Regarding the details of Fan Zhongyan, we will introduce you from the following aspects:
I. Fan Zhongyan's Poems
Yang Yue Lou Ji, the pride of the fisherman, Su Muzhe, Yu Jiexing, a fisherman on the river, Ouyang Gongxi picking silver lamps to sub-topic, Wuyi tea songs, Ding Fengbo, escorting others to watch the tide, wild colors, traveling in Lushan Mountain, traveling with the Song people. Twelve Topics of Traveling with People in Songshan No.6, Jade Maiden Beating the Stone, Traveling with People in Tianmen No.7 of Songshan, Huaiqing Tang Shuo, Twelve Topics of Traveling with People in Songshan No.12 and Its Peak, and Traveling with People in Tianchi No.9 of Songshan, etc.
Second, the ability to know people.
Fan Zhongyan knows people very well. When Di Qing was a small official, Fan Zhongyan attached great importance to him and awarded him Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, saying, "I don't know ancient and modern times, but I am brave." From then on, Di Qing read abridged books and became proficient in the art of war. Later, he became a great soldier by serving as a military attache. When Zhang Zai was a teenager, he liked to talk about soldiers, so much so that he wanted to make friends and take the land of Taoxi. At the age of twenty-one, he met Fan Zhongyan. Fan Zhongyan saw his extraordinary skill, which really wasted his talent as a general. He said to him, "Confucianism has its own tricks to teach coke. What's the use of being a soldier?" He was advised to read The Mean. Later, Zhang Zai wanted to solve the old age all over the world, but instead sought the Six Classics. Later, he became one of the five sons of the Northern Song Dynasty, the founder of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties and a great scholar. When Fu Bi was a teenager, he was studious and generous. Fan Zhongyan saw it and said strangely, "Wang Zuocai is also." And showed his article to Wang Zeng and Yan Shu. Yan Shu married her daughter to Fu Bi, and then Song Renzong copied the department. Fan Zhongyan told Fu Bi: "Children should make progress." From then on, he stepped into the officialdom and became a generation of celebrities.
Third, the main achievements
Political contributions
● When Fan Zhongyan was in Taizhou, he recruited more than 40,000 people and rebuilt the sea weir. From the fifth year of Tianxi (102 1 year) to the fourth year of Tiansheng (1026), the new dike spans the three countries of Tong, Thailand and Chu, with a total length of about 200 miles. At that time, people's life, farming and salt production were guaranteed, and it also played an important role in "preventing disasters" in later generations.
In the first year of Jing _ (1034), Suzhou was flooded by rain for a long time, and the accumulated water could not be returned, which led to the abandonment of fertile fields, the failure of farming and the hunger and cold of the people. After Fan Zhongyan came out of Suzhou, according to the water and geographical environment, he put forward the "five rivers" between Kunshan and Changshu, which led the accumulated water to Taihu Lake and injected it into the sea. Fan Zhongyan's classic paintings on water control, with the main content of "trimming fences, dredging rivers and setting gates", not only won the praise of the times, but also attracted the attention of later generations. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, this model was followed to control floods.
● Implement the New Deal.
Main entry: Qingli New Deal
In August of the third year of the Qing Dynasty (1043), Fan Zhongyan made a summary of the imperial edict, aiming at the present situation of domestic troubles and foreign invasion (huge bureaucracy but low administrative efficiency) and foreign invasion (Liao and Xixia threatened the northern and northwest frontiers), and put forward ten reform plans, advocating clarifying bureaucracy, reforming imperial examinations, innovating military equipment and reducing corvee. Just a few months after the implementation of the New Deal, the political situation took on a new look: the bureaucracy began to be streamlined; In the imperial examination, practical argumentative papers were highlighted, and those with special talents were promoted by exception; Schools have also been established all over the country.
In the first month of the fifth year of Li Qing (1045), the opposition led by Xia Song attacked the reformists as "cronies", and Renzong released Fan Zhongyan, Fu Bi and other ministers, and the reform ended in failure. However, although the New Deal was only implemented for one year, it started the reform trend in the Northern Song Dynasty and became a prelude to Wang Anshi's "Xining Reform".
In the first year of military thought Kangding (1040), Fan Zhongyan was transferred to the northwest front line and served as the border commander. In view of the vast territory, sparse population, staggered valleys and dangerous terrain in the northwest, Fan Zhongyan put forward the strategy of "active defense", that is, building castles in key areas, strengthening fortifications and training border guards in order to achieve the goal of defending as the offensive.
In the military system, the old system of leading troops according to official positions was abolished, and the contingency tactics of selecting war generals according to the enemy's situation were changed; The establishment of the farm camp system and the solution of the problem of military supplies have greatly improved the army's adaptability and combat capability. In terms of fortifications, through building castles, repairing castles, and building bonfires, a solid strategic system with Dashuncheng as the center and echoing the fortress has been formed. For the ethnic minorities in the border areas, we should unite sincerely, give them generous preferential treatment, and strictly enforce the reward and punishment convention, so that they can return to the Song Dynasty with peace of mind. At the same time, Fan Zhongyan selected generals, vigorously promoted army generals, made famous soldiers such as Di Qing and Zhong emerge in the Northwest Army, and trained a group of soldiers who dared to fight hard. Until the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, this army was still a strong force in the Song Dynasty.
