So what is the standard of cultural maturity?
First, this culture should have words.
Second, this culture must have an urban lifestyle. Cities can be smaller, but there must be a way of life.
Third, there must be bronzes. The so-called bronze ware is to have metal smelting. The melting point of bronze is very low, and the earliest human being can smelt bronze ware is the primary stage of smelting metal.
Where do we rank among the four major civilizations?
4200 years ago, we stepped into the threshold of mature civilization. Where is it in the world? Just like an athlete's competition, there must be a place. What is this place? Definitely not the first place. We China people like to be called kings. If we are not the first, we will feel sad, but in fact we are not the first. Who is the first?
The first place is Iraq, and life is very bad now. That place was called Babylonian civilization in ancient times. If it is called Two Rivers Civilization (Euphrates River and Tigris River), it is called Mesopotamia Civilization in the West. That's where human beings first discovered civilization. The earliest place where civilization matured. In a sense, when its civilization is highly mature, Chinese civilization has just broken dawn and is far from it. They are much earlier than us.
Then who is the second place? Not us. The second place is Egypt on the Nile. This is the second place. The third place should be Indian, and the fourth place is China, a * * * four civilizations. However, because there are few archaeological discoveries in India in the past 60 or 70 years, there are many archaeological achievements in China. So some people put Chinese civilization in the third place in the world. But a very important cultural site that can really push China forward to the third place is Hongshan Culture, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, which was earlier, but it still needs international recognition. Four civilizations, Babylonian civilization, Egyptian civilization, Indian civilization and Chinese civilization.
You may ask, why doesn't a Greek civilization that has a great influence on future generations count? Well, Greek civilization, after the Libyan incident, China evacuated overseas Chinese to an island in Greece called Crete. Wen Mingzhen discovered on this island is very early, excellent and brilliant. However, according to the research of scholars all over the world, this civilization is the meeting of the first Babylonian civilization and the second Egyptian civilization in the Mediterranean. Although it was created later, it is not original, so it cannot be regarded as one of the four major civilizations.
There is another civilization, Iran, which was called Persia at that time. Persian civilization is also very early, but after textual research, it is the encounter between the first Babylonian civilization and the third Indian civilization on land. Because of the lack of originality, primitive civilization is the four ancient civilizations. We don't care whether China ranks third or fourth among the four ancient civilizations. One thing is certain, that is, there is only one civilization that has not died out, and that is Chinese civilization.
It's a little strange. The original site of civilization, why is terrorism always frequent now, and there will always be disasters and gunfire? This is a state of complete rebellion. The only civilization that has survived to this day is indeed Chinese civilization. Iraq rarely sees the legacy of Babylonian civilization. Although civilization is ancient, it has not been archived. It will always be a battlefield, a battlefield for thousands of years. So they themselves don't know what ancient things are. Even their cultural and educational conditions are poor.
That's another situation in Egypt. They don't even know what hieroglyphs are now. What's more, there are no descendants of Pharaoh in Egypt. Almost all the people we can meet in Alexandria are white, which is the result of European aggression. In their capital, Cairo, they met sporadic Arabs, which was also the result of mixed blood after the war. Where are the descendants of Pharaoh? Where are the descendants of the pyramid age? I can't find my blood relationship. We found a Pharaoh village on the west bank of the South Nile, but because of thousands of years of close relatives' marriage, they are particularly weak physically and intellectually. Now they still believe in Islam and have no descendants of Pharaoh.
What about India? On the surface, India seems to be everywhere. Unfortunately, they have been interrupted and destroyed countless times, and even this process has not been recorded. Their history is not clear, but one thing is known. The Buddhism praised in "The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang" is13rd century, and now it has disappeared in India. Now their Buddhism is reversed.
Therefore, it is hard for us to imagine that there are still some children in a place who can recite the words of the old man 2,500 years ago normally, such as "there must be a teacher for three people", "reviewing the past and learning new things" and "it is a pleasure to have friends from afar". But this really happened in this hot land of China, so this is a great civilization that has not been interrupted since it entered civilization 4,200 years ago.
Yanhuang is the enemy.
