Notre Dame de Paris, Les Miserables, 93, Smiling Man, Hugo's Poems, Hugo's Letters and the Complete Works of Hugo.
Notre Dame de Paris is Hugo's work, which takes Paris under Louis Xi in the15th century as the background, reflects the hatred and revolutionary situation of bourgeois Democrats and the broad masses of the people towards the restoration of Bourbon Dynasty and its spiritual accomplice, the Catholic Church, and depicts a great love for us. Hugo's favorite pen depicts characters with sharp contrast and reveals social atmosphere.
Victor hugo was born in Besancon on February 26th, 802. His father was a general under Napoleon and his mother was a devout royalist. Hugo wrote a song entitled "Two years old this century! In the poem "Rome Replaced Sparta", I described my birth like this: at the age of two in this century, Rome replaced Sparta,/Napoleon came out of the mountain, originally Bonaparte,/the chief wanted to win the supreme privilege,/the face of being an emperor was exposed under the mask,/in the ancient Spanish city of Besancon,/a child was born like a seed falling with the wind,/his father was originally from Bhutani, and his mother was originally from Lorraine,/he. /This name was crossed out of the book by fate,/This child who doesn't know whether tomorrow is dead or alive,/He is me. ——
Although Hugo is weak, he has been diligent and talented since he was a child. He was exposed to Latin poetry and history since he was a child, and began to write poems at the age of 9, which was praised by his teachers. There is a story in France. When Hugo was in primary school, he got full marks in every dictation, only once did he pass French B? Uf is written as beuf (note: in French,? U and eu are pronounced the same). When Hugo 14 years old, he set his ambition: "I must become chateaubriand, and there is no other ambition." /kloc-when he was 0/5 years old, he wrote the poem "The Benefits of Learning" and won a prize by participating in a poetry competition organized by the French Academy. So Hugo has enjoyed the reputation of "prodigy" since he was a child. Hugo's juvenile works are mostly poems. Its main characteristics are a large number and a wide range of subjects, as well as carols, elegies, pastoral songs, fables, satirical poems, love poems, social poems, reasoning poems and so on. It's written everywhere. In addition, young Hugo is quick in writing, and a long poem with hundreds of lines is often done in one go. /kloc-at the age of 0/7, under the urging of his mother, he finished 120 lines of ode "Rebuilding the bronze statue of Henry IV" overnight. Su Mei, an old poet of Toulouse Poetry Society, praised Hugo as a "genius" and said that Hugo was "a mystery, a mystery that only the Muse can solve".
Under the influence of his mother, young Hugo dedicated his budding literary talent to the dying French feudal dynasty, praised the French king and shouted "Long live the king!" In his poems. . When the royal family holds grand events such as weddings, funerals and weddings, Hugo is bound to write poems as a souvenir. When Louis Stanislas Xavier's heir, Duke Berry, was assassinated, Hugo's ode "Death of Duke Berry" moved the king to tears. He received an annuity of 2,000 francs from the king and became a court poet during the French Restoration. 1824, 22-year-old Hugo was invited as a celebrity to attend the coronation ceremony of the new king Charles X.
In China, most people know Hugo as a novelist; In France, Hugo was first and foremost a poet. In fact, from the day Hugo started his career as a writer, he began to create poems, novels and plays in a three-pronged way. However, in the face of the fierce dispute between old and new literature in the literary world, although young Hugo paid close attention to it, he was not in a hurry to express his position. After the death of his mother, the image of Napoleon, the tyrant Hugo accepted since childhood, began to appear as a national hero. In addition, Hugo gradually found that the freedom of artistic creation is closely related to the freedom of social life. In the depths of Hugo's soul, the liberal tendency began to replace the royalist position.
1827, Hugo wrote the drama Cromwell. Then, he collected all kinds of new ideas and published a long preface that shocked the literary world. Cromwell: The preface, with a clear-cut stand, intervened in the literary debate at that time, stood on the side of the new literature demanding to break through the barriers and attacked the old classicism. < Cromwell >: The preface is not only an inspiring and beautiful text, but also regarded as a romantic declaration. The poet Gauthie's comment: The Preface is regarded as the declaration of cultural rights after the human rights declaration of the French Revolution. In the preface, Hugo opposed the classical artistic viewpoint and put forward the romantic literary proposition: insisting on not formulating but expressing the plot concretely. In particular, he advocates the principle of comparing truth, goodness, beauty with falsehood, evil and ugliness. This preface established Hugo as the originator of romanticism. 1830, Hugo's play Onani was publicly staged, which marked the decisive victory of romanticism over classicism.
1830 After the July Revolution, Hugo turned from defending Wang Si to advocating * * * politically. Notre Dame de Paris is the masterpiece of this period. 1848 When the "February Revolution" began, Hugo had become a staunch party member and was elected as a member of the Constituent Assembly, becoming the leader of the social democratic left in the French National Assembly. 185 1 year, louis bonaparte launched a counter-revolutionary coup. Hugo immediately issued a declaration to resist, but failed. In February of the same year, Hugo was forced to flee to Brussels, Belgium.
During his 19 years in exile, Hugo always insisted on fighting and writing against Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's dictatorship. 1852, he published a political pamphlet, Napoleon's Little Man, which made a bitter mockery of Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte. In the same year, he wrote The Story of a Crime, angrily accusing and mercilessly exposing the counter-revolutionary usurpation of power. Many of Hugo's immortal works, such as Les Miserables, Smiling Man, 1993, Marine Labors and william shakespeare, were also completed during his exile.
Hugo has such a famous saying in the novel "Jiu San": "On top of the absolutely correct revolution, there is absolutely correct humanism." This can be said to be the essence of Hugo's humanitarian thought. As we all know, the humanitarianism in modern western society originated from Rousseau, but it was Hugo who really carried it forward. From the changes in the inner world of Jean Valjean and Sheriff Javert in Les Miserables, we can get a glimpse of Hugo's humanitarian thought.
