Xie Lingyun (385 -433), whose real name is Lingyun, was born in Taikang County (now Henan Province), a minister, Buddhist scholar and traveler from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Liu and Song Dynasties, the originator of the landscape poetry school, his son, Zhong Shulang, his mother Liu, and the granddaughter of Wang Xizhi.
Born in Xie family of Chen county, born in Huiji county (now Shaoxing city). In the second year of Yuanxing (403), the Duke of Kangle County was attacked. Fu (Sima) began to join the army, and successively served as Fu Jun (), Qiu (Emperor Wu of Song) and Huangmen Assistant Minister in Zhongshu. After the establishment of the Liu and Song Dynasties, Ren Kangle County became a regular servant for scattered riding. Prince Zuo Gongwei, Yongjia Prefect, Secretary Supervisor, Linchuan Prefect. In the tenth year of Yuanjia (433), he was executed for "treason" at the age of 49.
Xie Lingyun is young, studious, well-read and good at writing articles. His poems are as famous as Yan Yanzhi's, and he is also called "Xie Yan". He was the first poet who devoted himself to creating landscape poems. He is also proficient in history, good at calligraphy, translating foreign Buddhist scriptures, and co-editing the Book of Jin with Xie.
The life of the character
Smart from childhood
Xie Lingyun was brilliant when he was very young. His grandfather Xie Xuan attached great importance to him and said to his close friend, "I gave birth to Xie Yun, but how did Xie Yun give birth to her spiritual life!" " Xie Lingyun was fostered in the Taoist temple of Du Huan, a Taoist priest in Qiantang when he was a child. He didn't return to Jiankang until he was fifteen, so he was nicknamed the guest. Xie Lingyun loved reading books and classics since he was a child. His article is so good that almost no one in Jiangnan can catch up with him. His uncle Xie Hun likes him very much.
In the second year of Yuan Xing in Jin 'an (403), 18-year-old Xie Lingyun inherited his grandfather's title and was made Duke of Recreation, enjoying the tax treatment of 2,000 households. Citing precedent, Xie Lingyun was awarded the position of riding assistant outside the court, but Xie Lingyun refused to take the position.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty was an official.
In the first year of Yixi (405), Xie Lingyun joined the army as the king of Langya and Fu Sima Wende. Xie Lingyun loves luxury. His car is beautifully decorated, and everything he wears and plays with has changed his old style. The whole world follows his example and people call him Xie.
In the third year of Yixi (407), Liu Yi, the general of the Fujun Army, guarded his aunt, and Xie Lingyun joined the army as the prefect. Liu Yi guarded Jiangling and made him a guard in Langzhong.
In the eighth year of Yixi (4 13), Liu Yibing rebelled against Emperor Wu of Song, and he was defeated. Emperor Wu of Song appointed Xie Lingyun as Qiu to join the army. After returning to Beijing, he was transferred to the post of secretary Cheng, who was later dismissed for some things.
In the 11th year of Yixi (4 15), Xie Lingyun was transferred to Zhongshu Assistant Minister. In the 12th year of Yixi (4 16), the Yao family at the end of Qin Dynasty was pacified by Emperor Wu, and General Liu Daolian stayed in the capital. Xie Lingyun was appointed as an adviser to join the army, then as an assistant minister in Zhongshu, and then as an adviser to Prince Zhong Jun and an assistant minister in Huangmen. Later, Xie Lingyun was ordered to send Cheng Peng to comfort Liu Jun, and wrote "Writing a Sign".
In the first year of Yuanxi (4 19), Emperor Wu was in Pengcheng Song State, and Xie Lingyun, who was ordered to return from the mission, was still appointed as assistant minister of Huangmen in Song State, and later promoted to Guo Xiang to engage in corps commander. The prince left Wei, and Wei was dismissed from his post for executing his protege without authorization.
"Xie Lingyun's Image" of Ming and History
Act in an arbitrary and reckless manner
In the first year of Yongchu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (420), Song Wudi became independent, and Xie Lingyun's title was reduced from a public official to a leisure county magistrate, with 500 inns, and he was appointed as a regular waiter of scattered riding and transferred to the left-back rate of the Prince. Xie Lingyun is extreme in nature and often violates etiquette. The court only regarded him as a talented scholar, not a learned and talented politician. However, he thinks he has the ability to participate in state affairs, but he is not appreciated and reused, and he is often indignant.