Since we have become the only civilization that continues today, if we jump well in the long jump, it is because there should be a lot of preparations for the start and run-up, and the warm-up match should be said to be very successful. 4,200 years ago, China played a warm-up match for 700 to 800 years. In the process of this warm-up match, in the process of this starting race, six heavenly kings led us to complete the preparation for 700 to 800 years.
The first is Yan Di, the second is Huangdi, and the third is Chiyou, which may be a little strange to us. It's a terrible name, but it's still important. The last three are Yao, Shun and Yu. These six heavenly kings have made full preparations for our 4200-year leap. Strictly speaking, they are legends. Maybe we don't have very clear information, but in general, it is like this: Emperor Yan is an agricultural scientist, Shennong. First of all, he taught us China people to farm, which is very important. Before Emperor Yan, we were totally passive in picking wild fruits to eat and beating wild animals. Second, Emperor Yan discovered fire, so that we can eat cooked food, work at night and use fire to prevent wild animals. Third, Emperor Yan tasted herbs and invented Chinese herbal medicines, which first avoided one of the reasons why the Chinese nation might be completely extinct, namely infectious diseases.
Then why was such a great man later defeated by the Yellow Emperor?
The yellow emperor may think so. The Yellow Emperor thinks that although you have done a good job, we are now facing the enemy too severely. The enemy is a savage force, and you can fight if you want. Therefore, we should arm ourselves, smelt metals, forge weapons, ride horses, patrol around, and wage war to destroy those barbaric forces. Emperor Yan thinks I live a peaceful life. What happened to the old farmer's life?
The Yellow Emperor and Yan Di fought. As a result, the Yellow Emperor won and Yan Di lost, and the place where they fought was now Hebei. When the two old people stood face to face covered in blood, they didn't know that thousands of years later, the largest crowd in the world described themselves as descendants of the Chinese people. If they knew, they might not call. But they didn't hear our cry. They fought. We can't pull the sleeves of our ancestors! Yan Di defeated, the Yellow Emperor won, and the Yellow Emperor inherited the civilization of Yan Di, so we are called descendants of the Chinese people.
But there is also one person who can't beat the Yellow Emperor, and that is Chiyou. Chiyou is in charge of Shandong, eastern Henan and northern Anhui, and the place is also very large. The Yellow Emperor can't beat him, because he also has metal smelting and he is also making weapons. The Yellow Emperor, like us ordinary people, told his tribe that he was a monster to those who could not beat him. Because writing was invented in the period of the Yellow Emperor, he was given the ugliest two characters in Chinese characters, which are called Chiyou. Later, due to natural reasons, Chiyou was defeated and Huangdi won again. Then the descendants of Chiyou can only keep running away, some will belong to the Yellow Emperor, some will continue to move south, and the Yellow Emperor's army will continue to hunt down. Where to chase? Near Guizhou, today's Miao people are descendants of Chiyou. It is particularly emphasized here that the ancestors of the Miao nationality were not monsters. Look at the beauty of Miao girls and the handsomeness of Miao boys, and prove that their ancestors were definitely not monsters. Their beauty, kindness and diligence are the most powerful and best rehabilitation for their ancestors.
Yao, Shun and Yu are the heirs of the Yellow Emperor. They have been handed down from generation to generation and completed this preparation. Then they entered the more important 4200 years of the Chinese nation and reached the threshold of our civilization.
The smartest people in all mankind were born together.
We should look at ancient history by leaps and bounds. Many years later, in the 5th century BC, an important event happened between China civilization and other civilizations in the world. The smartest people in all mankind were born together.
It is hard for us to believe that we all think we are smart and getting smarter, but it is not the case. At most, we are their students. The smartest people were born at that time.
How do you say this? Let's make a timetable. Confucius was 65,438+04 years younger than Sakyamuni, and Socrates was born in ancient Greece 65,438+00 years after the death of Confucius. Aristotle, the cleverest philosopher in ancient Greece, was 12 years older than Mencius and 15 years older than Zhuangzi. Archimedes and Han Feizi are only seven years apart. We can stay in this seat. What's your impression? At that time, all the smart people came out. Aren't they 10 years old and 14 years old at the same time?
Everyone entered the threshold of civilization before and after, and then changed from quantitative to qualitative. Intelligent explosion, human beings mature together, and smart people come together. That era was called the axis era by the Frankish school in Germany, and it was the axis star of human wisdom at that time. At the critical moment, Chinese civilization was not absent. Although ancient Greece was not original, it performed particularly well at that time.
