When ancient Rome was divided into the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and the Western Roman Empire, Christianity was also divided into Orthodox Christianity and Catholicism (also known as the Catholic Church or Roman Catholicism). /kloc-Martin Luther, a professor of theology in the 0 th and 6 th centuries, wrote an article denouncing the Pope's evil deeds of selling atonement books, which opened the prelude to the religious reform and put forward the theory of saving the country by faith, splitting Catholicism and establishing Protestantism. This incident caused a chain reaction, and many western European countries also broke away from the control of Catholicism and established other sects, such as Anglican, Lutheran, Reformed, Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant (now Christianity generally refers to Protestantism) and so on.
Fear the Lord, please the soul, and give happiness, joy and longevity. Those who fear the Lord will be blessed in the end; He will be blessed on his deathbed.
(refer to the nicene creed). Although there are three sects, the basic teachings are the same. That is, God's creationism and original sin redemption's theory of heaven and hell.
The Bible, composed of the Old Testament and the New Testament, is a classic of Christianity. The cross is a symbol of Christianity.
The "God" or "God" they believe in is unique in essence, including the three images of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. Cases cannot be confused, and bodies cannot be divided.
2. Christian history. At first, Christianity was just a Jewish sect with no self-awareness, and its members pretended to be real Jews. Since the middle of the L century, with more and more non-Jews attracted by Christian society, they gradually formed their own doctrines, organizational systems and etiquette. In this way, by the middle of the 2nd century, the Christian community had developed into an independent Christian church ideologically and organizationally from the initial stage of no self-awareness. The history of the formation of Christianity includes the period from the middle of the first century to the fifth century. It has experienced three stages of development: the stage of realistic eschatology (the second half of the first century), the stage of accommodation (the second century) and the stage of Roman Empire's struggle for dominance (the third to the fifth century). 1, the stage of eschatology in reality During this period, Christianity did not cut off its ties with Judaism. Therefore, it can be called the Jewish Christian stage. Primitive Christianity is a sect in Judaism that advocates Messiah Advent and Doomsday. They look forward to the end of the world and the emergence of a new world order; They resolutely refused to accept the existing orders. The social foundation of this movement is the enslaved and displaced people, and its root is the oppression of the nation and society. Revelation is full of hatred and desire for revenge. 2. The end of the world has not yet arrived in the accommodation stage. On the contrary, in the second century, Roman society was relatively stable. In this situation, in the Christian mood, the hope that the end of the world is coming is gradually fading; It is a life attitude of seeking survival and accommodating order in the real world. But it has not given up the theory that the end of the world is inevitable, and doomsday theory is still an inseparable part of Christian doctrine. The Gospels not only continue to ask Christians to wait for the end of the world and convince them that the end of the world is not far away, but also emphasize that "this generation is not over yet …" (Matthew 24:34, Kyle 8:30, Luke 2 1:32). This view has remained in the whole development of Christianity until now. During the period when Christianity accommodated the real world, the church came into being as an organizational system. This period was also a period when Christianity was completely independent from Judaism. Christianity no longer requires adherence to religious rules, including circumcision, but it has also severed its ties with Judaism in rituals and customs, such as changing the Sabbath to Sunday and Passover to Easter. This period is a crucial period for Christianity to establish etiquette. Baptism and Eucharist are the basis of Christian rituals. At the beginning of the 3rd and 4th centuries, when Rome's suppression of Christianity was obviously futile, the rulers of the empire began to realize that any attempt to forcibly destroy Christianity was unrealistic. To effectively control the empire, we must first maintain peace with the Christian church. Subsequently, following the Order of Tolerance in 3 1 1, Constantine and Ricini promulgated the famous Milan Order in 3 13, announcing the recognition of the legal status of Christianity in the Roman Empire. From then on, Roman rulers began to vigorously foster Christianity and gradually turned it into the official religion of the Roman Empire. In 392, Theodosius I issued a decree forbidding offering sacrifices to pagan gods anywhere, and stipulated that Christianity was the only legal religion. Therefore, this year is generally regarded as the beginning of Christianity becoming the state religion of the Roman Empire.
