns, which is wonderful.
Li Sao is a very varied poem, which interweaves the narrative of facts, the expression of solitude and the description of fantasy, and is magnificent and perfect in structure. Every part of the poem is beautiful and moving, and together it is a magnificent, harmonious and complete whole. Only with the most abundant and intense feelings of loving the motherland and persisting in the ideal can we write such a great chapter.
Theme
Li Sao can be divided into two parts, namely, from "the Miao nationality of Emperor Levin" to "I can punish my spare heart", which is the former part; The latter part is from "the wife's wife is awkward" to "I will live in Peng Xian's house".
The first part describes Qu Yuan's review of his past life experiences. Describe Qu Yuan's birth from an aristocratic family with the same surname as the King of Chu and his birth name. Describe his desire to self-study virtue and exercise talent since childhood and to serve the State of Chu. Describe his ideal of inspiring and guiding the king of Chu "and the former king's heel" to make Chu rich and strong, and his struggle to assist the king of Chu in political reform; However, because Qu Yuan's political ideal and reform practice violated the vested interests of the decadent aristocratic groups, they suffered heavy persecution and blows, and slanders and slanders came all over the sky, and the king of Chu also listened to rumors and alienated and exiled Qu Yuan. At this time, the talents carefully cultivated by Qu Yuan to realize his ideal also deteriorated, which made Qu Yuan's situation extremely isolated. In this case, Qu Yuan saw that his ideal could not be realized, "how difficult it is for the people to live", and the motherland fell into a precarious situation of "the road is secluded and dangerous", which made Qu Yuan, who loves his country and loves his people, fall into extreme pain; Qu Yuan angrily exposed the capricious, unfaithful and incompetent behavior of the King of Chu. At the same time, it reveals the evil of corrupt aristocratic groups, such as greed and jealousy, stealing peace, breaking the law and engaging in malpractices, and leading the motherland to peril; Described Qu Yuan's fighting spirit of not giving in to reactionary forces.
The latter part mainly describes Qu Yuan's exploration and pursuit of the future road and truth. First of all, the woman advised him to accept the lessons of history, not to be "eager to repair", but to be wise and protect himself; However, Qu Yuan analyzed the historical facts from ancient times to the present by making a statement to Zhong Hua, and denied the suggestion of female wives. So Qu Yuan began the course of pursuing his ideal, "The road is long, but it is Xiu Yuan, and I will go up and down". First of all, he knocked on "Tian Hao", but he was met with a cold reception; Then, the poet asked for Fu Fei, Yao, the daughter of Yi, and Yao, the second daughter of Yu, in order to reach the Emperor of Heaven, but all of them failed, which symbolically showed that there was no hope for the king of Chu. So Qu Yuan went to the spirit of God for divination, and the spirit advised him to travel abroad. The poet hesitated, and went to ask Wu Xian for advice, and Wu Xian advised him to stay in Chu for a while until he was a wise king. In the contradictory suggestions, the poet analyzed the domestic political situation, felt that he could not stay in the dark and hopeless Chu State for a long time, and decided to travel far away from Chu. However, the idea of traveling far away contradicted Qu Yuan's patriotic feelings, so when he ascended to heaven and traveled far away, he suddenly saw the land of Chu, saying that "the servant and husband were more sad than Ma Huaixi, but he couldn't do anything about it", which vividly denied the way to leave Chu. Finally, the poet decided to "live in Peng Xian's home" and sacrifice his ideal of "beautiful politics" with his death.
The theme of the whole poem, that is, through the description of the poet's lifelong struggle for lofty ideals, strongly expresses his anguish and contradictory feelings of being killed, shows his spirit of dedication to the country, his deep patriotism and sympathy for the people who share the same fate with the country, and shows the poet's indomitable struggle spirit of bravely pursuing truth and light and upholding justice and ideals. At the same time, it also profoundly exposed the decadent and dark nature of the Chu aristocratic group headed by Chu Jun, and criticized them for their crimes of reversing right and wrong, forming a party for selfish ends, harming talents, and committing evil mistakes in the country.
Evaluation
Li Sao is a magnificent poem that Qu Yuan cast with his ideals, experiences, pains and enthusiasm, and even his whole life, in which the poet's distinctive personality shines, which is the first time in the history of China literature. The creation of Li Sao is rooted in reality and full of fantasy. Ancient myths and legends are widely used in the poem, and through extremely rich imagination and association, and extravagant description, real figures, historical figures and mythical figures are intertwined, and the earth and the kingdom of heaven, the human world and the dreamland are intertwined, forming a magnificent, strange and colorful fantasy world, thus producing a strong artistic charm. The metaphor of "vanilla beauty" is widely used in the poem, which vividly shows the abstract consciousness and complex realistic relationship.
The so-called "Li Sao" is based on poetry and draws analogies, so good birds and herbs are matched with loyalty, bad birds and smelly things are compared with arrogance, spiritual beauty is close to the monarch, and Fu Fei's lost women are compared with good ministers "(Wang Yi's Songs of the South), which is the artistic feature. Moreover, the metaphor not only stays in the analogy of individual things, but also embodies in the conception of the whole image system, thus containing the overall symbolic significance. In the form of language, Lisao broke through the four-sentence pattern in The Book of Songs, with five, six, seven, eight and nine characters in each sentence, three sentences and cross sentences, and the syntax is uneven level, which is flexible and changeable. The word "Xi" is used at the end of every sentence, and empty word such as "Zhi", "Yu", "Hu", "Fu" and "Er" are often used in sentences to coordinate syllables, and some sentences don't need empty word. This new form of poetic expression laid the foundation for the rise of Sao-style literature after the Book of Songs.
Duality is often used in Li Sao. According to statistics, there are more than 1 sentences in the whole article; And there have been intricate pairs, such as "the work of fixing the customs is clever, and the rules are corrected; Carry the rope and ink to chase the song, and compete with Zhou Rong. " In a sentence, double tones are often matched with double tones, and overlapping rhymes are matched with overlapping rhymes. The former is like "Yu Yi and Xi Xi", while the latter is like "Chatting at leisure with sheep", and so on. This has formed the characteristics that the poems in Li Sao are neat in strewn at random and full of changes in order. When read, the rhythm is harmonious and the tone is cadenced, with a kind of ups and downs, singing and sighing. At the same time, Lisao uses a large number of dialect words of Chu, such as gurgling, reeling, mang, feng, Qiang, wandering, wandering, and winding, etc., and often puts the pictophonetic words at the beginning of the sentence. The use of adjectives in the poem is also very appropriate and innovative, such as the description of Yun Ni's tumbling appearance, the "precarious" metaphor of the high crown's towering trend, and the "winding" dragon swimming state, all of which can be described as following the sound and getting the appearance, and the music is wonderful. Li Sao's high artistic achievement is perfectly combined with its rich and profound ideological content, which makes it a masterpiece in the history of China literature and has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Lu Xun once praised it as "an excellent speech" (Outline of the History of Chinese Literature) and gave it a high evaluation.