Wang Mingkun mansion
? A rusty iron lock locks the dust of years, but it can't lock the fresh morning light. Blue bricks and gray tiles, cornices and arches, tirelessly tell the numbness of the bustling hollow wood carvings. The study studio, while engraving the knife marks of the years, also engraves the elegance of the owner.
In the deep courtyard, the fragments of carved beams and painted buildings remain in the depths of the years, covered with antique simplicity and dignity and covered with the footprints of time. Being in this corner of the ancient village, wandering in the dark and somewhat broken courtyard, reading the legendary stories that happened here, or being alone with an ancient tree, or talking with a flower, is like walking into an ancient ink painting, with a faint ancient rhyme, looking at stubborn plants in the crevices, smelling the humid atmosphere, and seems to have the taste of dreaming back to the south of the Yangtze River.
Sunlight shines on the rice fields of more than 200 farmers in Wang Fan, Wutian Village through the remaining veins of Mufu Mountain. A jade belt river is crystal clear and passes around the village. Against the backdrop of Castle Peak, a manor in the late Qing Dynasty, built between Xianfeng and Tongzhi, came slowly through the years.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the people were in poverty, the officialdom was corrupt, and the feudal dynasty was at the end of its road. Many powerful people gradually declined at this time. Wang Wan, Wutian Village, Dalu Township, Tongshan County once had such a "county magistrate's manor", which witnessed this period of history. The county magistrate named Wang Mingkun, which is magnificent to this day, was his private residence in those days, and he named it "Taro Garden". But now it is mostly called "Dafu Land", and later it has the title of "the first blessed land in Chutian". The manor is now covered with the dust of the years, but when people approach and brush away the dust, they can still catch a glimpse of that equally long history through it.
In ancient times, Wutian was a field, and all the villagers living in it were Wang Xingren, so there was the "Fanwang" Bay. At that time, it was neither near the river nor near the water, and the villagers lived by well water.
This situation was not changed until Wang Ming became a county magistrate. From the perspective of geomantic omen, the so-called "expensive land" is half natural and half artificial. In order to build Dafu, Wang chose this land, but there is no water here. So Wang Ming, who is proficient in geomantic omen, used underground ditches to take water from Wutian Cave five miles away, forming Wutian Port. The harbor winds slowly from the east, digging a small canal from the main road and bypassing the back of the house from the east and west sides, forming a terrain surrounded by water on three sides and facing the pool on one side. This form is called "Jinchengwei", which is called "taking water as the crown" in geomantic omen, so it is called "Jade Belt River".
Looking from the gate of Yuyuan Garden, facing east, there is a blessed land with purple gas coming from the east, while Dafu sits facing south, with a road in the east, a small canal in the west, a lotus pond in front and a distant mountain in the back. Judging from the appearance of the villa, it coincides with the so-called "green dragon with flowing water on the left, white tiger with long road on the right, suzaku in front of the pool and Xuanwu in the back, which is your place". Dafu's geomantic omen was transformed into such a treasure house by Wang Mingkun.
Wang Mingkun was born in the seventh year of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty, namely 1829. When he was young, his family was poor, but he was smart and eager to learn. 19 years old, first in the county test. At the age of 27, he was promoted to the alternate magistrate, and later served as the magistrate of Shangrao, Ruichang and Pingxiang in Jiangxi. When he was in Shangrao, he designed and arrested the bandit leader, and the court called him a "wise minister"? When he was in Ruichang, he overhauled the levee to stop the flood in the Yangtze River. In memory of him, people call this long dike "Wang Gong dike"? He built a "Fu Hui Cang" in Pingxiang to help the victims, and the court praised him as a "Jiangxi spy". The people built more than 100 ancestral halls for him, that is, ancestral halls, and worshipped them. It can be seen that Wang Mingxi was still a local official in the Qing Dynasty. Twenty-six years of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty? 1900? Eight-Nation Alliance raged in Beijing, and the Empress Dowager of the two palaces fled in panic. Wang Ming's "Midnight Sorrow", regardless of his 72-year-old age, went to Beijing with a book in his hand and failed to meet the saint. In order to praise his loyalty, the Qing court named Wang Ming as a "doctor of Korean medicine" and enjoyed the reputation of four products. Therefore, this old house is called "Dafudi".