Therefore, when the ancient Greek philosophers were thinking on the Greek seashore, the Indian philosophers were thinking on the banks of the Ganges River and the China philosophers were walking on the banks of the Yellow River.
Moreover, their missions are divided: Greek philosophers mainly consider the relationship between people and things, Indian philosophers mainly consider the relationship between people and God, and China philosophers mainly consider the relationship between people.
China philosophers don't think much about things, and they don't think much about ghosts and gods. There are ghosts and gods everywhere in folk beliefs. Philosophers can't think. Watch a hundred schools of thought contend. He didn't think twice. He thinks about the relationship between people.
Indian philosophers think about the relationship between man and God. This god is not superstitious. According to our present science, it is a transcendental world and another advanced abstract world besides our experience world. This is what China's philosophy lacks. Don't think that their superstition is what China's philosophy lacks. So Xuanzang and others are ready to learn from India. Western philosophy thinks about the relationship between people and things, mainly not the complete material interests, but the relationship between people and the objective world. So now, their natural science is particularly developed.
Although this group of people are thinking by the sea, another group of people are walking by the river, thinking deeply. Without the blessing of administrative resources and the protection of state power, their thoughts will also drift with the wind. Confucius is very clever. If no one listens to his speech, even if the students write it down after listening, the students' notes will be burned quickly. How can it be handed down? There are many smart people in the world. Why did they stay? There must be the blessing of administrative power. It is necessary for the country to resist barbarism and defend civilization.
Age of Empires
Around the 5th century BC, human wisdom broke out and immediately entered the imperial age.
The kingdom of Babylon, the kingdom of Persia and the peacock dynasty of India rose and fell, and finally two empires appeared on the earth, the Roman Empire in the western hemisphere and the Qin and Han empires in the eastern hemisphere. The Qin dynasty was too short and the Han dynasty was too long. The Qin and Han empires suppressed the weight of the earth. The two empires met the same enemy, called the northern barbarians, and met the barbaric forces in the north.
The barbaric forces in China are called Huns. There are two ways to deal with Huns. The Qin and Han empires built the Great Wall, and Emperor Wudi fought. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty fought for more than 50 years and trained generals such as Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to fight against it. As a result, the Huns were defeated and fled, and the Han Dynasty was also very tired. When we fought the Huns here, the Roman Empire also met the northern barbarians. In 476 AD, the Western Roman Empire perished and was defeated by the northern barbarians. So who is the northern barbarian? The Huns were beaten away by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and went to the west. He joined hands with the local barbarians, and after several generations of efforts, the Roman Empire collapsed. Two empires on the earth, one empire perished, and Europe entered the Middle Ages. This is a long night of one thousand years!
At the moment, I'm sitting in the quiet campus of Tsinghua, talking so much just because I'm worried that young people now and in the future often can't see such a key thing in the history books. Some of our history books are always talking about which emperor conspired with his younger brother and fell in love with that concubine, always talking about these inexplicable things. Nothing important. The important thing is that this empire has died.
So what problems did the Qin and Han civilizations in China encounter?
Also met with big trouble, also met the northern barbarian attack, although the huns ran away, but there are many barbarians in the north. At that time, China was occupied by a minority named Xianbei. When Xianbei people came, they immediately faced two choices. One is that the Han people in China can farm, but we can't farm, and we can't rule them. Therefore, it is generally believed that farmland should be abolished, pastures restored and nomadic civilization restored before they can rule (they are familiar with nomadic civilization). Then there are two strategies, one is the hawkish strategy, killing all the Han people, and the dove strategy is not to kill them all and let them be slaves there.
However, for the descendants of the Chinese people, the Xianbei people have two outstanding figures and will always be lucky. One is a woman, actually a Han nationality. She became the Empress Dowager there, named Feng Taihou, and we have to call her the Empress Dowager of Civilization. There is also her grandson, the Tuoba family of Xianbei nationality. One of his words is Tuoba Hong, who is called Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty in Han history books.