In the third year of Yongzheng (422), Song Shaodi succeeded to the throne, and the power was in the hands of ministers. Xie Lingyun made mischief in the middle and slandered those in power. Stuart Xu Xianzhi and others were afraid of him, so they pushed him out and made Yongjia a satrap. Yongjia county has many famous mountains and beautiful waters. Xie Lingyun has always liked to travel around, because he was relegated, so he traveled widely and traveled to almost every county. Every time he goes on a business trip, he often doesn't come home for more than ten days. He neglected the main duties of the county magistrate, such as governing the people, promoting the virtuous, deciding litigation, detecting rape and so on. Wherever he goes, he writes poems to express his feelings and thoughts. After only one year in the county seat, he claimed to be sick and left his job, and returned to his hometown to live in seclusion. His cousins Xie Hui, Xie Yao and Xie Hongwei all wrote to persuade him, but he didn't listen. Xie Lingyun's grandfather and father are buried in Boning County, where his old house and villa are located. So he changed his native place to Huiji County, where he built houses and manors. The place where he lives, the beautiful water in front of the ring and the towering mountains on his back, has a panoramic view and is extremely deep. He and hermits such as Wang Hongzhi and Kong Chunzhi enjoy writing poems. Every poem of his spread to the capital, no matter how high or low it was copied, the officials and the people became familiar with it overnight. People from far and near admired him very much, and for a time, he became famous in Beijing. He also wrote an article "Mountain Residence Fu", and he annotated it himself to describe these things.
In the second year of Jingping (424), Liu Yilong proclaimed himself emperor, and in the third year of Yuanjia (426), the powerful minister Xu Xianzhi and others were killed. Later, Xie Lingyun was transferred to the director of the secretary, but he was summoned twice, and Xie Lingyun ignored him. Liu Yilong sent Guanglu doctor Fan Tai to write to Xie Lingyun to praise him, and he was called to office. The emperor asked him to sort out the books saved by the minister and make up the missing places. Because there was no complete history book in Jin Dynasty, he asked Xie Lingyun to write a Book of Jin. He wrote a rough outline, but the book was not written after all. Soon, he was promoted to assistant and summoned every morning and evening, which was very popular with Emperor Wen. Xie Lingyun's calligraphy is unique. At that time, he copied every composition by himself. Wendi called his writing and ink two treasures. Since he is a celebrity, Xie Lingyun feels that he should participate in state affairs. When summoned, he promised himself, but after being summoned, Wendi only regarded him as a scholar. Every time I drink with Wendi Deng, Wendi Deng just asks him to talk about poetry. Wang Tanshou, Yin and others, whose fame and titles have always been below him, are spoiled at the same time. Xie Lingyun refuses to accept, often saying that he is sick and does not go to court. He just built ponds, planted flowers and trees, transplanted bamboo, fiddled with herbs, and endlessly let the laborers in the yamen serve him personally. Go out to play, sometimes walk 160 miles a day, often for more than ten days, without asking for instructions or asking for leave. Song Wendi saw this situation and wanted to dismiss him, but he didn't want to embarrass him directly, so he hinted that he would resign voluntarily. Xie Lingyun went on to say that he was ill, and the emperor asked him to take a vacation and go home to recuperate. Before he left, he went to another concert to persuade Wendi Deng to explore the north.
Hatred satrap
In the fifth year of Yuanjia (428), after Xie Lingyun returned to his hometown, he played, drank and got together to write poems day and night as usual. Therefore, he was impeached by an imperial minister, Cheng, and was removed from all official positions. After returning home, Xie Lingyun and his brothers and sisters Xie Huilian, He Changyu from Donghai, Xun Yong from Yingchuan and Yang Ren Zhuo Zhi from Taishan got along well because they appreciated each other's articles. They travel together, and the locals call them "four friends".
Thanks to his rich family background and deep connections from his ancestors, Xie Lingyun lived a rich life, with many slaves and hundreds of close friends and followers from his ancestors. He likes to travel, indulge in mountains and rivers, and build mountains and lakes. Anyone who swims in the mountains must explore the steepest and deepest places. Even if the mountains are stacked and the ravines are criss-crossed, he will certainly go wherever he wants to go regardless of the dangers and obstacles. In order to walk more easily on the mountain road, he wears a pair of clogs with detachable front and rear teeth every time he climbs the mountain. He pulled out his front teeth when he went up the hill, and his back teeth when he went down the hill. This kind of shoes is called "spiritual luck" by later generations.
