1, Three-body in the early Song Dynasty: First, some dignitaries at that time, such as Xu Xuan and Liu Yun, took Bai Juyi as their teacher, and their poetry style was simple and vulgar, which was the mainstream poetry at that time. This is vernacular poetry. First, represented by Yang Yi and later Qian, with Li Shangyin as the teacher, it is the mainstream of poetry after Bai Style, which is called Style. First, taking Ye Wei, Lin Bu and other hermits as representatives, taking Jia Dao and Yao He as teachers, he wrote about his seclusion in a simple way, and his poetic style was austere, which was the wind of the late Tang Dynasty.
2. Samui: Su Shunqin is as famous as Mei Yao Chen in poetry creation and is called Samui.
3. Mid-levels: After Wang Anshi retired to Jiangning, his poetic style changed greatly. He stayed away from politics and society and wrote more landscapes. The form is mainly quatrains, and there are few long ancient styles that pay attention to the antithesis of refined words. The artistic conception is beautiful and implicit, with high artistry. Later generations called his poetic style in this period "Mid-Levels".
4. Su Huang: In the Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian was regarded as a poet who kept pace with Su Shi and was called "Su Huang".
5. Turn iron into gold, seize the fetus and change bones: This is Huang Tingjian's creative method, that is, to process and transform the works of predecessors. First, he did not change the meaning of his predecessors' works, but expressed them in a new language. First of all, he imitated the language of his predecessors, but expressed new meanings.
6. Jiangxi Poetry School: In the early Southern Song Dynasty, Lu Benzhong's "Sect Map of Jiangxi Poetry Society" listed more than 20 people including Huang Tingjian and Chen Shidao as Jiangxi Poetry School. Jiangxi Poetry School was formed under the direct influence of Huang Tingjian. Their creation has many characteristics similar to that of Huang Tingjian, and they pay attention to the use of allusions, which is the most influential school of poetry in the Song Dynasty.
7. Four Masters of Southern Song Dynasty (Four Masters of Zhongxing): Four Masters of Southern Song Dynasty, also known as "Four Masters of Zhongxing", refer to You Mao, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and Lu You. Although these four masters were all influenced by Jiangxi Poetry School in their early days, except You Mao, the other three were able to jump out of the walls of Jiangxi Poetry School and create their own faces.
8. Yongjia Four Spirits: Yongjia Four Spirits. It refers to four poets in Yongjia, Zhejiang Province (now Wenzhou): Zhao Xu (word), Ji Xu (name Lingyuan), Zhao Shixiu (word Lingzhi) and Weng Juan (word Lingshu). Their poems, with Jia Dao and Yao He as their ancestors, are mostly modern poems, preferring to use stick figures instead of classics, mainly describing the nature of mountains and rivers and self-feeling, with narrow realm, paying attention to bitter songs and single poetic style.
9. Jianghu Poetry School: Jianghu Poetry School is a poetry school that is a little later than the Four Spirits and influenced by the Four Spirits. It is named after its works are included in the Jianghu anthology. Most of them are scholars and diners. Poetry has different styles, some are bold, some are quiet and bitter, some are novel and unique, and some are broad-minded. The main representatives are Liu Kezhuang, Dai Fugu and Fang Yue.
Second, the main writers and works
1, intensive reading works
Ouyang Xiu's drama Answering Yuan Zhen, Wang Anshi's Fei Ming Qu, Su Shi's Nostalgia from Mianchi, Huang Tingjian's Answering Qian Mufu's Orangutan Brush, Lu You's Long Songs, Book Wrath, and Wen Tianxiang's Crossing the Zero Ding Yang.
2. Extensive reading of works
Ouyang Xiu's Thrush Birds, Mei's Like a Poor Girl, Qingzhou Defeated, Tutou in Huaizhong, Wang Anshi's Tree Lake Shadows and Boating in Guazhou, Su Shi's Spring with Pan Guoer in the Suburb on the 20th of the First Month, Youmeitang Waterfall, Drunken Books Looking at the Lake Building on June 27th,
Third, thinking and practice.
1. What's the difference between Song poetry and Tang poetry?
Reference answer: The biggest difference between Song poetry and Tang poetry is that Tang poetry emphasizes "image" and Song poetry emphasizes "meaning". Tang poetry is a poet's poem, and Song poetry is a literati's poem. In other words, Tang poetry focuses on portraying images and images, and expresses emotional thoughts through portraying images and images. Associated with this feature, Tang poetry has distinct artistic conception, vivid emotion, concise language and implicit and intriguing performance. Song poetry focuses on the direct expression of emotional thoughts, and the description of "image" is secondary. Therefore, Song poetry often talks a lot, the language is not as concise as Tang poetry, and the performance is not too subtle. Tang poetry can basically be expressed by the poet's own natural language, while Song poetry is often expressed by allusions and predecessors' words, so the poets in Song Dynasty are first and foremost literati.
2. How did Ouyang Xiu and others reform the poetic style in the early Song Dynasty?
Reference answer: During the Song Renzong period, with the development of society, the poets represented by Ouyang Xiu, Mei, etc. reformed poetry and introduced a new direction. Their reform is mainly manifested in writing more ancient poems, narrowing the distance between poetry and politics and society, and making new attempts in art, such as taking prose as poetry and discussion as poetry.
3. What are the characteristics of Mei's poems?
Mei's poems have three main characteristics: first, many of his poems show concern for politics and people's livelihood. For example, Tian Jia, Tian, Rufen poor girl and so on. Secondly, he made a new attempt to expand the theme of poetry and wrote some things and phenomena that were not in the past poetry. Thirdly, the general style of his poems is plain.