Fan Zhongyan's thought of active defense in building cities and villages fundamentally changed the military defense situation in northwest China and greatly improved the border situation. In the fourth year of Li Qing (1044), the Northern Song Dynasty finally signed a contract with Xixia, and peace was restored in the northwest frontier.
Literary achievements
● Prose From Song Jianguo to Renzong for more than 70 years, we have adhered to our ancestors' family laws and followed our politics, and various crises lurk behind the glitz and extravagance. Fan Zhongyan broke the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty, attached importance to the political enlightenment of articles, and advocated that articles were an important organic part of politics, which was related to the mellow social customs and the success or failure of the country. Under the influence of the thought of saving the country by running the country, Fan Zhongyan opposed the soft prose in the early Song Dynasty and put forward the literary thought of restoring ancient ways by studying classics, saving the quality of literature and enriching its weathering. Fan Zhongyan's articles based on politics rather than literature have the same historical significance and retro spirit as Yang Xiong, Wang Bo, Liu Han and the theory of retro literature in the early Song Dynasty, which has played a positive role in the innovation of literary style in the early Song Dynasty.
In prose creation, Fan Zhongyan's works are mostly political sparse and letters, which state current politics with strict logic and are convincing. Su Shi once commented that Shang Zheng Shi Shu was "read all over the world"; Lingwu Fu, Ning Ming dies without saying anything, is an important document for ancient philosophers in China to strive for freedom. The famous story of Yueyang Tower, as an opportunity to commemorate, warned friends "not to be happy with things, not to be sad for yourself". The full text integrates narrative, scenery description, lyricism and discussion, and the combination of dynamic and static has become an innovation in miscellaneous notes. Among them, "worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later" is a famous sentence throughout the ages.
● In terms of poems and songs, Fan Zhongyan advocates "keeping the harmony of the scope" and "keeping pace with the times". Fan Zhongyan inherited Mencius' noble spirit and integrated Cao Pi's poetic thoughts of "literary spirit", Lu Ji's and Zhong Rong's "feeling things" and "harmony between man and nature". He believes that the impulse and intention of the poet's creation is to inherit the "spirit" of the avenue, feel everything, and be reflected through everything. Fan Zhongyan's Keep pace with the Times inherits Liu Xie's viewpoint of "doing things for feelings" and Bai Juyi's thought of "doing things for times", and organically combines political education with doing things for feelings. Fan Zhongyan criticized the blind imitation and moaning in the poetry circle in the early Song Dynasty, and advocated that poetry creation should be loyal to the reality of life, conform to current events and not empty talk.
Fan Zhongyan's 305 poems have spread all over the world, with extensive contents, or expressing their thoughts or great political ambitions; Or pay attention to people's livelihood and express their concern for the country and the people; Or tour the mountains and praise the great rivers and mountains of the motherland; Or praise things and show personal integrity. Poetry is pure and sincere, with various artistic techniques, especially the beauty of purity. The tendency to take prose as poetry and discussion is very obvious. At the same time, we should pay attention to the use of line drawing and overlapping words. Compared with the white style, late Tang style and Kunxi style at that time, it showed a completely different look and became an important part of the transformation of poetry from Tang tone to Song tone in the early Song Dynasty.
There are five poems written by Fan Zhongyan. Although the number of the first song is small, it is a household name and occupies an important position in the development of Song Ci. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Northern Song Dynasty to Song Renzong, enjoying life has gradually become a fashion, and lyrics with eroticism as the main creative theme have also become prosperous. Fan Zhongyan became a poet during the reign of Renzong, and his ci works are rich in content and different in style, both directly writing eroticism and jumping out of eroticism, which is a profound trace left over from the transitional period.
The word "The Fisherman's Pride of Qiu Si" reflects the hardships of frontier life, expresses the author's determination and willingness to oppose aggression and consolidate frontier defense, and also shows the complex and contradictory feelings of foreign invasion, unfinished business, long-term frontier defense and homesickness of soldiers. Before Fan Zhongyan, few people used Ci as a new form of poetry to describe frontier life. Huma, a joke of Wei in the Tang Dynasty, has a saying that "the grass grows and the warbler flies", but it is not developed and lacks the foundation of real life. Therefore, the prototype word is actually the first frontier word. Moreover, the content and style of this poem directly influenced the creation of bold and patriotic ci in the Song Dynasty, which opened up a brand-new aesthetic realm for the ci world and also opened the creative direction of Song Ci close to social life and real life. The two words "Tiaoyindeng and Ouyang Gongzi" and "Ding Feng Bo Zi Xia Ying Bai Hua Zhou Qin Zhi" have a wide range of themes, which have nothing to do with eroticism, and are in tune with the creative style in the early Northern Song Dynasty, showing a process of music decline from the late Tang Dynasty to the early Northern Song Dynasty.
