Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was named Lotte, and in his later years, he was named Xiangshan lay man. He is the author of Bai's Changqing Collection, and there are nearly 3, poems today. In literature, Bai Juyi advocates that "articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written for things", emphasizes inheriting the fine tradition of realism in Chinese classical poetry, and opposes works that have no other sustenance, and is an advocate of the New Yuefu Movement, which has an important position in the history of literature.
Among the ancient Shanxi poets, Bai Juyi was the most famous. He is another great poet in the Tang Dynasty after Li Bai and Du Fu, and Li Dubai is known as the three great poets in the Tang Dynasty.
Bai Juyi, a native of Taiyuan, was born in an official family. His great-grandfather, great-grandfather and grandfather were all officials. His father was a doctor in Chaofeng, a driver in Xiangzhou and a young girl in Dali, and he was a gift to the right servant of the minister of punishment. Because his ancestors and fathers were officials in Henan, they lived in Henan. Bai Juyi was born in Dongguo House, Xinzheng County, Henan Province on the 2th day of the first month in the seventh year of Tang Daizong Dali (AD 772). Wuzong Huichang died in Luoyang in August of the sixth year (846) at the age of 75.
when Bai Juyi was born, Li Bai had died for 1 years and Du Fu had died for 2 years. The times need great poets, and Bai Juyi comes at the right time. He was born in a scholarly family and was extremely clever since childhood. He learned to write poetry at the age of five or six, and he was able to distinguish the rhyme at the age of nine. In addition, his family and society gave him great stimulation and supervision. He studied very hard in his youth. Later, recalling the reading situation at that time, he said: "I studied at night, and sometimes I studied poetry. I didn't sleep for a long time, so that my mouth was sore and my elbow became a sore." When I was a teenager, I once lived a life of refuge, and I knew all aspects of society. These reasons have created Bai Juyi, an outstanding poet.
shortly after Bai Juyi was born, there was a war in Henan. Li Zhengji, a town in Puzhen, was divided into more than ten states in Henan Province, and it seemed that the chaos would continue. He was promoted to Bai Jigeng, a special driver in Xuzhou by Pengcheng county magistrate, and sent his son Bai Juyi to the south to avoid chaos. I left home to take refuge at an early age, and then I ran north and south to prepare for hardships. So when he was 15 years old, he wrote a quatrain that recorded the true feelings at that time; "What do you want from your hometown? Chu Shui Wu Shan Wan Li Yu. Today, because of your visit to your brother, I cried a book for several lines. " Later, there was another seven laws for sending brothers and sisters, which was also well written and has always been praised. The poem goes: "my fields and gardens wrecked by the war, my own flesh and blood become scum of the street, ... * * * You should cry when you look at the bright moon, for hearts, in five places, all sick with one wish." From these poems, we can see Bai Juyi's living conditions and psychological feelings at that time. The separation of his family's flesh and blood can also reflect the degree of social unrest and people's displacement at that time. Bai Juyi spent his boyhood in such an environment.
when Bai Juyi was 16 years old, he had written many good poems that can be handed down from generation to generation, among which the most famous one is the five-character poem "Farewell to the Ancient Grass". It is said that Bai Juyi first came to Chang 'an to visit the old poet Gu Kuang. When Gu Kuang heard that his name was easy to live in, he joked, "Chang 'an is expensive, but it is not easy to live in it." And read the poem "wildfire never quite consumes them, they are tall once more in the spring wind", greatly appreciated, saying that it is not difficult to live in Chang 'an with such a style of writing. This poem really shows Bai Juyi's extraordinary talent.
Since Gu Kuang became famous in Chang 'an, Bai Juyi has lived in Chang 'an sometimes, and sometimes in other places. He has been to Xuzhou, Xiangzhou, Hangzhou and other places, made friends with some poets, and really started his career as a poet. At the age of 27, he took the provincial examination, was appreciated by Cui Yan, the secretariat of Xuanzhou, and was sent to Chang 'an for an examination the following year. At the age of 29 in the 16th year of Zhenyuan (8), he won the fourth place and the first place in Jinshi. At the age of 31, he was awarded the best in the book test, and met Yuan Zhen at the same time. Since then, he has become a best friend. In the spring of the age of 32, Bai Juyi was awarded a school book lang, which was considered as a career. At the age of 33, he moved from Luoyang to Qin, Bujuwei, about a hundred miles away from Chang 'an. At the age of 35, he stopped being a school book lang, and then he was awarded Zhou Zhi County Commandant. The following year, he was transferred to Jinshi Examiner by zhouzhi county Commandant, who supplemented Jixian College. In the winter of this year, he was awarded a bachelor's degree in Hanlin, and he married Yang Yuqing from his younger sister just before and after he was awarded Hanlin studies. In the third year of Yuanhe (88), he worshipped Zuo and collected the remains.
