There are two basic types of rewriting? One is formal rewriting? The other is the rewriting of content, but sometimes there are rewriting in both content and form. Formality refers to the change of genre, expression, language and person? There is no big change in content? Content refers to the transfer of the theme and the change of the central figure.
Besides? There are also rewrites in content and form. No matter the change of content or form. Still loyal to the main content and central idea of the original text? Otherwise, it is not another kind of creation.
There are four common forms of rewriting? First, change the name? Change the first person to the third person? Or change the third person to the first person. Second, change the way of narration? That is, the dialogue between characters is changed into narrative form.
Third, change the genre of the article? Change ancient Chinese into modern Chinese? Change poetry into narrative, etc. Fourth, change the narrative way of the article and change the order to flashback or interpolation? Or change flashbacks to chronological order and so on.
Rewriting is also writing material? Only the materials given are articles? More special? It requires students to re-conceive on the basis of the original text? Have more room to play? But like any other way of writing? It also needs to follow certain rules? The following is based on the type of rewriting. 1, renamed? There are generally two ways? One is to change the first person to the third person? The second is to change the third person into the first person.
At this time, we should pay attention to it. The main plot in the revised text should be consistent with the plot in the original text? And what if there is a character description? Rewriting should conform to the reality of the characters. 2. Change the genre? That is, changing the genre of the original text? Show the article in another way? For example, change poetry into a general article? Adapt a novel into a play.
What should I pay attention to when changing genres? Should we stick to original content? And make a reasonable imagination according to your own life? So that the article conforms to the original content? It also meets the aesthetic requirements of modern life. 3. change the structure? Is it on the premise of grasping the original text? According to the needs of expression. Change direct sequence to flashback and interpolation? Or change flashbacks to chronological order.
This rewrite? Generally only change the switch part of the article? Delete or add? Are you sure? We must pay attention to the natural connection and care between superiors and subordinates. 4. Change the priority? Like changing the main character to a secondary role? Change the minor characters into the main characters? Will the corresponding questions involve detailed writing and sketching? So you can also write a little detail? Write down the content briefly and in detail.
5. change the technique? Mainly refers to changing the way of expression and rhetoric? For example, explanatory text that will be emphasized? Add all kinds of rhetoric? Engage in literature and art? It should be noted that the change of technique often involves the change of language style? Therefore, the change of language should be used to assist the change of expression. What are the common rewriting methods mentioned above? Although they are different? But there are several principles that should be followed. 1, rewriting should have rules to follow.
The composition here refers to the requirement of the proposition for rewriting. Should I ask clearly before writing? And write as required? Never play with yourself too much.
2. Grasp the spirit of the original text. What is the main content, theme and specific writing of the original text? This is a copy of rewriting ideas.
To understand the theme, characters, plot and expression of the original text? Question meaning, clear requirements? Pay attention to the ever-changing genre, person, style and word limit. 3. Define the center and title.
Is the original memorable? Ask for someone else's? So the center has to change accordingly? The title naturally does not apply to the original text? Determine the center as required? The title is decided by the center. 4. Have your own style.
Rewriting takes imagination? In the process of writing? Into your own style? Avoid 1000 people? Can you reflect your own language style and writing style? Is it different from the original? And character.
2. Writing requires writing requires learning objectives 1. The content is specific, the feelings are sincere, and the unique feelings and real experiences are clearly expressed.
2. Observe life from multiple angles, discover the richness of life, capture the characteristics of things, and strive for creative expression. 3. According to the center, choose the appropriate expression.
Arrange the order and details of the content reasonably and express your meaning clearly. Use association and imagination to enrich the content of expression.
The test center focuses on 1. Determine the center to write according to the established topic. 2. Write a story around a given topic or topic.
3. Expand and rewrite the story according to the given materials. 4. Tell the story to the beginning or write the previous article according to the end.
(knowledge accumulation) Narrative is an article with narration as the main expression, and it also combines description, discussion and lyric to express a certain ideological theme. Pay attention to the following points when writing the narrative of "event": 1. The elements of narrative are composed of six aspects: time, place, people, the cause, process and result of the event.
When writing, these elements should be explained as clearly as possible, or indirectly by natural environment or character language. 2. Narrative structure The so-called structure refers to the organization, structure and layout of the article, that is, the overall expression of the article.
Structure is the "skeleton" of the article, and the common structural ways of writing "things" articles are as follows: ① In chronological order. That is, to describe something according to its cause, process and result.
② Arrange according to the transformation of space. There is a large geographical span or travel goods are widely used.