I appeal to everyone to remember this man. He is very important. He is very young. He was only 33 when he died. He was a very young king, but what he did was very important, under the leadership of his grandmother (after her death, he was in power alone for a short time). In 1989, it was stipulated that we were victors militarily, but students of China culture culturally. Therefore, Xianbei language should be abolished first, and all officials should learn Chinese. Second, you are not allowed to wear Xianbei clothes, you must wear Hanfu. Third, move the capital from their original capital, Datong, Shanxi, to Luoyang, Henan, to the center of agricultural civilization, and then implement the laws of agricultural civilization such as the law of land equalization.
Finally, Xianbei nobles tried to intermarry with the Han nationality and have blood ties. Don't underestimate that these regulations have produced a great result, which people can't imagine. First of all, Chinese civilization was not destroyed (almost destroyed, but Roman civilization was actually destroyed at that time), and it became more powerful. Why is it stronger? Whether our schools of thought contend is good or not is just too gentle.
Can they create a great civilization by themselves?
No Lack of vitality, lack of strong strength. Xianbei people have given this. They can lose Xianbei language and Xianbei clothes. What they can't lose is the glory on horseback. What they can't lose is the spirit I mentioned earlier. Once this point is added to our Confucianism and a hundred schools of thought contend, China will be extremely powerful immediately. You got it? So some of us don't understand that a great country can be built by a hundred schools of thought, but this is not enough. Only the masculinity and wildness of the northern minorities can balance the Chinese civilization.
Second, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty felt that he had no culture. He could learn from Han culture or other cultures. So he worshipped Indian culture as a teacher, because Buddhism was introduced at that time. Buddhism contains the legacy of Greek civilization left by Alexander's crusade; He worshipped Greek culture as a teacher, Indian culture was close to Persian culture, and he worshipped Persian culture as a teacher. Taking Babylonian culture as a teacher, important cultures all over the world are invited to be teachers of Chinese civilization.
If you don't believe me, you can go to Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi. It will be strange for you to go in. Why does it feel like a Roman colonnade? That's a relic of Greek civilization. Those Buddha statues are Indian civilization, otherwise why are they all high nose and deep eye sockets? This is a relic of the Greek sculptor. After many twists and turns, Greek sculptors, through the remnants of gyro culture and so on, as well as Persian culture and Babylonian culture, the Yungang Grottoes alone have become a great gathering of world civilization.
Allow me to make an analogy for you. These civilizations are proud and irrelevant, just as those professors in our university are proud. When they met, they nodded politely and ignored each other. But I didn't expect a young office director to come, treat each professor as his own teacher, politely invite them to tea and dinner, and pull them together for a meeting. As a result, these professors had a good relationship and merged together. The young director of the office is Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, who is civilized. How amazing!
First, Chinese civilization has suddenly moved towards a sound balance and a vigorous and powerful one.
Second, the excellent factors of Chinese civilization and other civilizations have merged. In this case, a hundred schools of thought contend to overcome two problems. One of the faults of a hundred schools of thought is that it is too gentle and has no execution.
They are too closed to know that there are other cultures in the world. We are always talking about Chinese studies and culture now. To see its shortcomings, these are the two. One is tenderness without execution, and the other is ignorance of other civilizations.
But by the 5th century, when Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty was in power, these two problems had been overcome. After these two problems are overcome, the third benefit comes out, that is, doesn't he advocate intermarriage? After advocating intermarriage, a new generation of powerful and well-educated rulers emerged. Therefore, a great dynasty is coming, and this dynasty is called the Tang Dynasty.
Great dynasty
A great dynasty is coming, and this dynasty is called Tang Dynasty.
China thus moved towards the Tang Dynasty, and a great era began. In addition, people noticed that before the Tang Dynasty, half of the blood of Yang Di and Emperor Taizong was Xianbei blood. Wu Zetian's husband, Tang Gaozong, is three-quarters of Xianbei people. Therefore, because of its wise decision, a small nation imported its own blood into a great nation and created a great dynasty. So we should pay tribute to Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, who died at the age of 33. Because, he not only avoided a very possible demise of the Chinese nation, but also strengthened all the major defects of China culture at one time.
Great changes have taken place since the fifth century. At that time, the Roman Empire had declined and entered the dark Middle Ages. However, due to the efforts of Emperor Xiaowen and others, 100 years later, China entered the Great Tang Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century was still splendid. No matter where we come from, as long as we are Chinese people, we may have a great sense of pride in Datang, which is very remarkable.