4. What are the differences between Wang Anshi's poems before and after?
Reference answer: Wang Anshi's poems are divided into two periods, one before retiring to Jiangning and the other after retiring to Jiangning. Wang Anshi was mainly a politician in his early days, so his poems in this period are often closely related to politics and society, which shows his great concern for real politics. Poetry in this period is not only realistic, but also literary-based, with no pretensions, more arguments, less reserve and sharp edges. Wang Anshi's poems in this period can be called politicians' poems. After retiring to Jiangning, Wang Anshi's poetry entered the later period. Great changes have taken place in his poetic style, far from politics and society, and he writes more about mountains and rivers. The form is mainly quatrains, and there are few long ancient styles that pay attention to the antithesis of refined words. The artistic conception is beautiful and implicit, with high artistry. Later generations called Wang Anshi's poetic style in this period "Mid-Levels".
5. What are the artistic features of Su Shi's poems?
Reference answer: first, integrate emotion, reason, things and scenery, reason out, reason out of scenery and reason in emotion. Secondly, Su Shi has a skill of "touching the ground to give birth to spring", so he writes poems vividly and aesthetically. On the one hand, he can dig out profound truths from ordinary daily life phenomena, on the other hand, he can write unspeakable things, truths and feelings very vividly through vivid metaphors. Besides, Su Shi's poems are humorous.
6. What was the reason why Huang Tingjian had an important influence in the Song Dynasty? What are the characteristics of his poetry theory and creation?
Reference answer: Huang Tingjian can occupy an important position in the poetry circle of the Song Dynasty and has a wide influence. First of all, he put forward a unique theory of poetry creation. Secondly, he made his own achievements in poetry. Thirdly, under his influence, a huge school of Jiangxi poetry came into being.
The uniqueness of Huang Tingjian's poetry theory lies in the concrete methods of writing poetry, which has strong maneuverability. Huang Tingjian believes that "following people is the most taboo in articles" ("Giving Xie Chang") and "following people's plans will eventually lead to future generations, and it will actually be a family" ("Le Yi Lun"), and advocates innovation. The innovative method is "taking the old as the new". The concrete method of "taking the old as the new" is "taking the fetus instead of the bone", that is, "speaking without understanding its meaning, that is, changing the bone to see its meaning to describe it, that is, taking the fetus" (Cold Zhai Night Talk, Volume I). This means that innovation is based on the processing and transformation of previous works. First, it does not change the meaning of previous works, but expresses them in new languages. The second is to imitate the language of predecessors, but express new meanings. In addition, he also put forward specific opinions on the setting of sentence eyes, the application of syntax and the arrangement of composition in poetry. This method is practical and immediate, and has a practical guiding role for poetry learners.
Huang Tingjian's poetry creation was also unique in the Song Dynasty. In content, Huang Tingjian's poems don't pay more attention to political and social issues like his previous poets in Song Dynasty, but are more about writing scenery, singing and expressing inner feelings.
In terms of art, Huang Tingjian's poems have many characteristics: first, he uses many allusions; second, he is innovative; third, he has a unique sense of humor.
7. What are the characteristics of "Chengzhai Style"?
Reference answer: First, he is good at discovering and capturing interesting and aesthetic scenes that ordinary people do not pay attention to and describe in nature and daily life. Second, there is no need to use code in language, so as to avoid vulgarity, simplicity and naturalness, and appeal to both refined and popular tastes. Third, the style is humorous.
8. What is the contribution of Fan Chengda's pastoral poems?
Reference Answer: The outstanding contribution of Fan Chengda's pastoral poetry lies in its vivid expression of all aspects of the countryside. Before Fan Chengda, the works describing the countryside can be roughly divided into two categories. One, represented by Tao Yuanming, Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, mainly shows the beauty and tranquility of the countryside and the seclusion of literati. The other is the so-called realistic works represented by the Book of Songs, which mainly shows the hardships of rural farmers' lives. The value of Fan Chengda lies in the combination of the two. Therefore, there are not only farming scenes, customs and years old, but also the work and suffering of farmers in four seasons. So some people call Fan Chengda the master of ancient pastoral poetry in China.
9. What are the main features of Lu You's poems?
Reference answer: From the content, there are two main types of Lu You's poems, one is to express national consciousness and patriotic feelings, and the other is to write about scenery and daily life. These two kinds of works also have different artistic characteristics.
The first category is the main theme of Lu You's poems. This kind of works mainly consists of two themes. On the one hand, it shows the great ambition of sacrificing oneself to serve the country, restoring the Central Plains, and eager to make contributions. On the other hand, it shows the anguish of high aspirations and the grief and indignation of serving the country. These two aspects are often intertwined. This kind of works has the outstanding characteristics of romanticism, which are as follows: first, the desire to restore the Central Plains is often expressed through the description of dreams. Second, we often don't give a static and detailed description of one thing, but pay attention to the catharsis of self-emotion. Third, how heroic the language is. These characteristics constitute the bold and romantic style of Lu You's poems, which is close to Li Bai, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, so Lu You is called "Little Li Bai". The second kind of poems mainly describe daily life and scenery, and often experience special meanings from ordinary scenes, so the writing is beautiful and thought-provoking. In the plain and natural style, we can often see the careful tempering of language.
If you have questions about the postgraduate entrance examination, don't know how to summarize the contents of the postgraduate entrance examination center, and don't know the local policies for postgraduate entrance examination registration, click on the bottom to consult official website and get the review materials for free: /xl/