Xie Lingyun worked hard in Daxing, and once cut down trees to clear the way, from sharping Mountain in the south to Linhai. Wang Xian, then the prefect of Linhai, thought it was a mountain thief who came to sneak attack. He was very scared. Later, he was relieved to learn that Xie Lingyun was not a mountain thief. Xie Lingyun invited Wang Xian to continue playing with him, but Wang Xian refused. Xie Lingyun also has many followers in Huiji, and he always alarms the county magistrate. Meng Qian, the magistrate of Huiji, believed in Buddhism and was sincere and serious. Xie Lingyun looked down on him and said to him, "Immortal should be a literati with aura. You must ascend to heaven before me and become a Buddha after me. " Meng Ai hates what Xie Lingyun said.
Hui Hui Lake is located in the east of Huiji City. Xie Lingyun's request for rice fields was approved and ordered to be implemented by local counties. However, Meng Qian thought that Huizhi Lake was very close to the battlements, and it was a pity that one side could feed the other side with water and soil, and he could not make full use of rice fields, so he resolutely refused to carry out the orders of the court. Xie Lingyun saw that things didn't develop in the direction he expected, and instead demanded that Guo Mao Lake in Suning County be turned into a paddy field, which was once again resisted by Mencius. Xie Lingyun thinks that Meng Kui is not thinking about benefiting the people first, but only thinking that digging a lake will kill people, which hurts Meng Kui verbally, and Meng Kui and Xie Lingyun have forged a hatred.
Meng Qian took advantage of Xie Lingyun's bohemian character and many intrusions on the people, saying that Xie Lingyun wanted to rebel and privately called the county army to defend itself. Hearing this, Xie Lingyun flew to Beijing to write: "I have been back to China for three years. On weekdays, I live far away from battlements, rarely deal with the world, and stay in a remote cave in into the badlands, almost cutting off contact with the outside world. I just want to cultivate myself and live the rest of my life in peace. However, on the 28th of last month, I suddenly learned that Lv Meng, the prefect of Huiji, falsely accused me of rebellion. I am deeply surprised. I don't know why he said that, so I hurried back to Beijing to meet the emperor and explain it clearly. On the way here, when I passed through Yinshan City, the whole city strengthened its defense, the army was ready, and the streets were full of spies. I really don't know what crime I have committed, but I am so alert. Now I have been in fear. I was lucky enough to be the emperor's courtier and was blessed by God. If there is conclusive evidence that I have betrayed the sacredness and violated the law, I will be willingly sentenced to death according to law. Even under the whole world, there is no place for me to stand. How cruel it is to take rumors as my evidence now! Since ancient times, sages have been slandered, but for a reason. Or not afraid of death and loyalty, or forming a party to gather people, or dominating the village, or being a swordsman and knight-errant, unscrupulous. I have never heard of people who follow the rules, people who want to rebel and rebel, and people who live in seclusion intend to murder the emperor. There is nothing more cruel than catching shadows, making rumors out of thin air and framing people since ancient times. I don't cherish my life, but I can't stand injustice. I asked myself that there was nothing wrong with the emperor, but my stomach was full of grievances and there was nowhere to tell. So I went to see the emperor in spite of illness, so please judge. I hope that the emperor can distinguish between right and wrong, so that even if I die, it will be like living. " I'm on tenterhooks all day, in a daze, and I don't know what to say. "
Exiled and killed.
The emperor knew that Xie Lingyun had been wronged, so he was not convicted. I just didn't want him to go back to Huiji, so I made a Linchuan literature and history and added a salary of two thousand stones. Xie Lingyun remained the same after taking office, just like when he was in Yongjia County, so he was impeached again by the relevant personnel. Si Tuleideng sent Zheng, Wang Linchuan's agent, to catch Xie Lingyun, but Xie Lingyun caught Zheng and defected, so he had the idea of rebellion. He wrote a poem saying, "The death at the end of the Han Dynasty was exciting, and Qin Huanglu was even more humiliated. His ancestral home is Jianghai, and he feels very loyal and very gentleman. " Finally, he was arrested and sent to Ting Wei for conviction. Ting Wei said that Xie Lingyun led the rebellion and should be put to death. The emperor still cherishes his talent and just wants to remove him from office. Liu Yikang, the king of Pengcheng, insisted on unforgivability, so the emperor wrote an imperial edict saying: "Xie Lingyun is guilty and should be put to death. But I think that his grandfather Xie Xuan has made great contributions to the country. We should forgive his descendants and avoid being banished to Guangzhou when he dies. "
In the 10th year of Yuanjia (433), the Qin government sent Zong Qi to Tukou, passing by Xu Tao Village, and saw six or seven people talking nonsense on the road below, suspecting that they were not good people. When I came back, I told the chief that the chief had sent troops with Zongqi to catch them. After some struggle, I arrested them all and put them in prison. Q.luv, a native of Shanyin County, is one of them. He said, "Villager Xue Daoshuang once worked with Xie Lingyun. At the beginning of September last year, Xue Daoshuang successfully told me in the countryside through villagers:' Xie Mou, who used to do literature and history in Linchuan and now rushed to Guangzhou illegally, gave us money to buy weapons such as bows, arrows, guns and shields, so that Xue Daoshuang could make friends with athletes in the village and go to Sanjiangkou to save Xie Mou. So I gathered everyone to usurp Xie, but it didn't work. When we came back, everyone was hungry and had to rob along the road. "The relevant departments arrested Xie Lingyun according to law, and the emperor made an imperial edict and ordered Xie Lingyun to be executed on the spot in Guangzhou, at the age of 49. When Xie Lingyun died, he wrote a poem saying, "Gong Sheng will not rest, but Ye Li will have an end. Justice was forced, and Huo's life was ruined. Sad frost leaves, melancholy wind bacteria. It's not a pity to meet unexpectedly geometrically. It took me a long time to send my heart to my heart. If you hate my ambition as a gentleman, you won't get lost on the rocks. The sum written in his poems is better than the ovary and Lv Lian written in previous poems.