Li Jifu, then the prime minister, was dissatisfied with Niu Monks and Confucians and others who criticized the state affairs, and he either disdained or degraded them. Bai Juyi, who was newly appointed as a gleaner, went to On the System of Human Beings, saying that he was disgraced arbitrarily, so he offended Li Jifu and his son Li Deyu, and unfortunately fell into the whirlpool of political struggle at that time. Bai Juyi was always pushed out by Li Deyu in the struggle between Niu and Li for decades, which determined that his career was not smooth all his life. During his time as a gleaner, he did his duty and repeatedly made the emperor or the powerful minister dissatisfied.
in April of the sixth year of Yuanhe (811), due to the death of his mother, Bai Juyi lived in Wei village, and his beloved daughter, Jin Luanzi, also died in this year. After living in Weiwei village for more than three years, Bai Juyi was poor and ill, and his good friend Yuan Zhen often shared his money to help his difficulties. In the winter of the ninth year of Yuanhe (814), he was awarded the title of Zuo Zan, a good doctor, but later he asked Wu Yuanheng to be arrested urgently because of his lack of help. He was hated by the prime minister and was demoted to the secretariat of the state, and was slandered by Wang Ya, a Chinese calligrapher. After that, he was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima. This continuous demotion is a great blow and lesson to Bai Juyi, which has greatly changed his thoughts. In order to avoid disaster and avoid suspicion, "no longer speak frankly" and "the world will not say anything from now on" In Jiangzhou, he claimed to be "a man reduced to the end of the world", and took traveling and writing poems as his work, and longed for Tao Yuanming, hoping to become a recluse poet and turn to Buddhism in an attempt to get rid of Buddhism. In short, being demoted to Jiangzhou Sima is a major turning point in Bai Juyi's life.
Bai Juyi lived in Jiangzhou for four years, then moved to Zhongzhou, and was called back in Yuanhe for fifteen years. Xianzong collapsed, and Mu Zong succeeded to the throne, and he was awarded the title of Chinese Book Scheeren. Later, he paid homage to the doctor of Shangshu, learned the imperial edict, sent the doctor away, and transferred to Zhuguo. Bai Juyi's spirit is heavy and uplifting, and the poem says, "You can get water and fish, but you can also grow in spirit by riding a crane." However, due to the fierce factional disputes at that time, he not only could not do anything, but also "worried all day long" and marveled that "there was a danger of traps under the high position". Soon I was disappointed again. Fearing that he would be victimized by power again, he dared not stay in the DPRK for a long time, so he asked for a foreign post. In the second year of Changqing (822), he went out to be the secretariat of Hangzhou, avoiding the court that was cruelly courted by cronies. Since then, his thoughts have been further depressed. The poem says: "Who knows that fame and fortune are exhausted, and there is no peace of mind." "Dare to resign is far slow, and your body is safe." Let it be, let it be, quite a bit forgotten. In order to get rid of the troubles of life, Bai Juyi indulged himself with prostitutes, music, poetry and wine. He kept prostitutes and addicted to alcohol until his twilight years. Storing prostitutes for fun began in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and was common in the Tang Dynasty, especially in Bai Juyi. There are more than a dozen prostitutes whose names are known from his poems. Alcoholic, according to himself, "only drunk as a hometown", "often drunk, not awake all day." Song people counted Bai Juyi's poems and said that he had "2,8 poems and 9 drinkers." So it's all about escaping from reality and self-anesthesia. He further sought spiritual support from Buddhism, sought a way of liberation, and anesthetized and comforted himself with the Buddhist thought of negative birth. Bai Juyi, recorded in Biography of the Great Song Monks, paid tribute to the famous monks to inquire about the Buddhist teachings, and discussed the wonderful meaning of Buddhism with them, mostly after leaving Hangzhou. Bai Juyi went on to fast and sit in the Dojo, and has been a good Buddha ever since, often holding a three-month fast, that is, sitting in the Dojo at home in January, May and September. Therefore, Bai Juyi is also a representative of ancient literati who worships Buddhism and is philosophical, and many people in the past dynasties praised him to the utmost. In fact, his worship of Buddha is not really about serving Buddha, but about relieving troubles and seeking liberation. It is a passive resistance to society, a retreat, and a helpless choice in the social environment at that time. It's caused by a bumpy career and disappointment. After suffering, I devoted myself to releasing my family. Bai Juyi's Biography of Mr. Zuiyin in his later years expresses himself in white clouds: "Sex is addicted to alcohol, indulges in piano and obscenities. All drinkers, piano lovers and poetry friends swim with them, and after swimming, they live in the heart and explain their family. " We can see that he enjoyed drinking before Buddha. He even doubted whether there was a Buddha. At the same time, I learned alchemy. Strictly speaking, Bai Juyi is not a true Buddhist believer. At the same time, his worship of Buddhism is also for fitness reasons. This is why he sometimes fasted and sat in the Dojo while thinking about prostitutes and drinking wine in his heart.
