Lu Yousheng was deeply influenced by family patriotism when he was a teenager. When I was in Song Gaozong, I took the does exam, but my career was not smooth because I was rejected by Qin Gui. Song Xiaozong was born a scholar after he acceded to the throne. He used to be the master book of Ningde County, Fuzhou, the official of deleting government decrees, and the judge of Longxing House. Because he insisted on resisting gold, he was repeatedly rejected by the Lord and factions. In the seventh year (1 17 1), he joined the army and worked in Nanzheng shogunate at the invitation of Sichuan ambassador Wang Yan. The following year, the shogunate was dissolved, Lu You entered Shu and met Fan Chengda. After Song Guangzong succeeded to the throne, he was promoted to Doctor of Rites and Reviser of History Museum. Soon after, he was dismissed from office and returned to his hometown for "mocking romantics". In the second year of Jiatai (1202), Song Ningzong sent an imperial edict to Lu You to Beijing, and presided over the compilation of Xiao Zong and Guang Zong's Records of the Two Dynasties and History of the Three Dynasties. His official position was to be determined. After the book was written, Lu You lived in seclusion in Yin Shan for a long time, and died in Jiading for two years (12 10), leaving the last book, Shizi.
Lu You persisted in writing all his life and made great achievements in poetry and literature. His poetic language is simple and fluent, and his composition is rigorous and orderly. He has both Li Bai's boldness and boldness and Du Fu's melancholy and sadness, especially his patriotic enthusiasm, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Ci and prose have also achieved great success. Liu Kezhuang's "Continued Poems in Houcun" said that his words were "impassioned, but Jiaxuan failed". He ordered 85 volumes of Nanbo Poems and collected more than 9,000 poems. There are also 50 volumes of Weinan Selected Works (including 6 volumes of Confucianism and 2 volumes of Ci), Old Notes, Southern Tang Book 10 and so on. Calligraphy is vigorous and unrestrained, and the ink is "bitter and cold."
Literary achievements
poetic sentiment
Lu You has many literary talents, especially his achievements in poetry. He claimed to have written more than 9,300 poems in 60 years, which can be roughly divided into three periods: before he entered Shu at the age of 46, he tended to be in the form of words; The period from entering Shu to retiring at the age of 64 is the mature period of his poetry creation, and it is also a period of great changes in his poetry style. He changed from "algae painting" in his early years to pursuing unrestrained style, full of fighting atmosphere and patriotic passion; After living in his hometown of Yin Shan in his later years, his poetic style tends to be simple and plain, showing an idyllic flavor, and from time to time revealing desolate life feelings.
1, poetry content
Wandering land
Luyou statue
Poetry covers a wide range, involving almost every field of social life in the early Southern Song Dynasty. According to its content, it can be roughly divided into four aspects:
(1) Persist in resisting gold and crusade against capitulationists. Lu You bluntly said, "Intimacy is never a long-term policy"? "It is the most hurtful thing to get married when you are born, but lose to Hu Qiang with a golden thread at the age of seven", and reveals that "governors still have the policy of getting married, and people with lofty ideals donate their youth in vain". ? His Yuefu poem "Guan Shanyue" highly summarizes the contradiction between the upper rulers and the soldiers on the frontier and the people in the occupied areas in the main battle and theme, and exposes the serious consequences caused by the compromise peace policy of the ruling clique in the Southern Song Dynasty. Lu You's poems, with their distinctive combativeness and pertinence, inspired people's fighting spirit against gold and won the praise of people with lofty ideals.
(2) Express impassioned enthusiasm for serving the country and the grief and indignation of unpaid ambition. When Lu You was young, he made it his duty to serve his country generously. Take destroying the invading enemy and recovering the occupied land as the first purpose in life? However, his ideal of resisting the enemy was repeatedly frustrated. ? Therefore, a large number of his poems not only show high fighting spirit, but also pour deep grief and indignation. For example, in the poem "Book Wrath", the poet is bent on serving the country, and his ambition is hard to be rewarded. His high-spirited, majestic, full of desolation and sadness is not only the epitome of the poet's personal experience, but also the epitome of the national destiny, and is a typical representative of this kind of works.