Literary achievements
Literary form/style/genre
Portrait of Xie Lingyun
Yang Fang, Li Yong, Yu Yan, Yin Zhongwen and Xie Hun all made certain contributions in the process of the emergence and development of landscape poems. However, Xie Lingyun was the first poet who devoted himself to creating landscape poems. There are nearly 100 poems, of which 38 can be regarded as relatively complete landscape poems. Landscape poetry flourished in Jin and Song Dynasties, and its contribution was first promoted by Xie Lingyun.
trait
The achievements of Xie Lingyun's landscape poems depend largely on "carving". The "carving" of Xie Lingyun's landscape poems is a meticulous imitation of nature. Xie Lingyun added his own subjective color in the process of mimicry, which made the landscape present a unique appearance that originated from reality but was different from reality. The skill of "carving" in Xie Lingyun's landscape poems is not only reflected in the detailed description of subtle scenery, but also in the structural organization of various intentions. The two are often combined to express the different and changeable postures of landscapes. At the same time, Xie Lingyun's landscape poems show a "natural" side. "Nature" in Xie's poems has double meanings. On the one hand, Xie Lingyun's landscape poems truly present a natural style, which is inseparable from the poet's "carving" power. On the other hand, Xie Lingyun also has sentences that seem to be easily carved and blurted out, which are true and natural, such as "Spring grass grows in the pond and willow turns into a songbird".
"Sculpture" and "nature" are often mixed in Xie Lingyun's landscape poems, which is the dual nature of Xie Lingyun's poems. From the perspective of poetry development, Xie's poems are "natural", which is reflected in the use of words to describe the scenery, on the other hand, the scenery they describe is also realistic, which is different from Han Dafu's exaggerated ornamentation and the conceptual writing of metaphysical poems. And "The Carving" mainly focuses on Xie Lingyun's detailed description of specific scenery.
Xie Lingyun attaches great importance to emotion, which is vividly expressed in his landscape poems. On the whole, in the era of metaphysics, poetry emphasizes "reason" and "everything is standard, just like On Morality". Xie Lingyun's landscape poems are far from the spirit of Jian 'an literature, and return to the tradition of expressing feelings and aspirations with his own creative achievements. In most of his landscape poems, the poet's lyrical style is also reflected. The emotions in his poems are mainly manifested in the following aspects: ① As an ideal frustrated person, Xie Lingyun poured out his grief and indignation in his poems. As a landscape tourist, Xie Lingyun showed his love for nature in his poems. As a lonely traveler, Xie Lingyun expressed his yearning for his friends in his poems. As a thinker seeking Tao, Xie Lingyun expressed his joy after realizing Tao in his poems.
Xie Lingyun's landscape poems created a new realm of China's landscape literature. On the basis of his experience in writing landscapes in previous literary works, he creatively applied various artistic expressions to landscape poems. In his landscape poems, landscape poems are full of novelty and even strangeness, deep or shallow landscapes, presenting readers with poetic "nature" like the real scene but beyond the real scene. At the same time, because Xie Lingyun's landscape poems aim at "expressing ambition", natural landscape is the carrier of his expression of emotions, which always contains the author's subjective feelings. Thus, the unique natural and humanistic charm of Xie Lingyun's landscape poems is formed.