③ Cross structure with time as warp and space as weft. Generally speaking, this form is used for narratives with more than one clue.
④ According to the order of the author's cognitive development. This structure is often used in narratives that run through factual materials with the author's gradual deepening of understanding of something as a clue.
3. Detail Description The detail description of writing "things" articles should be as follows: ① Pay attention to the essence of life, and blind and superficial detail description can only be redundant; Details must be true, not fabricated details from life, which often damage the whole article because it violates the logic of life; (3) Focus should be used, and excessive use will drown out the main features of the description object; (4) Accurate and concise, avoiding random spreading and procrastination. Excellent thinking tells readers a story, which expresses the author's thoughts and feelings, people's joys and sorrows, and social value orientation, and is the most common component of "things".
Writing "things" focuses on writing "things" and "feelings", that is, expressing certain ideological themes with concrete, vivid and ups and downs stories. Going deep into life to obtain first-hand materials is a necessary prerequisite for writing a story in a tortuous and vivid way.
On the basis of having the story material, the following skills can help you make the story more exciting and refined. 1. suspense method Setting suspense in the composition can increase the sense of twists and turns of the story, make the plot ups and downs, make the article beautiful, thought-provoking and fascinating, thus attracting readers' attention.
This ingenious conception of twists and turns and layers of suspense makes the story both unexpected and reasonable, and has received good artistic effects.
2. In contrast, the author's thoughts and feelings are sublimated, which can leave a deep impression on readers and is easy to write. There is a saying in the coincidence method that "no coincidence is a book". The "I" in the student's composition "Friends" bought a good book that I had been longing for for for a long time by chance, but because there was an agreement: "Whoever gets the" Search for God "first must not forget his good friend", he hesitated for thousands of times and finally gave up his love and gave it to a friend.
Unexpectedly, in the afternoon when I mailed the book, I received the same book from my good friend. The composition gives a concrete and vivid explanation of "friend" in such a "coincidence": a good book is desirable, and friendship should be cherished; Sincere efforts will be richly rewarded.
4. Background Method Someone did an experiment in which a picture of a baby sleeping and a picture of a mother smiling and heartbroken were superimposed. The former is still considered a sleeping baby, while the latter is considered dead. It can be seen that the same thing, if it happens in different backgrounds, will give people a very different feeling.
For example, a teacher's home visit is not a rare thing, but a student set the time for the teacher's home visit at the 10th day of the first month, because "my family is poor, I want to drop out of school", and it is also a sad weather that "it is too dark for people to breathe", and he also wrote the composition "The class teacher came to pick me up that day", which made the gloomy day, the continuous rain and the muddy road set off the teacher's feelings. The composition contrasts people with the scenery, and the characters are lifelike; Borrowing scenery to express emotion and profound ideological theme left a deep impression on readers.
5. The so-called combination method is actually to choose one of several similar materials as the main body and synthesize another profound and complete new thing with other materials. For example, there are three materials: a, a tenant was ill and didn't eat for two days. The teacher bought jiaozi and sent it to the dormitory, and the students were deeply moved; B, another teacher distributed moon cakes to several students who couldn't go home during the Mid-Autumn Festival to persuade them not to miss home; C, there are teachers who do in-depth and meticulous ideological work for students who violate discipline, so that the students are determined to turn over a new leaf and become a qualified middle school student.
All three stories show the teacher's concern for educating students, but they are not expressed enough when written alone. If these three things are put together, it can be rewritten as: On the evening of August 15, a student who was in a bad mood because of violation of discipline and didn't eat for two days was lying in the bed of the dormitory, thinking about the family reunion on this day every year. He made a mistake and was alone, so he had more thoughts of going home.
At this moment, the dormitory door opened and the teacher came in with moon cakes. The students couldn't help crying, admitting their mistakes and determined to be a qualified middle school student. Take a look again, is the plot much more vivid? 6. Associative writing is not just about telling stories.
Any form of literary works should not cultivate people with beauty, but should have ideological enlightenment, thus arousing the inner voice of readers. The worm of the famous writer Ma Jin.
3. Composition Guidance for Senior Pupils [Composition Guidance for Senior Pupils] Lecture 4: Expansion, Contraction and Change-Writing in Thinking 1. Learning guidance, expansion, abbreviation, continuation and rewriting are common forms of writing practice in primary schools, which are of positive significance to expanding students' thinking and cultivating their independent writing ability.
These forms of practice are to work hard on expansion, contraction, continuation and word change respectively. Although they have their own characteristics and emphases in writing, the nature and composition steps are almost the same.