After his literary creation, Hugo put forward many useful ideas and propositions for political democracy, social progress and European unity. Today, some of Hugo's thoughts and ideas have become or are becoming a reality. For example, he advocates secularization and free education for all, equality between men and women, and abolition of the death penalty. He hopes to one day establish a "Europa United States" like the United States of America, and envisages "a continental currency, based on both metals and credit, supported by capital from all over Europe, and driven by the free activities of 200 million people, so that a single currency can replace and absorb today's. Hugo was also the earliest internationalist before Marx. He supported the movement of American woman Maria Chapman to abolish black slaves. In the Mexican War of 1863, he sided with Mexicans who opposed the French army. He is also the only western writer who expressed indignation at Eight-Nation Alliance's burning of Yuanmingyuan. 186 1 year, Hugo was filled with indignation when he learned that the British and French invaders had set fire to Yuanmingyuan. He righteously wrote:
"This is a great achievement, a godsend windfall! One of the two winners filled his pocket, and the other saw it and filled his box. Then, arm in arm, they returned to Europe with a smile. This is the history of these two robbers …
The French emperor got half of the stolen goods from this victory, and now he seems naive to be the real master, trying to show the brilliant plunder of the Summer Palace (Yuanmingyuan). I long for one day, the French can get rid of the heavy burden, clear their guilt and return this wealth to the plundered China. "(The following are the original texts of these two paragraphs for French learners to compare and learn:
"Great performance, Bonnie O'Beirne. Two men work in Europe. They travel in Europe. They work, work and smile in Europe. This is the history of two robbers. ...
French emperor? This is the last wish of the victim. When did his story take place? This is a very beautiful ornament. I want to travel to France for a few days and visit China. "
Anyone who studies Hugo knows that Hugo has never been to China, but he always yearns for the ancient and mysterious China in the far east. No.6 Place de Vosges in Paris, France, was Hugo's residence before his death, and now it has been changed to Hugo Museum, which is called "Hugo's House". There is a unique "China Salon" in "Home", which is the most curious part for visitors. According to textual research, after the coup in louis bonaparte, Hugo was expelled from France and settled in Guernsey with his family in 1856. The following year, his loyal girlfriend Juliet Derouet moved here, and finally bought a house in the same street and settled down. Her neighbors accompanied her beloved poet. Juliet's apartment is called "Autheville Farley", where Hugo tries his best to create an oriental "China situation" for her. The French National Library still treasures a series of sketches of "Fantasy of China" painted by Hugo to decorate his girlfriend Juliet's house. Juliet's bedroom, living room and corridor are covered with Hugo's own magic figure paintings of China, China curtains and lanterns, China porcelain bottles and painted pottery, China classical flowers and butterflies. Juliet was in it, as if she had entered the "paradise" in the East. 1On August 6th, 863, she wrote a thank-you letter to Hugo, which said, "This place is full of your magical artistic creativity, like a temple, which makes me awe-inspiring. I especially appreciate the elegant bedroom decoration, just like a real China poem. " This may be because Hugo was inspired by Yuanmingyuan, a paradise on earth in China. Hugo described Yuanmingyuan in "Letter to Captain Butler about the British-French Allied Expedition to China":
"There are buildings that can't be described in words, and there is a building like the moon. This is the Yuanmingyuan. Please make a dream. The materials are marble, jade, bronze, porcelain and cedar. The beam of this dream is covered with jewels and satin from top to bottom. A temple is built here, a harem is built there, and a tower is built, in which gods are placed and animals are placed, decorated with glass, enamel, gold and gold powder. Ask an architect who is also a poet to build Arabian Nights. Coupled with flocks of swans, ibis and peacocks, in a word, this is a dazzling abode of fairies and immortals, with temples and palaces in appearance. This is the garden. "
It is worth mentioning that Hugo is also a very creative artist, and almost everyone knows him in China. Hugo created more than 4000 oil paintings, watercolors and other works of art in his life. He paints on paper, cards and wood; He created collage works and developed the texture of fabrics on paper. He carved patterns on mirrors, doorframes, windowsills and panels in his room; Decorate the floor fireplace with beautiful tiles. He collects pebbles in the river, paints on them, shapes them and gives them to his friends. He also set up a darkroom at home for the experiment of photography technology. His works are usually small, which also shows his eclecticism, but tiny works can also give people a shock. This year, the French Embassy in China produced a New Year greeting card with Hugo's ink painting "Horse", which expressed the auspicious meaning of the Year of the Horse and promoted the French "Hugo Year" to China. This idea is ingenious, killing two birds with one stone.
Hugo's life spanned almost the whole19th century. He experienced the changes of French society at that time, and his own creative style also changed from classicism to romanticism. In his literary career of more than 60 years, Hugo created 79 volumes of literary works, including 26 volumes of poems, 20 volumes of novels, 2 volumes of scripts1,2 volumes of literary criticism1,and more than 4,000 works of art such as oil paintings and watercolors.
1885 Hugo died on May 22nd. On June 1 day, an unprecedented state funeral was held throughout the country, with more than 2 million people attending the funeral. After that, Hugo was buried in the Pantheon in Paris, which is a special place to bury great men.
Hugo made a will as early as August 3, 188 1, requesting a funeral in a poor man's hearse and donating all his manuscripts to the National Library of Paris. He wrote in his will: "I will close the eyes of the world, but the eyes of the spirit will always be open, bigger than ever." "I refuse any church to pray for me. I ask to pray for the souls of the world. "
Hugo is not dead. Hugo's works, Hugo's thoughts, continue to be widely circulated all over the world.