Cao Zhen
[Abstract]
Poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty created many soul-stirring and magnificent poems during their roaming, but they also left a lot of poems about mourning and farewell. These poems are superior to other times in quantity and quality, especially the unique way of making friends expressed by poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which is worth learning and learning from. Li Bai, Du Fu, Gao Shi, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Wang Changling, Cen Can and other famous poets are mostly good friends, and many of them have a long experience of traveling together. Their friendship is sincere, simple and firm. When they make friends, they show "attaching importance to scholars", "seeking common ground while reserving differences", "treating each other with sincerity" and "taking Tao as their friend"
[Keywords:] Tang Dynasty poets made friends with farewell poems.
Confucius said, "The winner has three friends, but the loser has three friends." Making friends properly can enrich your life and make your career even more powerful. If you don't make friends properly, listening to gossip may ruin your future. The prosperous Tang Dynasty was a great era. From the farewell poems of the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, we can see a particularly beautiful friendship landscape. This simple, sincere and strong friendship filled the stars of poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty with the brilliance of human nature, and also caused us to think deeply about their ways of making friends. It is of great practical significance to analyze the ways of making friends in the Tang Dynasty for us to cultivate a new style, promote righteousness, and create a harmonious society and a great culture of the times.
First of all, the prosperity of "valuing scholars" made poets win wide respect from the whole society.
Cao Pi's Dian Lun Wen: "Scholars despise each other since ancient times" points out the inferiority of ancient scholars. The mutual attack between scholars has led to very bad consequences. Poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty did the opposite, and none of the existing poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty attacked each other. Appreciate each other, and hymns can be seen everywhere. "Master, I cheer you from my heart, and your reputation has risen to the sky ..." A few poems have pushed Meng Haoran's natural and refined poet image to the public, which makes people feel endless envy. After reading this poem, who doesn't want to see this song "In the rosy youth giving up the importance of hats and chariots, you chose pine trees and clouds;" Now, the white-haired "master style" is invincible in poetry, floating in the clouds ... "A generation of poet Du Fu is so impressed by Li Bai, who dares to point at this madman with" shortcomings "? Mutual respect between poets not only protects the fragile feelings of poets different from ordinary people, but also makes people from all walks of life look up to the poet's special temperament, which is the most extensive and far-reaching social education of poetic beauty. This behavior led the whole society to admire and praise the poet and provided generous and selfless life assistance for the poet.
There is a special place in the life style of poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, that is, they spent most of their lives roaming, including Li Bai, Du Fu, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Wang Changling and even senior officials Gao Shi. "Roaming" broadens the poet's vision, throws pieces in the poet's chest, enriches his life experience, and enhances his aesthetic sense of the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. It can be said that the weather in the prosperous Tang Dynasty was manifested in the poet's "roaming". The roaming of poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty lasted for three years and five years, covering the east, west, north and south of the land. What's more, they are not ascetic monks who "walk the world in one pot", but "spin a thousand pieces of silver and come back!" . Most of these huge expenses are "sponsored" by friends from all walks of life.
Therefore, the mutual respect between the literati cultivated the social atmosphere of cherishing and admiring the poet, which not only made the poet's personality respected, but also fundamentally solved the economic life problems in the poet's roaming. Poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty lived a generally chic life, which had to be attributed to the valuable character of the poet group "emphasizing literati".
Second, the way of making friends by "seeking common ground while reserving differences" made the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty with different personalities feel like a family.
Judging from the poetic style, the personality differences between Li Bai and Du Fu are enormous. Wang Wei, Gao Shi and Cen Can seem to be two passers-by, with different ethics and behaviors. Zhang Jiuling recommended Wang Wei to be an official in the DPRK, and said to Wang Wei, "Now Li is a red man around the emperor. Just to be on the safe side, you'd better go! " Wang Wei brought a gift and went. In the same way, Meng Haoran said that Meng would not do it anyway. This group of poets with very different personalities was difficult to get together in other dynasties. But in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, almost all of them became bosom friends, and there were a lot of poems to sing. The mind and vision of the prosperous Tang Dynasty made this generation of poets have the tolerance of "all rivers run into the sea", which is impressive.
Like a bird, she still flapped her wings and felt sorry for herself, leaving Beijing for more than ten years.
A gentleman is poor, who wants to meet today without paying for drinks?
The sincere unity among poets formed a wide circle of friends of poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. There are no friends in life, but relatives and friends everywhere. With Wang Bo in the early Tang Dynasty, "However, China holds our friendship, and heaven is still our neighbor", which is naturally another heroic and optimistic realm.