affect
Xie Lingyun and his landscape poems had a great influence in Liu and Song Dynasties. Shen Yue, Xie Shu and others inherited and developed them, and promoted the gradual improvement of landscape poems. Xie Shi's poetic language is rich, delicate and close to nature, and he pursues a detailed description of the scenery, which has an exemplary role for later poets' poetic language and scenery writing skills. The pursuit of antithesis in Xie Lingyun's landscape poems directly influenced the later literature of Qi and Liang Dynasties and promoted the emergence of Yongming style, on the other hand, it indirectly promoted the emergence of modern poetry, which played its due role in the legalization of landscape poems in the early Tang Dynasty. His landscape poetry creation influenced the poetry creation of poets in the early Tang Dynasty in terms of landscape description mode and formal skills. Xie Shi's three-stage structure and two-line structure built a high platform for the development of poetry in the early Tang Dynasty, and eventually landscape poetry reached a high level of prosperity in the Tang Dynasty, and the school of landscape pastoral poetry appeared.
Buddhist achievements
Xie Lingyun was an important Buddhist in Jin and Song Dynasties. In the translation activities of Buddhist scriptures at that time, Xie Lingyun participated in the polishing and revision of the Huayan Sutra of Dafang Guangfo and the Nirvana Sutra of Great Prajna, and co-edited Fourteen Tones Xu Xun with the Fanbai Dictionary. He also wrote a large number of poems and essays with Buddhist implications, such as Linglong House on a Cliff, Ode to Fan Guanglu, Vimomo, etc. Most importantly, he made theoretical contributions to the development of Buddhism. His On Buddhism is a key work that advocates and exerts the enlightenment theory of Taoism and has an impact on later generations. As for Zen Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism in the Tang and Song Dynasties, the theory of distinguishing sects can be regarded as one of the important sources of medieval learning.
Bibliographic achievement
Xie Lingyun has made great achievements in cataloging. In the third year of Song Yuanjia (426), Xie Lingyun served as secretary supervisor, responsible for sorting out the existing secret books and supplementing the old ones. Due to social unrest and frequent wars, many books were lost and left in different places. Xie Lingyun was entrusted to record, collect and visit everywhere, and personally served as a proofreader. Finally, with the assistance of Yin Chun and other bibliographers, I wrote Four Catalogues of the Secret Pavilion. According to ancient and modern books in Ruan Xiaoxu, there are four records of the Secret Pavilion 14582 volumes, and 438 records of Buddhist scriptures, which are divided into 645 volumes. It is richer than the Four Bibliography of Jin and Yuan compiled by Li Chong in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The statue of Xie Lingyun
Tourism achievements
Xie Lingyun was a traveler in ancient China. He spends most of his time traveling. Xie Lingyun's tourism pursues spiritual relaxation and enjoyment. He is indifferent to fame and fortune, and only wants to realize his life value and seek spiritual satisfaction. Xie Lingyun wrote a lot of landscape poems during his travels. There is a certain truth in the blending of his poems and scenes. For example, Fuchun Bamboo, written by Xie Lingyun, describes the strange mountains, strange waters and beautiful scenery seen during the tour, and at the same time embodies the life truth of "form should be done, stop doing it, and the standard of living cannot be exceeded" in his poems. Xie Lingyun's landscape poems give people a beautiful enjoyment. He wrote the colors he saw and the sounds he heard during the trip into his poems, giving people a feeling of blending scenes and giving people a bright and bright feeling and impression.
In addition, Xie Lingyun's tourism activities also belong to adventure life. He often chooses some strange and steep peaks as his tourism goals, and he is also keen on this kind of tourism exploration. When challenging his courage and landscape, Xie Lingyun can get endless fun, which can be said to be the first pioneer of ancient rock climbing. In order to explore and travel, Xie Lingyun invented "hiking shoes"-Shuang Mu spikes. When he went up the mountain, he took off the nails in his front palm and back palm. Therefore, going up and down the mountain is particularly labor-saving and particularly secure. This is "thank you". He also built pavilions on some steep peaks to facilitate tourists to rest.
The landscape poems written by Xie Lingyun in his travel notes have been handed down to future generations, which has promoted the construction and development of China tourism culture and has great significance and far-reaching influence on the development of China tourism culture. He left a valuable tourism legacy for future generations. Xie Lingyun believes that tourism can preserve health, make people forget their troubles and eliminate fatigue, and to some extent, it can play a role in recuperation. Therefore, Xie Lingyun advocated tourism and formed a tourism view in tourism activities. His view on tourism makes future generations know more about tourism and its function and significance. His tourism activities, landscape poems and views on tourism are the precious wealth of China tourism culture, which has irreplaceable significance and far-reaching influence.