Although he was passive, kept prostitutes, indulged in drinking and believed in Buddhism, he made remarkable achievements in his appointment as a secretariat in Hangzhou, caring for the sufferings of the people, and was most praised for building Hangzhou Lake embankment to store water and irrigate fields. In order to remember him, people built a dike named "Bai Causeway", and in addition, they deepened six wells in the city for the public to drink.
In May of the 4th year of Changqing (824), his term in Hangzhou expired. In addition to the prince left bastard, division east capital. So, he lived in Luoyang Road. So far, he has been an official for 2 years, but he can't make up enough money to buy a house, so he has to pay for it with two horses. This shows that he is honest as an official. In the second year, except for Suzhou secretariat, he was only in Suzhou secretariat for more than a year, so he was exempted from county affairs due to illness. Liu Yuxi went on strike and the state secretariat, and Liu and Bai returned to Luoyang together. A year later, Bai Juyi turned to assistant minister of punishments, sealing male Jinyang county. At the age of 58, that is, in the spring of the third year of Daiwa (829), Bai Juyi said that he was ill and refused to return. From then on, he did not return, except for Henan Yin, and sought to avoid illness. At the age of 64, except for the secretariat of the same state, he refused to worship, and changed to Prince Shaofu and divided the company into East Capital. Due to negative mood and health reasons, he is unwilling to be an official any more. At the age of 6, his son, A Cui, died, which was another blow to the poet. At the age of 73, Zeng Jiacai opened eight stone beaches in Longmen to facilitate the boat. He died at the age of 75.
judging from Bai Juyi's career, although he was mostly an official, he was always in a state of anxiety and anger. As a poet, he has made great achievements, which can be said to be famous in the ruling and opposition parties, and even known to women and children. Probably because of his wandering in his youth and being demoted several times later, he became an immortal poet because of his extensive experience and deep understanding of society.
Bai Juyi's poems, as mentioned earlier, have been well written since childhood. At the age of 16, the phrase "wildfire spring breeze" has become a famous sentence throughout the ages. The most famous narrative poem "Song of Eternal Sorrow", which is a masterpiece of China's ancient poetry, was written when he was a captain of zhouzhi county at the age of 35. The poem is based on the story of Xuanzong and Yang Guifei, which is circulated among the people, and is fictional and vividly written. Vivid and moving, it is considered by critics to be the best of the long poems in the Tang Dynasty, which occupies a prominent position in the history of Chinese poetry. In this poem, he dares to criticize the dissoluteness of Tang Xuanzong. There are even languages such as "china's Emperor, craving beauty that might shake an empire" and "and the Emperor, from that time forth, forsook his early hearings". The description of their deep affection is both ironic and full of pity. When it comes to the situation in where will you go, the pen is quite emotional. The whole poem rises from the twists and turns of the story, full of emotions and complexity, which gives people great appeal.
At the age of 45, he wrote another long poem "Introduction to Pipa", which was also highly praised by people. After he was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima, he said goodbye to his friends in Jiangtou, Xunyang, and at the farewell banquet in the boat, he was sad when he suddenly heard the sound of playing the lute on the neighboring boat and invited him to move the boat. It turned out that he was an old singer who lived alone in an empty boat, and he was also infinitely sad, and borrowed the lute to pin his bitterness. Bai Juyi listened to her life story, not only deeply sympathized with her, but also thought of her own misfortune, which led to the feeling of "we are both unhappy -- to the sky's end, we meet. We understand. What does acquaintance matter?", and made this long poem comparable to the Song of Eternal Sorrow. In the front, I narrated the life situation and sad life experience of the geisha, and then I wrote about myself with "I came, a year ago, away from the capital, and am now a sick exile here in Jiujiang", and finally I said "but who of them all was crying the most?, this Jiujiang official. My blue sleeve was wet." "Sima Qing", so it also became an allusion. This poem has many advantages in artistic techniques, such as meticulous description and harmonious syllables, especially the section describing the sound of pipa, which really makes people sigh. The most important thing is the sincerity of feelings. These two long poems are priceless treasures left by Bai Juyi to future generations.