At that time, after the fall of the Roman Empire, the population of Rome was less than 50,000. At that time, a city with a population of 10,000 in Europe was already a very decent city. At that time, Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, had a population of one million, and there were more than 70 diplomatic missions and more than 30,000 international students outside the city. This city eats Arabic pasta, uses Roman medical technology, and uses Byzantine gold coins and Persian silver coins. Religions all over the world have Dojo there. Prices are very cheap, and there are few criminal cases, which we can see from the history books of the Tang Dynasty. People's happiness index is extremely high. One of the evidences is that almost everyone is writing poems, from the empress dowager to the boatman and sedan chair, all of them are good at writing poems, and their writing level is very high. Any poem in The Whole Tang Poem surpassed those triumphant poems written by Emperor Qianlong, and the Tang Dynasty was enviable.
I have been to a place called Thebes in southern Egypt, and an English commentator is explaining that our Thebes may be the most important city in the ancient world. As soon as she finished speaking, she quickly added in English, except Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty. She has to talk. Of course, apart from Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty, there is no common sense of not talking. Because the Tang Dynasty was too great and brilliant.
Some people say that there are three real cultural centers in human history, one is Chang 'an in the 7th century, Paris in19th century and new york today.
What is a cultural center?
Cultural centers are places where cultural creators from all over the world gather and publish their cultural achievements. This is called the cultural center. /kloc-Paris in the 0/9th century, new york now, and Chang 'an in the 7th century A.D. still have another shortcoming, which is the lack of poetry.
Chang 'an is full of poetry. There is a curfew at night. Curfews are not for war, but for managing order. 108 the workshop door is closed, and people can only move in the workshop. So the afternoon is very important. There are many bars. These bars are all in Central Asia. According to the beautiful girls in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, their names are Hu Ji. In the evening, Li Bai and Wang Wei went to Ji Hu Hotel for a drink in pale horse. There are many accounts, and they also have many poems to describe this scene. If you are more open and can't stand the curfew, then you can go east to Luoyang, which is also very prosperous and doesn't need a curfew. If you are more romantic, then you can continue to go east to Yangzhou, and there is no limit. Therefore, their dream is to go to Yangzhou. Apart from these cities, Chengdu is already very prosperous.
This is the Tang Dynasty, from the 7th century to the 8th century. It is universally acknowledged that Chinese civilization has played a very good and wonderful role, and it has become an unshakable world cultural center because of the Silk Road and its contact with Japan.
Are Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty good dynasties?
There are many reasons why you don't like the Song Dynasty. We always beat others in the war, and both emperors were taken away by others. Isn't that shameful? Finally, a man named Yue Fei who knew how to fight was killed again. You see Song Jiang can't live any longer, Song Wu can't live any longer, and Lin Chong can't live any longer, so he can only go to Liangshan. It seems that no one can fight, and only one family is responsible for the so-called national defense. This is called yamen. The men in the yamen don't know where they are. The yamen is a female general guarding national defense. So who is their commander? How ridiculous do you think this country is? They are called centenarians, Mrs. She and Mr. Centennial. The emperor was robbed, the hero went to Liangshan, and the national defense was managed by a maid-in-waiting family, and the commander-in-chief was an old lady. Many of them are the products of novels and plays. Don't believe them completely.
It's interesting to watch, because novels and plays sometimes don't completely talk about history, so you can't ask for art with the truth of history. Therefore, Wu Han said, we historians like to watch this kind of thing, because it has never happened, so it is particularly easy to watch.
In recent years, mankind's view of history has shifted from imperial prosperity to national ecology.
We used to believe in the prosperity of the empire. How did this brother kill his younger brother? This conspiracy, this prime minister, is completely the heyday of the imperial court. In fact, it doesn't matter, what matters is the ecological wind of the whole people.
The Song Dynasty was not very good in terms of the prosperity of the imperial court, but it was very good in terms of the ecological features of the whole people. The main evidence is a Qingming Riverside Map. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is a commercial scene in Bianliang of Northern Song Dynasty. According to the concept of our modern economists, the GDP of the Song Dynasty is twice that of the Tang Dynasty, and all walks of life are very developed. As long as you look at the Qingming Riverside Map, you will know that the Song Dynasty was very good in terms of national ecology. In the era of cold weapons, farming in Wen Mingzhen could not beat nomadic civilization. Hundreds of thousands of troops went south, and no amount of Yue Fei could resist the soldiers you caught in the farmland.