This complex consists of an old house and a building. This old house was built by Wang Ming's parents. This mansion was built after Wang Mingkun retired and returned to his hometown. Wang Ming Mansion is the largest ancient private mansion in Hubei Province. The mansion covers an area of 1 000 square meters, with a construction area of 3600 square meters. In terms of style, it belongs to Huizhou architectural style, which rose in Huizhou in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, namely Huangshan, Xiuning and Wuyuan. At that time, Huizhou merchants were rich in financial resources, and Huizhou people were deeply influenced and nourished by Neo-Confucianism. Therefore, every layout and structure of ancient residential buildings strongly highlights the educational significance of "reason", which has profound social and ethical functions and embodies the characteristics of mountains.
Yudai River is the old road, that is, the riverbank. Not far ahead, there are nine stone steps coming down from the river bank, which was called treading in ancient times. This was specially ordered by Wang Minggan for officials, which means the beginning of official career. The reason for building nine steps is that in ancient times, Wang Minggan hoped that his career would be promoted step by step and the official road would be accessible.
Step by step, you can see the tall gatehouse, which is the entrance of the whole house. The owner of the whole house is called "Taro Garden", which was mentioned by Wang Ming when he retired in his later years, which means that the fallen leaves return to their roots, the leaves are lush and the family is prosperous. From this door, you can enter the garden. On the left is the utility room, which is equivalent to the guard room now. On the right, the relatively small and closed room is the brig. Even if someone breaks the family rules, they will be locked in this room to think behind closed doors. They only send some food to the people inside from the small window next to them every day. It can also be seen from here that Wang Ming's family rules are very strict. There is a well in front of the confinement room for more than one hundred years. Well water can still be drunk. The wellhead is small, but the space in the well is far from the wellhead. This is not only a security consideration, but also reflects the idea of increasing revenue and reducing expenditure.
On the left side of the well is a school built for the benefit of one party after Wang Mingkun returned to his hometown, which teaches for the descendants of the Wangs free of charge. Adjacent to it are seven warehouses, which can store 300,000 Jin of grain. In Dafu's front yard, people can vaguely imagine the grandeur of the whole building. These schools, warehouses and various manual workshops in the courtyard all have their own wells near the gatehouse, which is a typical embodiment of the self-sufficient courtyard economy in feudal society.
The old house adopts the symmetrical layout of the central axis and consists of four entrances and three patios. It is 26 meters wide from east to west and 53.8 meters deep from north to south, covering an area of 1398.8 square meters. This building is a hard hilltop with a small blue tile roof and brick walls around it. The interior walls are adobe walls, and the foyer, the principal rooms and the wing rooms are all hard mountain purlins.
The alley in the middle goes all the way to the end, and at the end is a small ancestral hall, with houses of the same form on both sides. The houses are all four in five, with 28 patios, 64 rooms and 100 doorways. They play the role of ventilation, and the house is connected to the house, and the residents are connected to the residents. After a hundred years, Dafu is simple and dignified with complete facilities. It is a typical embodiment of the self-sufficient courtyard economy in feudal society. Has a rich historical and cultural heritage. It is said that in order to build this house, two brick kilns were built next to it, and it took three years to burn bricks. Although Dafu was ruined, he did not suffer devastating damage. Thick beams and columns and exquisite wood carvings make people marvel at the cost of this manor.
Entering from the main entrance and entering a hall is the "Yizheng Hall", which means that the host always cares about current politics and is conducive to political ambitions. Next to it is the wing room, also known as the embroidered mother room, and the corresponding upstairs is the embroidered mother building. Wang Mingkun's daughter lived separately when she was a child and when she grew up. In the Qing dynasty, men and women were different, and the old and young were orderly. Women have no right to go in and out of the hall, but to close the door and stay indoors all day spinning, weaving and embroidering. The so-called "locked in the boudoir and unknown." The "middle door" we face is not only a barrier to outsiders' sight, but also a portrayal of our traditional concept of keeping our family's dirty linen in public and being rich. Unless you are a big official or a noble family, you can open the middle door to meet you, but it is generally closed all year round.