③ Describe rural scenery and daily life. Lu You loves life and is good at discovering poetry from various life scenes. Whether it's mountains, rivers, plants, insects and fish, whether it's ordinary life in the countryside or leisure in the study, "every grass, tree, fish and bird are cut into poems." The poem "Shanxi Village Tour" is vivid in scenery description and contains philosophy. Among them, "there is no road to doubt when mountains are heavy and waters are heavy, and there is another village in the dark" has become a widely circulated famous sentence. His Spring Rain in Lin 'an describes the spring in the south of the Yangtze River. Writing is a virtual scene, exquisite and beautiful, meaningful.
④ Love poems. Due to the restriction of Neo-Confucianism on the thoughts and feelings of Song scholars and the development of Song ci, the lyric function of Song poetry gradually weakened, and the love poems in Song Dynasty could not be compared with Tang poetry in quantity and quality, but Lu You was an exception. When Lu You was young, he had an unforgettable emotional experience with his ex-wife. His poem mourning his ex-wife is sincere and touching. Two poems written by Shen Yuan in his later years are called "the saddest poems" by later generations? [93]? , is a rare masterpiece in ancient love poems.
2. Artistic features
(1) artistic style, with both realistic and romantic features. Lu You has a bold and unrestrained personality and a broad mind.
Zhu Xuanxian's Chinese painting "Lu You Shi Tu"
Ambition, pursuing grandeur and strength in poetic style, despising delicacy and delicacy? , formed a bold and unrestrained, magnificent poetic style. Lu You devoted all his lofty aspirations and lofty sentiments that could not be realized in real life to his poems. He often uses dreamland and dreams to spit out the heroic spirit in his chest. What about Lu You's dreams and dreamland poems? , elegant and chic, known as "Little Li Bai". ? However, there is an insurmountable contradiction between the desire for fame and the resistance of those in power. The harsh realistic environment has caused an unavoidable burden to the poet's mind, so Lu You praised Du Fu. Care about reality and advocate poetry as "a work beyond poetry"? The poetic style has a gloomy and sad side close to Du Fu.
(2) The language is concise and fluent, and the composition is well organized. Lu You opposed the rhetoric and pursued adventure, and his poetic language was "empty and clear as words". Lu you attaches great importance to practicing sentences, which is dual, novel and neat, and does not fall into the suspicion of carving chapters and sentences. Zhao Yi once commented on Lu's poems as "seemingly bold but actually cautious", and Liu Kezhuang once lamented that "the ancients had exhausted their good confrontation". ? Lu You's seven-character ancient poem "Long Songs" is characterized by strong brushwork, ups and downs in structure, clear and fluent language, patchwork of sentence patterns and great momentum, which typically embodies the individual style of Lu You's poetry and is highly regarded as the representative work of Lu You's poetry by later generations.
3. The status of Lushi.
Lu You played a very important role in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, although the situation was critical, the morale was still high and the poetic style was quite exciting. With the formation of the partial security situation in the Southern Song Dynasty, the literati gradually became negative, and the poetic style also declined. The theme tendency and petty spirit of moon-chanting poems are increasingly obvious. Lu you is saddened by this situation? He held high the flags of Qu, Jia, Li and Du in Europe, the Soviet Union and (Zeng, etc.). Revived together with Huang Zhong, Lu Da and other ci styles that held high patriotic themes, it had a positive impact on poetry in the late Southern Song Dynasty. Dai Fugu and Liu Kezhuang of Jianghu Poetry School both studied under Lu You. By the end of the Song Dynasty, Lu You's patriotic spirit was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
Lu You's poems have a far-reaching influence on later generations. Especially since the late Qing Dynasty, whenever the country is in danger, people often miss Lu You's patriotic spirit, and Lu Shi's patriotic feelings have therefore become a spiritual force to inspire people to resist foreign invasion. Lu You's "Study" is a poem about landscape and life, with delicate and vivid description and fresh and beautiful language, which is also deeply loved by poets in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The couplets in Lu You's poems are often used as couplets in study or pavilions, which also shows that Lu You's poems have a wide audience in later generations.