Three, the same voice, the same spirit, one heart and one mind, make the friendship between the literati in the prosperous Tang Dynasty a little more chivalrous and heroic, and later generations will read it, which has a lofty "beauty of friendship."
Huayang fell to the ground and cried, and the dragon column crossed five streams.
I entrust my sad thoughts to the moon, hoping to accompany you to the west of Yelang.
-Li Bai's "I heard that Wang Changling moved to the left and Long Biao sent it from afar".
Wang Changling was sent to the remote Guizhou to be the county magistrate of the dragon standard. When Li Bai heard the news, he wrote a poem: Flowers are growing and cuckoos are singing. It's said that the desolate Dragon Label is going to pass the Wuxiguan Pass, and the brothers are fighting alone, and the road is long and Xiu Yuan is Xi. My friend, I will entrust this sad heart to the moonlight and accompany you with the breeze at night.
Among the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the most touching is the friendship between Li Bai, Du Fu and Gao Shi. From the turn of spring and summer in the third year of Tianbao (AD 774) to the autumn in the fourth year of Tianbao, Li and Du met in Yanzhou and soon got to know Gao Shi. The three traveled together in Kaifeng and Shangqiu, and then Li and Du went to Jinan, when Li Bai was 44 years old, Du Fu was 33 years old and Gao Shi was 40 years old. Three people travel together, hunting, drinking, writing poems and writing papers. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, this year and a half of friendship was a symbol of the climax of Tang poetry. Romanticism, realism and frontier poems are three major poetic trends, which are spectacular in this encounter.
Let's start with Li and Du.
Li Bai's ambition of "helping the poor and helping the poor, being polite to the people" and "making the atlas large and Haiyan clear" is in the same strain as Du Fu's life wish of "obeying the orders of the monarch and clearing the customs". His creation influenced Du Fu, without Ren Xia, his noble character of loyalty and helping others inspired Du Fu. For life and poetry, both have the same soul. These two people respect each other and have a sincere friendship. The fascination with poetry connects two great hearts.
Li Bai and Du Fu returned to Lucheng from Fan Shi Manor and lived as hermits. Li Baikou wrote a poem "A Play for Du Fu":
Every mountain meets Du Fu, and Dai Li stands out on the first day.
Don't be too thin, but you are always worried that you can't write past poems.
Feeling this poem, Du Fu replied with "To Li Bai":
Qiu Lai is very concerned about him, but he is not ashamed of Ge Hong for cinnabar.
Drinking crazy songs for nothing, who is arrogant?
The poems that banter with each other reflect their deep emotional foundation and also show the depth of mutual understanding. It can be said that others can't write such a sentence.
Later, they left, and Li Bai lived in Dune City at the east foot. As the sun sets, he misses Du Fu after a long journey. He was deeply touched and wrote "Send Du Fu Dune City" in poetry:
What am I doing here? I'm lying in the city of sand dunes.
There are ancient trees on the edge of the city, and even autumn sounds in the evening.
Lu wine is not drunk, so sing a song for nothing.
If you think of a gentleman, you will send him to the south.
If Li Bai's yearning for Du Fu is as boundless as gentle water, then Du Fu's yearning for Li Bai is as endless as a breeze. Li Bai in Winter and Li Bai in Spring, written in the fifth year of Tianbao (AD 746), can be described as an obsession with old friends:
In my lonely study, I always think alone.
Look for more biographies of Jiashu, and don't forget the poems of Jiaogong.
A short brown wind and frost came in, but it was still late.
It was not a whim that led to the Lumen period.
-Du Fu's Winter with Li Bai
Li Bai's poems are unparalleled, and his superb creativity is far beyond ordinary people.
Li Bai's poems are the fresh wind of Yu Xin's poems and the backbone of Jun Zai's works.
Now, I am alone on the spring tree in Weibei, and you are on each side of the sun, sunset and sky in the southeast, and you can only miss.
When can we have another drink and discuss our poems?
-Du Fu's Spring Memories of Li Bai
During the Anshi Rebellion, two great poets were displaced from place to place, and they had a narrow escape. Li Bai was imprisoned for the Lin incident and later exiled. Du Fu fled with his family. When Du Fu was in Qin Zhou (now Tianshui, Gansu), he heard that Li Bai was in prison, and his whereabouts were unknown. He was pestered by his friends and wrote two dreams about Li Bai:
When death is the reason for parting, people will cry, but life leaves again and again.
You didn't bring me any signs of exile in the poisonous humidity of the southern river.
Until you appeared in my dream last night, because I have been thinking about you.
However, how can you raise your wings and use them from the middle net of your net? ?