3. There are many reasons why the western medieval church had such great rights. I haven't tidied it up, just type it. Individual names and places may be wrong. Sorry:
First of all, the organizational structure of the church:
Religiously, because someone needs to make a final decision on Gnostics and other heresies, the Pope's religious status has soared (Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria, the five major cities of ancient Christianity, were all * * *, Constantinople was left out, and Rome took the initiative in religious status because of the powerful rational thinking brought by Roman law).
Secondly, changes caused by major historical events:
Militarily, in the last few years of the Western Roman Empire, European barbarians (referring to Germans) invaded Italy many times, and Rome was unable to resist. On the contrary, the Pope intervened (the Germans are very popular in Central Asia, although they are a little heretical, but the Pope still has a say in them), and Leo I once let the barbarians who were about to be massacred retreat. In the end, the demise of the Western Roman Empire strengthened the Vatican-it no longer had a black hand. In the 7th century, the forces of * * * rose, once invaded Spain across the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Eastern Roman Empire finally fell. However, the pope in western Europe United a large number of European countries and resisted the invasion of * * * * (forget that year, 732 seemed to be ... called the Battle of Toure), so the cohesion of the pope soared.
Third, the rights obtained by the Pope's initiative.
Pope's status is very high, what's more, through the forged treaty of Constantine's imperial edict, isidore's imperial edict collection has great rights and is legalized. And since the French King Ping Pei gave the Pope land, the Pope has owned a large area of land, including farmers who cultivated during the period. In other words, the Pope changed from a spiritual ruler to a secular ruler. In 800 A.D. (this year is easy to remember "the year of spirit"), the Pope took the initiative to crown Pippin's son Charlie, calling him the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, which made matters worse. The emperor is improper, and the Pope has the final say. But there is a popular saying in the church that the emperor is a secular manager, the pope is a spiritual manager, and the spiritual manager manages the spiritual world and "influences" the world. The word "influence" is subtle and naked.
Fourth, nationalism caused by social system is not strong.
First of all, the nationalism of the people in the Middle Ages was weak. Feudalism requires every vassal to be responsible for their master. Without a strong middle class, the upper class nobles directly occupied the land. In this case, the archdiocese with loose politics and unified beliefs in Europe naturally has greater cohesion and influence.
By the way, the medieval pope held three magic weapons: expelling the religious members of the emperor, sealing up church activities and executing heresy trials. On the whole, the Pope finally won the battle between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry of Germany to grant the priest power. By Pope Innocent III (1198-1216), the pope's power reached its peak, claiming that he was "the agent of Christ in the world" and the ruler of the world.
But in the end, even so, the papal power declined rapidly. In less than 100 years, in the second half of the Middle Ages, the Pope of the Holy See was once ruled by the emperor of western Europe, and several popes accused each other of abusing each other and expelling each other too often.
Call at any time, I hope it will help you. If you are interested in the history of the church, you can buy a book called The Track of History-The History of the Church in 2000, which is easy to understand and concise.
4. What are the important historical events and figures in the historical development of Christianity for more than two thousand years? What early Christianity came into being as a mass movement? Compared with traditional Judaism, Christianity emphasizes the grace of Jesus' salvation. It holds that as long as you believe that Jesus Christ is the savior implied by the prophets in the Old Testament, are willing to accept him as the Lord, and are determined to take God's will as the criterion of life and let Jesus Christ bear the mistakes for himself, you will think that you have repented and can be accepted as a member of the church through baptism.
In the early days of Christianity, the Christian church once practiced property ownership, and the outside world regarded it as a secret religious organization. Jews regard the church as a deviant heresy and often sue them to the Roman authorities. Rome believes that Christianity is only a branch of Judaism, and Roman persecution began in the mid-1960s. Christians at that time were generally regardless of race and social class, and even slaves at that time could be accepted as brothers immediately after they became believers.
With the spread of Christianity, more and more people from all walks of life joined the church. Although the church suffered many terrible persecutions in the second and third centuries, many bishops and believers were burned to death in the arena and eaten by wild animals, the church continued to thrive. It was not until the Royal Decree of Milan was promulgated in 3 13 that the Roman Empire finally recognized the legal status of Christianity. With the development of Christianity, the church began to set the date of Jesus' resurrection as Easter, and also set 65438+February 25th as Jesus' birthday, that is, Christmas (the exact date of Jesus' birth is unknown).