First of all, they are all written according to some known materials, not completely independent compositions. Secondly, they must read the known materials, master their basic contents and refine the center.
Third, based on the known materials, we should carry out various associations and imaginations around the center, enrich the characters in the text and weave vivid and interesting stories. Finally, everyone is required to write articles with clear central meaning.
1 extension. Extended writing is to expand the original text into a longer paragraph or article.
Enlarged writing does not change the genre, nor does it change the basic content, central meaning and basic plot of the original text. It just enriches and supplements the original text, just like before, and it is like adding branches and leaves to a big tree. The main ways to expand writing are: (1) The original text is generally short and the content is relatively simple.
The shorter the article, the more attention should be paid to every sentence in order to master its basic content. (2) Determine the expansion point and carry out rich and reasonable imagination.
To determine the extension point, we need to further analyze the original * * *. Such as the time, place and characters of the story, the cause, process and result of the matter; Who are the characters, who are the main characters, what are their characteristics and so on.
After the analysis, look at the shortcomings of the composition and what needs to be enriched and supplemented. These shortcomings are to expand the writing point.
Imagination should be reasonable, which mainly refers to the reasonable communication between people with different identities, ages and personalities. Rationality means that the development process of things should be reasonable.
The reasonable standard is whether it can truly reflect life. Therefore, we should imagine from our own life experiences and experiences, and we can also use the knowledge in books, and we can't take it for granted to make things up.
(3) conceive an outline and start according to it. The expanded outline consists of the original text and the contents of the expanded point. When writing, you should write according to the unfolded outline.
2 abbreviation. Abbreviation is to compress a long article into a short article without changing the writing object, central meaning and writing focus of the original text, just like compressing cookies.
The general steps and methods of abbreviation are: (1) Read the original text carefully and deeply understand the main content and central meaning. (2) Draw up an outline of reservation and deletion around the original center.
(3) compare with the original text, compress according to the outline, seize the branches and leaves, and seize the key to spread the story; Change specific narrative into general narrative, and change detailed description into simple narrative. (4) After the full text is abbreviated, read it together to see whether the sentences are coherent and whether the paragraphs are coherent.
When writing, try to keep the original language accurate, vivid and vivid. 3 continue to write.
Continuation is to write a complete article for a part of the article (beginning, end or central part) as required. Sometimes an article is given, so we can write another continuous article as required, which is a bit like a serial story and a TV series, and it is also a continuation.
Practice writing, pay attention to the following points. (1) Understand the known parts of reading articles (including known articles) and grasp the essence.
This is the preparation before the continuation. The so-called essence refers to the central meaning, basic plot, main characters and characteristics, as well as the relationship between characters and so on.
Some of them are the beginning and the end, so we should grasp the understanding of key words and the direction of continuation, just like the examination before writing a propositional composition. (2) according to the content and requirements of the known part, mobilize life accumulation and expand rich imagination and thinking.
Imaginative thinking has different emphasis because of different contents and requirements. It doesn't take any imagination to add a beginning and an end to the central part. Mainly consider how to add an appropriate beginning and end after mastering the central part to make the article more attractive. In this regard, we can consider several schemes and choose one from them.
Add a central part at the beginning and end. This is based on the beginning and end of the text restrictions, within the prescribed scope, from the selection of materials, materials, centering and other aspects to think, to mobilize their own life accumulation, to determine the specific materials and centers, organize materials.
In this sense, continuation writing is basically the same as proposition writing, but it is more restricted than proposition writing. It is more difficult to write the sequel to the article than to write the central part.
First, we must master the essence of the original text, not just a few requirements. The second is to weave a new plot and conceive a new story on the basis of the original plot, which must be a new combination and development of the characters in the original text.
This requires not only grasping the characteristics of characters, but also imagining new plots and realizing logical development. Of course, this requirement is relatively high. From another point of view, such training will be of great help to improve students' thinking ability, imagination ability and expression ability.
(3) Make a writing outline, but think it over before you start writing. You don't need an outline to add a beginning and an end, but you should think about it before writing.
Writing a central part, writing a sequel, like a proposition composition, should make a writing outline. Writing an outline also plays a role in continuity, because there are many restrictions on continuity. If there is no outline restriction, it is easy to deviate from the subject.
Therefore, making a writing outline is an essential and important step and method to continue writing. In addition, it should be noted that the continued article should be divorced from and contradictory to the original, and the language should be as close as possible, just like one person's writing, and it cannot be made into two skins.
4 rewrite. Rewriting is a form of composition practice according to the genre, person, structure or expression of the original text.