I doubt it's really you, venturing a long way.
You came to me through the green forest, and your soul was still closed.
I woke up, and the low moon flashed on the rafters, as if it were your face, still floating in the air.
Water depth and waves, if you fall, there are dragons and river monsters.
( 1)
Clouds have been floating in the sky all day for a long time.
Three nights of dreams, gentle, intimate and real, just like I am awake. ..
The difference is that you always look in a hurry and always talk about how easy it is to meet.
There are many dangerous waves on the rivers and lakes, and I am worried that your ship will capsize and sink.
When he went out, he scratched his head with white hair and regretted that he had failed his life.
Our capital is full of nosy people, but you are lonely, helpless and poor!
Who says Skynet will never fail and get tired!
Even if there is a good name handed down from generation to generation, it is difficult to make up for the sad loss.
(2)
The first poem is about the thoughts and worries about Li Bai, and the second poem is about the regret for his proud, haggard and lonely friends all his life. However, the tide of missing continues. He wrote "Li Bai is not Huai Tian": "A cold wind is blowing from the distant sky. What are you thinking, old friend? ? The geese never answered me, and the rivers, lakes and seas were flooded by rain. A poet should be careful to prosper, but the devil can trouble a vagrant. In response to * * * ghosts' words, the rise of the breeze met friends with infinite sympathy, and Li Bai's vertical and horizontal talents can only be obtained by "throwing poems and giving gurgling". Thousands of miles of love, moving!
Fourthly, taking care of each other in life and supporting each other in official career formed a highly humanized and warm overall environment for poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
We can first cite the friendship between Du Fu and Gao Shi as evidence. As mentioned earlier, Du Fu and Gao Shi became like-minded friends as early as the end of Kaiyuan. Since the Anshi Rebellion, Gao Shi has participated in important strategies in front of Xuanzong and Su Zong and has been appreciated. His situation is much better than Du Fu's. He served as our special envoy in Huainan and put down the rebellion in Yongwanglin. Because of "speaking out in anger", he was slandered by Li, the minister of the interior, and was relieved of his military power and stayed in Tokyo. The second year of Gan Yuan (AD 759) is the history of Pengzhou. At the end of the same year, Du Fu immigrated and arrived in Chengdu. Gao Shi immediately sent poems from Pengzhou to ask and give food as a gift. In the first year of Shangyuan (AD 760), Gao Shi was appointed as the secretariat, and Du Fu rushed to visit from Chengdu. At this time, Gao Shi is 60 years old and Du Fu is 50 years old. Meeting an old friend in a foreign country, the short party deepened his lovesickness after leaving. On the day of the second year of Shangyuan, Gao Shi wrote "Send Toure Addendum Every Day":
On this day, I wrote a poem to Du Fu to Chengdu Caotang, where I miss you and cherish our common hometown.
When spring comes, willow leaves are in bud and plum blossoms are in full bloom, which is pleasant, but the wandering wanderers are branded with homesickness.
Being unprepared in Nanxiang, I am worried.
A thousand troubles, in troubled times, a trip to a foreign country, this year, have disappeared, next year, where, it is difficult to predict.
Although life is hard, but also idle, it is impossible to know that at this time worthy of the sword book, always in the dust.
That is to say, he is tired of his body, the official title of the governor, and the rest of the country, and he is ashamed of his wandering friends.
This is the most touching poem of Gao Shi in his later years. Du Fu received this poem and even "read the last one with tears between the lines".
According to the guidance of history books and old calendars, I found an ancient festival that has been completely forgotten by today's people-"Men's Day". It is recorded in history that the first day of the first month is a chicken, the second day is a dog, the third day is a pig, the fourth day is a sheep, the fifth day is a cow, the sixth day is a horse, and the seventh day is a person. The so-called "chickens, dogs, pigs, sheep and horses, every six years" is the same. "Everyone's Day" is the oldest festival full of human feelings. Thirteen years later, after Gao Shi's death, Du Fu also wrote a poem "The Old Man in Gaoshuzhou pursues the reward and sends it in the same order" to express his deep nostalgia for his old friend:
Since Zhou Shuren writes every day, I haven't planned to write poetry for a long time.
This morning, my eyes suddenly opened, and I was in tears, whispering what happened yesterday.
Alas, how generous a strong man is, his name is high and his name is wide.
I lamented that I was sad to ask for friends, and I felt depressed at that time.
Spring in Jinli is empty, and Yao Yong's courtiers are gone.
Xiaoxiang water country is close to giant salamander, and it is fascinated by autumn colors.
East, west, north and south are more important, and Whitehead Boat Disease exists alone.