The central axis of the mansion is a long lane with a width of 3 meters and a length of more than 80 meters. It is not only a refuge for ladies to walk on weekdays, but also a passage to the family shrine. Over time, women no longer have to bend over to walk, and the long lane has lost its sacred position. Go straight along the alley until you come to the ancestral hall of Wang Ming's family.
The ancestral hall is located at the last end of the central longitudinal axis of the building. After entering the door, it is a 2.5-meter-wide passage, and the passage is a hard mountain purlin. The ancestral hall is the fifth house, three rooms wide and two questions deep, with a girder frame, a hard roof, a cat arch gable and a small blue tile roof. Internal ancestral tablets. The eaves gallery in front of the ancestral hall is decorated with a rolled shed porch, and there is a algae well in the room. The original partition door between the front eaves and the open rooms was completely destroyed, and the second question was changed to a modern stone wall. Indoor beams and purlins are basically well preserved.
There is a patio between the front eaves and the theater, and corridors on both sides of the patio are connected with the theater opposite the ancestral temple, and the floor of the corridor is flush with the floor of the theater. The theater has three rooms wide, one deep, two floors, a beam frame, a hard top, a cat arch gable and a small blue tile roof. The interior decorated octagonal caisson is painted with eight diagrams Tai Chi pattern, and the column on the second floor of the theater is composed of wood carving pattern of hollow flying cover. Wooden railings are installed on the ground of patio corridor. As the focus of decoration, the unique building is exquisitely designed and complicated in structure.
The great hall is the palace of feudal society and politics, the holy land of clan order and the church for educating future generations. There is a large picture scroll hanging on the wall in the middle of the hall, also known as nave's painting. Generally, paintings are symbols of "longevity" and "auspiciousness", such as cranes, pines and cypresses, longevity and phoenix peony. These two things are often placed on the altar below? A mirror, a bottle like a pen. If you think this one is for pens and the other one is for clothes, you are wrong. First of all, the bottle is used to put the owner's hat. The hat is on the bottle and the owner is at home. On the contrary, it means that the owner is away. And what is the homonym of the two, flat and quiet? After the modern clock appeared, it was placed in the middle. Three people together, life is safe! Putting these three things on the table is to regard this "meaning" as the best comfort for our ancestors, as the best warning for the next generation, and as the best life realm for our life. On both sides of the hall are couplets, not eulogizing or showing off family, but education. For example, "the world makes three minutes very wide, and there is a small seed in my heart." "For hundreds of years, people have accumulated nothing but goodness, and the first goodness is just reading." There are strict rules about who sits in the plush chair in the middle. The chair is written with the word "head" for the male host and the word "branch" for the female host. Patrol signs of "avoidance" and "silence" displayed on both sides are always arranged by Wang Mingkun on both sides of family ancestral temple Long Lane. Putting these official ceremonies at home is not only a glory for ancestors, but also a majestic display.
In the middle of the hall is a portrait of Wang Mingkun, revealing his unique harshness in peace and stability. There are traces of the Great Leap Forward in the hall, which is also a culture. After a hundred years, Dafu tells history in another form and witnesses the changes of the times.
These "family instructions" were drafted by Wang Mingxin himself. Including this hall full of paintings and couplets, it is definitely not a simple ornament, but a classroom to publicize the feudal concept of self-cultivation and family planning and educate future generations. Wang Mingkun not only runs a home school at home, but also requires his children and grandchildren to memorize the plaques and couplets hung at home. Should children and grandchildren who fail to live up to expectations, do something wrong or say something wrong be taught family law in class or in family temples, or reprimanded or flogged? Seriously, just let him stay in his cell at home and think behind closed doors.
Dafu land consists of old houses and new houses. On the ground between the old house and the new house, we can clearly see the trace of a wall that was built. This wall is called a stacking wall? Also known as "firewall"? The setting of "uphill wall" is also a major feature of ancient residential buildings. This tall "wall" can cut off the fire source and prevent the "fire" from spreading when there is a fire in the community. In addition, because the "uphill wall" is higher than the roof, it can also be used for "theft prevention", "thief prevention" and "wind prevention". The fence is usually very high, because in ancient times, most men were running around for their families, and this wall played a role in imprisoning women. Generally, only a small ear door is left to communicate with each other, so that two women in the family can visit each other to chat and relieve boredom when they are free, or help each other when there is an emergency. This door is a round door, warning the two families to live in harmony.
