The scope of modern poetry is a statement of the Sui and Tang dynasties about the poetic rhythm at that time. It is a concept relative to the ancient style without rhyme before, so it is also called metrical poem. Generally speaking, modern poetry can be divided into two categories: unique style (five sentences and seven sentences) and rhythmic style (five sentences, seven sentences and arrangement). The arrangement rule is the deduction and arrangement of the five-seven rule.
The basic characteristics of modern poetry Modern poetry is also called metrical poetry. Then its basic feature is of course its metrical nature. What is rice? Case is constitution, dharma and dharma. In other words, metrical poetry has its own constitution and laws. Just like a complete person, people are human because they have a complete constitution, that is, an external body; At the same time, a person must have his temper, that is, personality, which is the fundamental difference from other things. People, people without physique, will not think of people; People, without a complete physique, can only be called disabled; People, without their own unique personality, cannot be called independent people. The same is true of metrical poems. Constitution is the external form, and law is the internal essence. So, what is the constitution and law of metrical poetry?
The form of metrical poetry is an external form. The physique of metrical poetry is completely different from that of classical poetry. Just like what kind of physique does a person need to become a person? Obviously, it is the external body material, head, limbs, trunk, internal organs and so on. Fundamentally speaking, the form of metrical poetry is a complete structure composed of flat and even words, rhymes, metrical sentences, stickers and words.
Metric poetry has rules to follow. Generally speaking, the laws of poetry include sentence patterns, duality, structure and writing, artistic conception and so on.
So what is metrical poetry? Metric poetry is a kind of poetry that pays great attention to words, rhyme, tone and antithesis. It is stipulated that poetry should have definite sentences, definite characters in sentences, strict rhymes in flat tones, and the two couplets of metrical poems should be correct. It is based on the characteristics of Chinese characters, sounds and tones, and the special requirements of poetry for musical beauty, formal beauty and refined beauty, so it has strong vitality and is endless.
Metric poems are divided into quatrains and metrical poems, all of which are divided into five words and seven words, and metrical poems are also arranged. The view that quatrains are a branch of metrical poems should be said to be incorrect. The quatrains came into being before the metrical poems, and the metrical poems were not fully finalized when they came into being, so there are still ancient quatrains that are illegal, such as the bright line at the foot of my bed. The definition of words and sentences in metrical poems needs a general understanding. It is worth mentioning that the two couplets in the middle of metrical poems must be opposite. In terms of rhyme, metrical poems are mainly flat rhyme, and the first sentence may or may not rhyme. Other single sentence endings pay attention to the level tone, which is definitely the antonym of the level tone. Then the most difficult thing should be the layering of words in a sentence.
On the creation of metrical poems, Mr. Wang Yongyi composed a ballad for reference:
The meter is not difficult to remember, 246 is clear. The first sentence is flat or flat.
The upper and lower sentences should be right, and adjacent sentences should be glued together. Four words to prevent loneliness, the last three words.
Repeat seven verses, and the seven laws will become. The two ends are flat and even, and the single end is more squeaky.
It takes seven words to get rid of two words, and five words cost nothing. How do you know the type of beginning and end? The first sentence is final.
It is not difficult to remember the meter of modern poetry, and the level of each sentence must be consistent. The word 246 in the first sentence should be flat and occasional, or flat and occasional. The level of the word 246 in the previous sentence should be opposite to that of the word 246 in the next sentence. The adjacent sentence is the last sentence of the first couplet and the first sentence of the second couplet, and the level of the word 246 should be the same. The fourth word of the "seven words" must be prevented from being flat. When it is flat and its neighbors are chaotic, it is called flat. The last three words of each sentence should be prevented from being leveled or confused. Determine the pace of metrical quatrains, and repetition becomes metrical poems. At the end of two sentences, every word in the metrical poem is flat and rhymes, while at the end of a single sentence, most words are ambiguous. The meter of the seven-character poem removes the first two words. Note that the fourth word should be the second word at this time, becoming the meter of the five-character poem. Whether a metrical poem is flat or even, flat or even depends on the second word in the first sentence and the word at the end of the sentence.
In a word, metrical poetry is characterized by rigorous meter.
Metric poetry can be divided into five words and seven words in sentence pattern; In terms of space, there are two kinds of metrical poems and quatrains. Rhyme can be divided into five laws and seven laws. The whole poem is * * * quadruple, the first two sentences are called the first couplet, three or four sentences are called the platoon couplet, five or six sentences are called the neck couplet, and seven or eight sentences are called the tail couplet. The middle two leagues demand confrontation. Two, four, six and eight sentences must rhyme at the end, usually in a flat rhyme.
What is classical poetry? Classical poetry (also known as classical poetry and ancient style) is an ancient free verse. Compared with metrical poetry (also known as modern poetry and modern poetry), it is a kind of poetic style that does not pay attention to metrical. The general artistic requirement is "what you say must be done, what you say is natural, what you carve is natural, what you say is free, and what you say is straightforward". Free play is its greatest advantage. Classical poetry, also known as ancient poetry, ancient poetry and modern poetry, refers to various poetry genres before the formation of modern poetry in Tang Dynasty and ancient poetry of literati after Tang Dynasty. It is a kind of traditional poetic style, which is informal in sentence structure, unlimited in length, flat and even, not rigid in right, not antithetical, free and flexible in rhyme, and single and double in sentence number, all for expressing the needs. According to the style name, it includes the Book of Songs and Songs of the South in the pre-Qin Dynasty, Yuefu in the Han Dynasty, and later "Gu" and "Gu". According to the number of words in each sentence, it is generally five words, seven words and miscellaneous words, including three words, four words and six words. Because there is no fixed metrical restriction, there is more room and freedom for creation.