Rewriting is like modifying clothes. You can change your coat into a vest and change your long coat into a short coat. There are several types of rewriting.
(1) Stylistic rewriting: It is common to change poetry into prose and stories into textbook dramas. (2) Personal rewriting: changing the first person into the third person, and vice versa.
(3) rewriting of writing: change the order to.
4. How to write this composition and talk about the innovation of composition writing skills. First, guide students to truly reproduce the details of life from their spiritual experience and sincerely embrace the beauty of life.
Rodin said: "For our eyes, it is not the lack of beauty, but the lack of discovery." In composition teaching, we should first guide students to join the tide of the times, pay attention to the fiery life, think about colorful life, guide students to reproduce the inside story of life from spiritual experience, and sincerely embrace the beauty of life.
Bai Juyi said: "Poets are rooted in love." In fact, any genre of articles is better than.
Teachers should vividly and profoundly inspire students to understand life and accumulate feelings. The ancients said, "Take Wan Li Road and read thousands of books". Visiting, interviewing and traveling are all ways to approach life and enter society.
However, it is not only these extensions in students' daily life that are opportunities to accumulate materials and collect spiritual thoughts. In fact, as Mr. Hu Feng advocated that "life is everywhere", the key is to teach students to devote themselves to seemingly ordinary life with a caring attitude. We should not only be good at observing the trivial appearance of life, but also deeply see through its true meaning and essence.
It is certainly not easy to do this, because most of our students have developed the habit of drawing materials from books and turning a blind eye to life. Therefore, teachers should carefully guide and see some life appearances that can arouse students' thinking and understanding, and seize this opportunity in time to guide students to think and write. In the long run, students will consciously observe and experience.
Once on my way to work, I saw a puppy wearing well-tailored clothes. I tell students in class and ask them to write their feelings. Some students talk about the atmosphere of life, some students talk about the gap between the rich and the poor, some students talk about the richness of life, some students talk about the differences in life tastes ... The answers are rich and colorful, but they are all from the heart, written with heart and lively.
From this perspective, in order to make students pay attention to the times and life, teachers must be conscientious and take the lead. Second, guide students to consciously pursue innovative thinking, dare to break through the shackles of old ideas, old concepts and old norms in their minds, and build an open, divergent and vivid thinking form in the new century.
Psychology thinks: "Innovative thinking is a way of thinking about the relationship between things as never before, so as to create new things. It is the sum of all thinking forms with brand-new content, and it is smooth, flexible and original. " Innovative thinking in writing is the process of creating an article on the basis of original materials, with the help of a series of associations and imaginations, through a series of generalization, analysis and synthesis.
Cultivating students' innovative thinking in composition teaching can be considered from the following aspects: First, the innovation of thematic thinking. Theme plays the role of soul and commander in chief in the article, and it is the most core and essential thing in the article.
The innovation of the theme should produce its own unique feelings in practical activities on the basis of extensive understanding of information. We should get rid of vulgar views and simple subjective understanding, and "do what our predecessors have not done."
In composition teaching, teachers should guide students to think from different angles and carry out theme innovation. Su Shi's "Look at the peak, the distance is different" vividly illustrates the unique role of this method.
In propositional composition, the same topic can be written into several articles with different themes, because this topic can be analyzed from different angles. For example, judging from the results of Overflow, it can be said that Mr. Nan Guo didn't pretend to understand and made the world laugh. Starting from the reasons, we can talk about the fact that Qi Xuanwang has not established a strict talent evaluation system.
Another example is "snow": from the color of snow, we can praise the whiteness and spotless of snow; From the role of snow, we can praise the dedication of snow to warm the earth and moisten everything; From the snow covering the earth, we can criticize the hypocrisy and cowardice of snow, that is, cover up the filth of the world with a white coat; Or the ruthlessness of whipping the snow, where the snow and ice are frozen, Qianshan is dead and everything is depressed. Another example is "Go your own way and let others talk". The theme of this composition is self-confidence and Erin Brockovich's persistent pursuit of science and truth.
We can also look at it from another angle: some people take "going their own way and letting others talk" as a shield, stick to their own opinions and go their own way, and can't correctly treat other people's criticisms and suggestions, which is obviously wrong. The different angles are also reflected in the different knowledge involved, such as the composition of the Iraq war, involving historical issues, ethnic issues, religious issues and military issues. Only comprehensive research can find something.
At the same time, the angle of choosing the theme can be as big as national affairs, as small as personal cultivation, ideal and future, learning experience, interpersonal exchange of ideas and so on. You can also find the essence and laws that people have never seen or paid attention to from social life and material. Secondly, choose innovation in materials.