Whose army finally destroyed the Song Dynasty?
Genghis Khan's army. Who in the world can match Genghis Khan's army? No one can match him! He occupied half of Asia and half of Europe. When crossing the Mediterranean to occupy Africa, we can now read the diary of the African emperor, saying that Genghis Khan is coming. Let's get ready for the surrender ceremony! In fact, at that time, it was not Genghis Khan himself, but his descendants.
When the Mongolian army came, the Yuan Dynasty was not so good, was it?
Some textbooks of the Han nationality always say that the Yuan Dynasty was not good, and that the Han nationality's position in the Yuan Dynasty was very low and the time was very short, only more than 90 years. Actually, it's not. This is the narrow thinking of Han historians. Today, with the contemporary world thinking, the Yuan Dynasty was excellent.
Let's give some evidence to prove its Excellence.
First of all, we all know that Europe has finally awakened. After waking up, they were excited by a book. According to this book, their navigator tried to open up new fields. This new era of geographical discovery opened it. There is a book about Columbus Bridge, a book about Magellan Bridge, and a book called Travel Notes of Kyle Boroda Gama Bridge.
Kyle Poirot, a traveler, is a Venetian in Europe. Venice is the most beautiful in Europe, but Kyle Poirot told Europeans that my hometown is not beautiful, and the most beautiful and noble place in the world is China. He went to Hangzhou, Beijing and many other places, saying that the most beautiful place is China, which is rich, civilized and polite. As a result, the navigators went to China like crazy. Columbus didn't know until he died. What he discovered was South America. He thought it was Indian, not far from China. The Travels of Marco Polo, which excited the whole Europe, was written by which dynasty? Yuan dynasty, of course. So the Yuan Dynasty was not as bad as some of our current history teachers said, but very wonderful. Look at Kyle Poirot's description. That's great. This is the first one.
Second, we believe that the good side of the Yuan Dynasty was the strength of the Mongolian army, which stabilized the territory of the Chinese Empire. A spokesman for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs now says that Xinjiang has been effectively ruled by the central government since the Yuan Dynasty. Since the Yuan Dynasty, the central government has effectively ruled Tibet. Because in the Tang Dynasty, Princess Wencheng married in the past, which is not an effective rule. Not only Xinjiang and Tibet, but also Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan began to exercise effective rule from the Yuan Dynasty. It was the Mongolian cavalry who basically set the border of Greater China, which was the second contribution of the Yuan Dynasty.
The third contribution of the Yuan Dynasty was that art was particularly prosperous. Fuchun Shan Jutu is the work of which dynasty? Yuan dynasty. When does blue and white porcelain produce the best products? Yuan dynasty. Remember that this is a short dynasty of less than a hundred years, and everything has been formed.
At that time, China culture seemed to have everything, except for one item-drama.
What do you mean? Confucius has never seen a play, Mencius has never seen a play, nor has Qu Yuan, whose artistic achievements are so high. That's all. Even Li Bai and Du Fu have never seen a play. China is so strange! 2500 years ago, Greek tragedy flourished, Indian Sanskrit drama flourished, and there was no drama in China. Why is there no drama in China?
But in the Yuan Dynasty, all these problems were solved. How many years did the imperial examination system stop in the Yuan Dynasty? As a result, the people who wanted to take the exam had no food, so they went to the wandering acrobatic class and troupe and said, Do you want me to write something for you? These people include Guan Hanqing, Wang Shifu, the author of The West Chamber, Ji, the author of The Orphan of Zhao, and Ma Zhiyuan. As a result, China's plays soon caught up with the ancient Greek tragedy and the ancient Indian Brahma drama, and all the problems in China were solved.
However, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty were not very good at Chinese education, so they were very happy to watch the play, so the play flourished. Later, in fact, Kunqu Opera and Peking Opera failed to catch up with Yuan Zaju, Guan Hanqing, The West Chamber, Zhao Orphan and all of them. Therefore, the Yuan Dynasty was remarkable, and all these problems were solved in just 90 years.