Classification of classical poetry:
(1) four-character poem. It refers to a poem with four words as one sentence, which is the earliest poetic style formed in ancient China. Four-character poems germinated in primitive society and prevailed from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. Their works, represented by The Book of Songs, have an important position and special achievements in the history of China's poetry development. Four-character poems not only have refined and accurate language, but also set a precedent for thinking in images in the application of Fu, Bi and Xing. After the Book of Songs, some people wrote four-character poems in the Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties. Cao Cao's Watching the Sea and Though Returning to Life are both excellent four-character poems. After the Tang Dynasty, there were fewer four-character poems, but they never stopped.
(2) Five-character poems. Refers to a poem with five words as a sentence. Five-character poems originated in the Western Han Dynasty, first appeared in Yuefu folk songs and ballads, and then were introduced into the literary world by literati, gradually forming a popular literary genre. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, five-character poems matured and produced a large number of excellent works. Such as Shang Mo Singing, Long Songs, Joining the Army in the Tenth Five-Year Plan and Jiao Zhongqing's Wife. Tao Yuanming in Jin Dynasty was a master of five-character poems, which had a great influence on later generations. The two-character and three-character structure of five-character poems is convenient to accommodate disyllabic words and monosyllabic words, and the rhythm is extremely changeable. At that time, with the increase of disyllabic words, poetry adapted to the needs of sentence-making, easy to approach spoken language, and enhanced the flavor of life.
(3) Seven-character poems. Refers to a poem with seven words and one sentence. There are seven-character poems in The Book of Songs and Chu Ci. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made a sentence with his ministers in Bailiang Hall. Each sentence is seven words, which is called "Bailiang Style" by later generations and is a special seven-character poem. After Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, seven-character poems developed rapidly, and in the Tang Dynasty, seven-character poems had been pushed to the extreme. The rise of seven-character poetry provides poetry with new, richer artistic expressions and greater capacity, which makes it full of strong vitality.
(4) Miscellaneous poems. Refers to a poem with similarities and differences in each sentence. There is no limit to the length of each essay, and there is no limit to the number of words in each sentence, ranging from one or two words to more than one cross, and it is often written in sentences with uneven length. This poetic style is free, flexible and changeable, which is convenient for poets to express their feelings and sing songs freely. Popular in the Tang Dynasty, it is often used in old and new poetry Yuefu and Long song. Miscellaneous poems can be divided into five words mixed with seven words (less), seven words mixed with five words (more), seven words mixed with three words, three five seven words, traditional Chinese characters and so on. In the past, we used to classify miscellaneous poems as seven-character poems, but now we are a special kind and return to their original colors.
(5) Sao poetry. Also known as Song of the South and Song of the South. It is a poetic form of Chu State in the Warring States Period, represented by Qu Yuan's Li Sao. The works of Chu Ci have distinct Chu culture color, full of romance color and rich lyric style. Its sentence pattern is free and flexible, with six or seven characters as the main character, supplemented by the word "Xi". One is an odd sentence that uses the word "Xi" at the end of the sentence; The other is that the word "Xi" is used in the sentence.
(6) Ancient and unique. Refers to a short poem consisting of four sentences. Ancient quatrains are a kind of quatrains, also known as quatrains. Its five-character sentence is called five-character ancient, and its seven-character sentence is called seven-character ancient. Before the Tang dynasty, it was mostly five words, and after the Tang dynasty, it was more common to see five or seven words. In ancient times, it was not restricted by metrical rules, and it was not flat and right. It can be either a flat or a flat, and it is common to bet on flat.
The rhyme of classical poetry;
The rhyme of ancient poetry is wide, which can be both flat and partial; You can bet on both the original rhyme and the adjacent rhyme (referring to the rhymes that can be linked in the old rhyme, such as East and Winter, Fish and Danger, Xiao and Yao, Hao, etc. ), and you can also change the rhyme in a poem, which can be two sentences, four sentences or even more. The rhyme of flat and flat can be Yi rhyme, and even the rhyme can be changed. In a long poem, homonyms can also be used (for example, Bai Juyi's Pipa Xing re-uses the rhyming words "sound" and "sound"). There are three types of rhyming positions in ancient poetry: ① rhyming sentences (Bailiang style); (2) every other sentence rhymes; ③ Change rhyme in the middle.
The dullness of classical poetry;
Classical poetry is not bound by temperament, and there are no fixed rules for leveling. After the appearance of modern poetry in the Tang Dynasty, in order to be archaized, poets wrote ancient poetry on the principle of avoiding entry and tried to use awkward sentences. In order to distinguish it from metrical poems, there are four forms of three-character suffixes (that is, the three words at the end of each sentence) in ancient poems: ① flat, that is, three tones, which is a remarkable symbol of ancient poems; Level 2: Level 3; 4 is flat and faint.
The antithesis of classical poetry;
Antique poetry does not need to be antithetical, but there have been many antithetical poems in The Book of Songs. Due to the influence of ancient parallel prose, antithetical poems are very common in ancient poems. The antithesis of ancient poetry is different from that of modern poetry. The former is flat and the latter is heavy. The former does not avoid the same words and the latter should avoid them. The former is not fixed and the latter is fixed. The antithesis of classical poetry is out of the need of rhetoric and expression, not the rules of meter.
In this way, the difference between metrical poetry and classical poetry can be simply summarized as follows: metrical poetry pays attention to strict rhyme, harmony of words, harmony of opposites and harmony of flat tones; Classical poetry is a kind of semi-free poetry, which is not bound by any meter except rhyme. Metric poetry is formed on the basis of classical poetry in Tang Dynasty. In order to distinguish the poetic style, people in the Tang Dynasty called it modern poetry, and the poems before the Tang Dynasty were called classical poetry, sometimes called ancient style.