The innovation of material selection is to choose novel materials that others don't pay attention to or understand, which are typical and can accurately serve the theme. Our life is changing with each passing day, and new people, things and things can be seen everywhere around us.
For us, life is not a lack of novel materials, but a lack of discovery. Choosing the best materials requires unique insight and originality.
-many candidates get essay questions and often don't know what to write. It seems that they have nothing to write in their minds.
How did this happen? They got full marks in the composition of the college entrance examination. Without exception, they wrote about the richness of life, and there was no question of "what to write". Do they have a special life different from ordinary students? Generally speaking, no.
They are different from ordinary students, that is, their observation and thinking abilities are stronger than ordinary students, their hearts are more sensitive than ordinary students, and they can observe and feel those exciting things from life. This is probably the reason why many students don't know what to write in composition class.
So, how to solve the problem of "what to write"? Ye Shengtao has long said that we should enrich our lives, enrich our experience, increase our experience, and cultivate the consciousness of observing and understanding things carefully.
5. Don't translate the composition adapted from "The hut was blown by the autumn wind". Requirements: ① The wind swept away several layers of thatch on my roof. The thatched grass flew over Huanhuaxi and scattered across the river. The high-flying thatch hung on the treetops and floated to the low-lying pond. A group of children in Nancun bullied me, so I had the heart to be a thief to my face. I ran into the bamboo forest with thatch in my arms without scruple. It was useless for me to shout, so I had to come back, leaning on crutches and sighing myself. After a while, the wind stopped, the dark clouds in the sky were as black as ink, and the sky in late autumn was gray and gradually darkened. This cloth has been covered for many years, cold and hard, like an iron plate. The child can't sleep well and the quilt is lame. The roof leaks, even the bedside leaks. Sleep less, night is long, bed is wet. How can we get thousands of spacious and tall houses in Qian Qian? Generally, all the poor scholars in the world are covered up, so that all of them can smile, and the houses will not be shaken by the wind and rain, and they will be as stable as Mount Tai? Alas! Whenever there is such a towering house in front of me, even if my hut is blown apart, I will freeze to death.
6. Write English for the students who are about to take the senior high school entrance examination: first, listening.
Listening in the senior high school entrance examination is not difficult. As long as we make full use of the materials in our hands and do more training, we can meet or even exceed the requirements of the senior high school entrance examination. You can listen to international English radio stations at home, such as weather forecast, which is basically understandable.
The improvement of listening helps to strengthen the sense of language and is also good for the written part. Secondly, reading can increase reading quantity and improve reading ability.
Read more newspapers, magazines and novels suitable for middle school students. Those who read them should learn to be "ignorant". Don't ask the dictionary for help immediately when you encounter new words, guess according to the context, or skip it altogether.
Language: mainly ancient Chinese, modern Chinese and composition. Ancient Chinese should be memorized and written silently.
Classical Chinese after school entrance examination is more difficult. So usually choose short and incisive ones.
The key to learning modern Chinese well is to read more books and think more. Chen specially gave her the secret recipe: after finishing homework, don't throw away the answer, analyze it carefully, find out the ideas and scoring points of the topic, and do some similar exercises in the future, which can help you get high marks in the exam. A composition with high requirements for writing needs to be observed around it at ordinary times.
Mathematics: The focus of mathematics is understanding. What the teacher says in class is very important, so you should think in time after class.
Mathematical understanding of its problem-solving ideas and methods. The current trend of senior high school entrance examination is to pay attention to the foundation, not to do odd exercises in daily life, to pay attention to speed and accuracy, and to have high accuracy at "high speed"
The finale of mathematics is mostly modeling and classification. For this "obstacle", everyone should be good at summing up at ordinary times, interlocking when solving problems, leaving no gaps and scoring as many points as possible. Physics and chemistry, I have to read every chapter and article in the book. When I got home, I carefully recalled the teacher's reasoning process. "I have doubts in almost every class, which helps me really master them." Chen smoothed her hair and continued, "What can be done today can be solved today."
Materialization has a special place-experiment. Every step and attention point of the experiment should be memorized, and many test sites extend from here.
In the examination of mathematics and physics, one thing is often overlooked by many people, that is, the specification and format of writing. Chen gave an impressive assignment.
A new physics teacher came to her class in the second day of junior high school and returned all their homework for the first time. "Rewrite, to write down all the process. Otherwise, you will lose points in the exam. "
Chen still remembers the teacher's words vividly.