The remote arch of Beichen disturbed bandits and thieves, trying to wash Kun away from the East China Sea.
The frontier fortress Xifan is the most full, and the southern crossing crown collapses.
Drums and harps are still mourning for Di Zi, so why bother to find the King's Gate?
Cao Zhi's article is full of waves and takes away Liu's respect.
Who can worry that Xiao and Zhao Zhou's words are Han He evocation?
Poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty have a good "political background", that is, they spend most of their time in the literary world and are "experts in management". For example, Zhang said that he was an outstanding poet himself and was in charge of literature for twenty years. Such a poet's participation in politics will inevitably bring a series of policies conducive to the development of poetry. Just look at the backward literature he preached, including Zhang Jiuling, He, Xu Jian,,, Shu Yuan, Wang Wan, etc. More than 20 people (and some people who were famous for their literature at that time, such as Fang Yi, Li Bi, etc. ), this is simply the early stage of Zhang Kaiyuan. These people later supported a large number of poets, such as Zhang Jiuling to Wang Wei, why to Li Bai, and Sun Bin to Li Hua and Pu. ...
What is commendable is that most of the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty have a positive and enterprising spirit. Even Meng Haoran, who lived in seclusion all his life, has a well-known book "To Prime Minister Zhang of Dongting Lake": "If I sit here and watch a fisherman throw, it is like a fish." In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the poet's official seeking behavior was full of passion, and the mutual support between poets was also aboveboard. He Zhangzhi visited Li Taibai, who is more than forty years younger than him, in the hotel. As soon as he read Li Bai's Shu Dao Nan, he called Li Bai a "fallen fairy" who descended from heaven to earth in heaven. Then he preached everywhere, introduced him, recommended Li Bai to Tang Xuanzong, and Tang Xuanzong appointed Li Yu as an offering of Hanlin. In our view today, it is incredible that he Zhang Zhi, the guest of the prince. In the first month of Tianbao's third year, He resigned and returned to Beijing. Li Bai wrote "Fujian and return to Vietnam safely":
The flowing water of Jinghu Lake overflows with clear waves,
The fanatics returned to the boat to relax.
When the Taoist priests in Yin Shan met,
Huang Ting should have written it for the white goose.
Fifth, the way poets made friends in the prosperous Tang Dynasty is in sharp contrast with the bad habit of "abusing power for personal gain" in history.
Ouyang Xiu said in "On Clans": "A gentleman and a gentleman are friends of the same people; Villains and villains are like-minded friends. " Like-minded people, "make good use of it." The friendship between poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty is so profound and profound because their way of making friends is to "make friends with people of the same road". "Persistence is virtue, practitioners are loyalty, and those who cherish it are filial. Cultivate one's morality and cultivate one's character, then people will benefit, serve the country, and then unite with each other. Consistent, gentleman landlite. " Ouyang Xiu's theory is the best footnote of the poet's way of making friends in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Du Fu is a poet who criticized the social reality most profoundly and lived the most miserable life. However, his great ambition has not changed from beginning to end. His early ideal of "being loyal to the monarch and then making the vulgar pure" has never been realized since he saved Fang Yi from offending the emperor. His life in his later years was very hard, but he still put his country in the first place: "When he was poor, he was worried about Li Yuan, and his stomach was hot." In the farewell poems with friends, he always regards serving the country as the most important expectation:
Sighs lead to old age, and new poems increase day by day.
Beautiful people are not as good as celebrities. How about good sentences?
The Lord will accept talented people and sing a song with great enthusiasm.
It's a great comfort to know that you have learned from Hong Chu.
-"To the Secretary of Senior Three and Fifteen"
In the farewell poem, Lu Guimeng even completely forgot the sadness of parting: "I am determined to be famous, so I can't sigh when I leave." Gao Shi's Song of Xia Sai encourages friends to contribute to the country with various beautiful words:
Wan Li is willing to die, but once he succeeds.
Draw a picture of Kirin Pavilion and enter Mingguang Palace.
Laughing at the scribes is poor and white.
The ancients did not know this and often became old people.
Cen Can's "Bai Xuege Farewell Tian Shuji Wu Guixiang" directly poured the ambition of making contributions into the farewell poem:
The north wind swept across the earth and messed up Pennisetum, and the weather in August will be covered with heavy snow.
Suddenly, like a night wind blowing, like a pear tree in blossom.
Snowflakes fell into the curtains and wet them. The fur was not warm and the gold cup was too thin.
The bow becomes stiff, it is almost impossible to pull it out, and it is difficult to protect your iron clothes.
The desert freezes over/kloc-0.000 feet, with a crack, and the sky is full of darkness and melancholy.