Among Bai Juyi's other poems, those satirical poems written in the early stage are highly valued and praised, especially Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu. Bai Juyi, who just stepped into his official career, reflected the sufferings of people's livelihood and shouted for justice. His courage of "not knowing the time and being taboo" is very admirable. There are 1 "Qin Zhongyin", the first of which is like a sword. "Re-Fu" accuses the government of worshipping the surplus and cruelly cutting the people. "Take away my silk and buy your immediate favor." "Light Fat" describes the spirit of the dignitaries attending the banquet and the richness of food and wine. Finally, it is "the drought in the south of the Yangtze River and the people in Quzhou eat people!" "Song and Dance" writes about the enjoyable life of the ministers who enjoy drinking in the middle of the day and singing and dancing in the middle of the night. The conclusion is "I don't know that there are frozen death row prisoners in the township prison!" "Buy Flowers" writes that rich people in Chang 'an bid for peony and boast of luxury. Finally, it says, "A bunch of dark flowers is blessed by ten households." Marriage proposal sympathizes with poor women who can't get married, Wounded Friends laments the miserable life in the land of bitter festivals, and Wounded House satirizes the giant's building in Daxing, which costs "one million yuan". "No Official" mocked the greedy people who refused to retire in their eighties and nineties. "Li Maid" expressed dissatisfaction with falsely praising some people for not erecting a monument for a good official. Five strings expressed regret that many people didn't understand traditional culture at that time. It can be seen that all of them are critics, whips and grumblers, which is a powerful exposure of the dark politics from Dezong Zhenyuan to Xian Zongyuan and the early days, and it hurts the ruling class. No wonder that "when you smell Qin Zhongyin, those who are powerful and close to each other will look at each other and change color." Bai Juyi is also very conceited about his Qin Zhongyin. In a poem titled after compiling 15 volumes of his poetry anthology, he said: "One" Long Hate "has amorous feelings, and ten" Qin Yin "are close to the sound."
New Yuefu was written at about the same time as Qin Zhongyin, and it is another important group of Bai's satirical poems, with 5 poems, which are about the relationship between Gao Zu's martial arts and Yuan He, with a longer time span and wider content than Qin Zhongyin. Bai said his Yuefu poem in the poem "To Tang Sheng": "I am also a disciple of the monarch, so why am I depressed? Can't cry aloud. There is no empty text in every article, and every sentence must be regulated. A man's work is a great danger to others, but a poet's words are very painful. If you don't want a high palace rhythm, you don't want strange words. Pushing songs makes people sick, and I hope that the emperor will know. " It can be said that he wrote the declaration of "New Yuefu" and the best explanation of "New Yuefu". The famous works widely read by people, such as Selling Charcoal Weng, Du Lingcuo, Dazzling Silk and Xinfeng Folding Arm Weng, are the middle chapters of New Yuefu. Each poem has a clear and strong central idea, that is, it is stated in the preface that it is "bitter palace city", "hurting farmers' difficulties", "greedy for women's labor", "worrying about the cost of sericulture", "mourning for the cold", "abstaining from seeking immortals", "being greedy for officials" and so on. These poems have a clear distinction between love and hate, and besides satire, there are also praises. These poems fully explain what Bai Juyi opposes and praises, which is the true expression of the author's mind. He clearly declared in the Preface to New Yuefu that these poems are "written for monarch, minister, people, things and things, not for writing". "The matter is true", claiming that what he wrote is true events, and it also shows the fighting spirit of a young and middle-aged poet to help the sick and evil. In poetic style, he inherited the fine traditions of The Book of Songs, Yuefu ancient poems and Du Fu's songs, and adopted the free syntax of folk songs at that time, forming his own creative style.
In a word, Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu by Bai Juyi are the most combative works in all his poems. Together with Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa, they are the best parts of Bai Juyi's poems and the most valuable parts of China's ancient poems.
Bai Juyi divides his poems into four categories. Besides satirical poems, there are leisure poems, sentimental poems and miscellaneous poems, and most of them are well written. Generally speaking, early poems are more valuable than later poems. Because of the sinister world, his later poems no longer have the edge of youth, which is very regrettable.
as a great poet, a day.