Fan Zhongyan's erotic works (Nostalgia in Su Mu, Nostalgia in Yujie Autumn) always write a grand time and space background, which is very different from the narrow and deep environment of other contemporary poets, such as Little Round Incense Road and Deep Courtyard. However, this sincere, beautiful and moving style greatly changed the creative concept of the Song people, led to the transfer of the creative atmosphere in the ci world, and had a far-reaching impact on the later ci world.
Fan Zhongyan, an educational strategy, inherited and developed Confucian orthodox educational thought, and regarded "promoting learning" as the fundamental means of cultivating talents and saving the world and helping the people. Fan Zhongyan clearly put forward the concept of "emphasizing the same name" (careful selection and intensive education) in his book "Being in Power", comparing the imperial examination at that time to taking exams rather than educating people before exams, and advocating "encouraging learning and educating people", restoring the system and connecting with education. When Fan Zhongyan was in power in the Qing Dynasty, he once again put forward the idea of "rejuvenating learning by restoring ancient ways and learning from foreigners", and made great efforts to reform the imperial examination system, improve the education system and strengthen school management. Schools have also been built by imperial edict in various places, and schools have sprung up everywhere, which is called "beautiful things".
In the choice of teachers, Fan Zhongyan advocates that teachers should teach by teachers and pay equal attention to practice. Fan Zhongyan pays attention to the training and selection of teachers and regards "learning from teachers" as the focus of education. The famous teachers he recommended, such as Hu Yuan and Li Gou, were all famous educators in the Northern Song Dynasty. In terms of teaching content, Fan Zhongyan advocated "Jing Zong" to cultivate talents who can master the "Six Classics" and know the martial arts. At the same time, pay attention to teaching basic skills such as arithmetic, medicine and military affairs, and cultivate practical talents with specialized knowledge and skills.
Fan Zhongyan also practiced, no matter "living in the temple" or "traveling in the rivers and lakes", the footprints involved were to set up schools and widely teach Ze; In his later years, Yi Tian and Yi Xue were established, and free education was given to children of ethnic groups to promote "the beauty of reading". Fan's theory of righteousness has achieved great success in educating the nation, stabilizing the society and optimizing the fashion, which opened a new fashion of free education in the ancient basic education stage of China.
Calligraphy has made Fan Zhongyan such a good writer. Huang Tingjian's "Inscription on the Valley" said: "The official book of Fan Wen is very close to the Jin and Song Dynasties." There is another saying: "Ode to Boyi is the official book of Fan Wenzheng, which is very popular with predecessors. It is difficult to make it clear and dynamic in small letters. Zhu's "Continued Book" refers to Zhong You's learning from Wang Xizhi's "Yue Lun Yi" in his later years, which is also a generation. Comment on Fan Zhongyan's "The Remnant Records of Longjiang Dreams" during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was extremely vigorous and beautiful, and there was nowhere to escape. " Gao Shiqi in Qing Dynasty also called Fan Zhongyan's calligraphy "vigorous and unique, showing personality".
Four. assess
Wang Anshi called Fan Zhongyan "the teacher of my life" in "A Tribute to Fan Yingzhou". However, in the 9th year of Ning Zaixi (1076) in May, Wang Anshi criticized Fan Zhongyan in front of Song Shenzong that "it is a very bad custom to have a good reputation and make friends, thinking that the party helps".
Zhu commented: "Fan Wen is an outstanding talent." "This dynasty Taoism sheng? There are also some gradients. Since Fan Wenzheng, there have been many discussions, including Sun Mingfu in Shandong, Shishou Road in Culai, Hu Anding in Huzhou, and later Zhou Zi, Cheng Zi and Zhang Zi. "
Lv Zhong said: "The first Confucianism talked about the characters of the Song Dynasty, with Fan Zhongyan as the first." "Preface to the Song and Yuan Dynasties" said: "Gao Ping (Fan Zhongyan) has been flawless all his life, and he has made great contributions by leading a horizontal canal into the holy room."
Wang Fuzhi criticized Fan Zhongyan: "(Gong Fan) takes the world as its own responsibility and its ambition is also. If left unchecked, you will be anxious. The chastity and evil of an old friend, the density of law, the suffering of poor eaves, the rise and fall of the poor, and the thinness of customs are all tied to his heart. ? If he is in charge of state affairs, he will like good and evil, not humble, but eager to discuss more; Being lucky, taking the exam, making words, making fu, stimulating tactics, asking questions, changing people, comprehensively verifying the name and the facts, and making rules and regulations, all without exception, are tireless. Just because it is long and urgent, it has made the world quiet for a hundred years, and people want to try it. All kinds of things, Feng and Shao Sheng, started from then on, not as safe as a quiet town. "
Ouyang Xiu carved a tombstone for Fan Zhongyan, which read, "Men have little ambition and each takes the world as his own responsibility."