There are many upper and lower patios in Dafu, and the underground drainage facilities are particularly good. Standing outdoors, you can't see the front and rear eaves tiles, the surrounding walls are higher than the eaves 1 m, and there are no external drainage holes. Rain and water are all discharged through the gutter and patio, which sets a good example for the drainage of ancient houses. ? No matter how heavy it rains, there will always be water cut off in the hospital. Because there are many patios, it is good to have air circulation in the room. Drainage patio is directly related to the ventilation and lighting of the building. With the patio, fresh air is injected from the sky, which conforms to the geomantic theory of "harmony between man and nature, natural yin and yang". Rainwater is discharged through culverts, which seems to be "fat water does not flow into outsiders". In fact, this follows the concept of "the mountain masters wealth" in the ancient geomantic theory, and the principle that wealth should be hidden rather than vented. ? Some of them are in a room with two patios. The room is well lit, I can't smell any mildew, and I can't see mosquitoes flying, which proves that there is no water in the patio. The water in the courtyard flows to the nearby river, but its outlet is hidden, and the winding sewer has been unimpeded for hundreds of years. Many legends say that several turtles are often put in the sewers of large buildings, turning around and silting up.
When Wang Mingkun built this temple, he repeatedly alarmed the imperial court. After his house was repaired, the court sent someone to check whether his building exceeded the standard and area for the first time. Wang Mingkun's father built the fifth floor of a ten-story house earlier, and the remaining five floors were distributed to the five sons below. In this way, there are not too many houses. The imperial court has nothing to say. Soon the court sent someone to say that the gable of his house was made in the shape of a dragon, which made him guilty of deceiving the monarch and confused people. However, Wang Ming took his time to show the inspectors around. In fact, this gable just looks like a dragon from a distance, but it is actually an ordinary cat arch gable. This statement is also very clear. The third time, many people came, and they also brought the chief, saying that he occupied other people's fields and built a moat in imitation of the imperial city. Wang Mingkun is still humble. The water is drawn from a distance by a culvert for the use of the whole village, and every inch of land has a title deed. As for the moat, it's even more nonsense, be clear at a glance.
Since then, no one has been to the imperial court. After many years, a series of imperial edicts were issued, sealing three doctors and a dozen lovable ones in his family. From then on, the word "Dafu Di" was written on the lintel magnificently.
The peaks and turns disappeared, and several new waterways entered the old spring. Wash Mo Chi, set up a public scroll, and set up a board to attend doctoral articles. White walls and blue tiles, full of rain and dew, simple and sincere. Your mother is drunk, and a group of wine poets are in full swing.
At that time, Wang Mingkun walked out from here, and the story of a generation of gifted scholars never stopped. Today, there are no descendants of the king living here. As the saying goes, "three generations are not rich" and "one generation is an official and three generations beg for food", which may be a historical law. ? Today, after some maintenance, Dafu washed away the dust and began to glow again. Walking into the ancient house in Wang Mingkun, Zhong Ling, I looked at the quaint, quiet, carefree and mottled alleys and spotless bluestone paths, as if I had heard an ancient and beautiful story, one bridge, one water and one lintel; One pool, one lane and one flower window can't help but make people stop to think.
Crispy croquettes, soft and delicious rice, soft and slippery cook the meat ... Looking around, the Eight Immortals table is full of all kinds of farm dishes. On March 8th Women's Day, the descendants of the Wangs organized villagers to prepare a sumptuous family banquet, and the place to eat the banquet was also in this old house. On the one hand, it can enhance the feelings of the descendants of the Wang family, on the other hand, it can express the respect of the Wang family for women. In the dim light, everyone is competing for juice, which is a happy scene.
One party's feng shui nurtures one party, and one party's feng shui nurtures the other. Surrounded by flowing water like a jade belt, this taro garden, the "first husband of Chutian", is still vivid in the long river of years.