In the manager's account, this wine is a farewell party, and the Huqin Pipa flute ensemble adds luster to this entertainment.
With the curtain Xueyuan Gate, our frozen red flag can't fly in the wind.
Luntai East Gate, welcome to the capital. Go, the mountain road is covered with snow.
I haven't seen you in the winding mountain road, leaving only a row of horseshoe prints.
"Like the strong wind in spring, it blows at night and blows open the petals of ten thousand pear trees" is magnificent, romantic and magnificent, creating a colorful world of ice and snow. "The bow becomes stiff, and it is difficult to protect your iron clothes." The majesty of soldiers in the ice and snow and the high fighting spirit in the cold reveal a heroic atmosphere and a heroic passion.
Sixth, learn from each other's strong points and learn from each other's strong points, so that the poetic style of poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty is stirring and outstanding.
"When drinking a bottle of wine, it is very important to pay attention to exquisite paper." It became a habit for poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty to walk together and learn from each other. Not only is cautious Du Fu open-minded, but even Li Taibai, who has been arrogant all his life, is very good at learning from his friends. "Master, I cheer you from the heart, and your reputation has risen to the sky. In the rosy youth, you gave up the importance of hats and chariots and chose pine trees and clouds; Now whitehead. Drunk moon, sage of dreams, bewitched by flowers, you turned a deaf ear to the emperor. Mountain, how I long to reach you, it is a pure fragrance. " How modest! Not only in words, but also in action, Li Bai made a special trip to Lumen Mountain in Xiangyang to meet Meng Haoran and traveled in Jiangxia (Wuchang) for more than a month. Finally, Meng Haoran wanted to go to Guangling, so he said goodbye at the Yellow Crane Tower and watched his friends leave. Full of thoughts, Li Bai wrote a farewell to Meng Haoran on his way to Yangzhou, which was a farewell song throughout the ages: "An old friend said goodbye to the Yellow Crane Tower, and fireworks went down to Yangzhou in March. Lonely sails overlook the blue sky, but I can see the Yangtze River flowing in the sky. "
Poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty are good at learning, not only between teachers and friends, but also attach importance to "spiritual friendship with the ancients". For example, Li Bai is to Xie Lingyun, Wang Wei and Meng Haoran are to Tao Yuanming, and they are all absorbed in copying the law. What is commendable is that the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty learned from each other, lived without blindly following, influenced each other and did not copy each other. Wei and Meng Haoran are both famous for their pastoral poems. Their poetic styles are similar, but when we read their poems carefully, we find that their aesthetic tastes are different. Wang Wei's "Moonlight in the pine forest and crystal stone in the stream" is "clear and beautiful", while Meng Haoran's "Now the chill of the moon and night passes through the pine trees, and my ears feel the sound of pure wind and water" is "clear and extensive". The most similar sentences give people different feelings, let alone others. Zheng Banqiao said, "If you learn seven from ten, you will lose three, and each has its own spirit and talent to explore." The talented poets in the Tang Dynasty really did it.
Gao Shi worships Li Bai and Li Bai in mechanics. But the romance of Gao and Li are also completely different. "Murdered Chen Yun at three o'clock, and it rang all night at the hour. Until the white sword is seen again, spattered with red blood, when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame. " ("Ge Yanxing"), but the rhetoric has Li Bai's style, but Li Duo writes in white, floating in the sky and underground, while Gao is practical, showing a kind of heroism of "death" and feeling natural. Poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty were eager to learn, which enabled them to get married and set up a career, and their poetic style also had an overall trend, forming a lofty and vigorous "prosperous Tang ethos".
The sincere, broad, lofty and ethereal way of making friends of poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty has given us great enlightenment: "From the mountain, the scenery stops, although it is unattainable, the heart yearns for it." I want to use this article as a call for the true feelings of the world and an expectation for friendship.
Main reference materials:
1, Zhai tuiyuan and other proofreading notes "Li Baiji Collating Notes", Liren Bookstore 198 1 February.
2. Zhao Yi's Poems in Oubei, Wenguang Bookstore 197 1 September.
3. Fu Shaoliang's cultural spirit and poet's personality in the prosperous Tang Dynasty 65438+ Jinwen Publishing House June 0999.
4. "Historical Preservation of the Friendship between Li and Du", Journal of Liming Vocational University in March 2000 (No.26 in total)
5. Selected Works of Meng Haoran's Research People's Daily Press 200 1.6
It can be seen that there seems to be no such thing as a good friend, while Li Bai is arrogant. He praised very few people, only Meng Haoran and others.