Qiu Chuji (1148-1227), whose word is Tongmi, whose Taoist name is Changchun Zi, was born in Qixia, Dengzhou (now in Shandong Province), and was a true Taoist, a real person, a thinker, a politician, a writer, a health care scientist and a medical scientist. Qiu Chuji was respected by the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty, the Mongolian Empire and the broad masses of the people, and was famous in the world because he went to the Western Regions at the age of 74 to persuade Genghis Khan to stop killing and love the people (35, miles).
in the history and belief of Taoism, Qiu Chuji is regarded as one of the "seven truths" of Quanzhen Taoism and the founder of Longmen Sect. In Jin Yong's martial arts novels The Legend of the Condor Heroes and The Condor Heroes, Qiu Chuji was described as a heroic Taoist with strong martial arts and a national hero who resisted Jin and protected the people, which also made him more known to the public.
in p>1227 (the fourth year of Zhengda), Qiu Chuji died in Baoxuantang, Changchun Palace, at the age of 8. When he was in Yuan Shizu, he was revered as "the real bishop of Changchun". In order to commemorate the infinite merits of Qiu Shenxian, people all over the world decided that the 19th day of the first month of his birth was Yanjiu Festival, which is one of the famous customs in Beijing and Tianjin.
Chinese name: Qiu Chuji, Qiu Zu
Alias: Da Luo Tian Xian Champion, Changchun Zhenren, Qiu Changchun, Qiu Tongmi
Nationality: China
Nationality: Han nationality
Birthplace: Qixia, Dengzhou (now in Shandong Province)
Date of birth: 1148
Date of death: 1227
Occupation: Taoist
Belief: Taoism
Major achievements: Stop killing people with one word.
Honorable title: Changchun Quande deified Ming Ying Bishop Zhenjun
Life experience of the characters
Early years
Qiu Chuji was born in Qixia, Dengzhou, Shandong Province on the 19th day of the first lunar month in p>1148 (the eighth year of imperial rule). I lost my parents since I was a child and tasted the hardships on earth. From childhood, I yearned to cultivate into a "fairy". When I was a teenager, I lived in the public mountain in the north of the village and lived a life of "wearing pine flowers to eat pine nuts, pine streams and drinking pine breeze on the moon". Legend has it that in order to temper his will, he threw copper coins from the cliff into the bushes again and again until he found them.
He became a monk in Kunyu Mountain, Ninghai in 19th, (now in Muping). He began to learn Taoism in 1167. In 1168, he worshipped Wang Zhongyang, the founder of Quanzhen Taoism, as a teacher, and Wang Zhongyang named him Chuji, whose word was Tongmi, and the name was Changchun Zi.
In p>1169 (the ninth year of Dading), Wang Zhongyang traveled to the west with four disciples. On the way, he learned that he had soared to Bianliang City, and told him, "Take what you have learned and be a Danyang." Since then, under the instruction of Ma Danyang, Qiu Chuji has made rapid progress in knowledge and Taoism. Together with other disciples, they are called "Quanzhen Seven Sons": Ma Yu from Danyang, Tan Chuduan from Changzhen, Liu Chuxuan from Changsheng, Qiu Chuji from Changchun, Wang Chuyi from Yuyang, Hao Datong from Guangning and Sun Buer (wife of Ma Yu). The Seven Sons of Quanzhen promoted the Quanzhen School of Taoism with Wang Zhongyang. After immortalization in Wang Zhongyang, Qiu Chuji entered the cave in Xixi for six years, and he was called "Mr. Kunli". Later, he went to Longmenshan (now Baoji) in Raozhou to live in seclusion for seven years and became one of the founders of Quanzhen Longmen Sect.
from p>1168 (the eighth year of Dading) to 117 (the tenth year of Dading), Qiu Chuji followed Wang Zhongyang to preach in Shandong and Henan.
In the spring of p>117, after Wang Zhongyang ascended to heaven in Bianliang, Henan Province, Qiu Chuji followed his classmates Ma Yu, Tan Chuduan and Liu Chuxuan to Zhongnanshan, Shaanxi Province to pay a visit to Wang Zhongyang's friends, and later in 1172, Wang Zhongyang's spirit bone was moved to Zhongnanshan.
gained great fame
In August of p>1174 (the 14th year of Dading), Qiu Chuji lived in seclusion in _ Xi (now in Baoji, Shaanxi) for 7 years and went to Longmen Mountain in Longzhou for 6 years. During this period, he lived a very poor life, but he devoted himself to the study of health preservation and Taoism, and made friends with local scholars and bachelors, and gained rich historical and cultural knowledge.
in March of p>1188 (the 28th year of Dading), Qiu Chuji went to Yanjing (present-day Beijing) from Wang Zhongyang's former residence at the request of Jin Shizong. He was instructed to sculpt Wang Zhongyang and Ma Danyang (who died at that time) as officials, and took up the post of "Gao Gong" and presided over the "Wan Chun Festival". The emperor was warned to "hold the profits and keep the achievements". By this time, Qiu Chuji had become famous.
In the autumn of p>1191 (the second year of Ming Chang), Qiu Chuji returned to his hometown and built a monastery. Jin Zhangzong gave him the inscription "Taixu Temple", which later became Taixu Palace. Because the palace is located in Binduli Village, Qixia people commonly call it Bindu Palace.
Visiting Laoshan Mountain
Qiu Chuji visited Laoshan Mountain many times, creating the "Dragon Sect" of Quanzhen Taoism. "Taiqing Palace Records" contains: "In the first year of Song Qingyuan, Qiu Changchun, a real person, came to Laoshan. Stop at this palace, preach the Xuan, explain the doctrine, enlighten the public, and be disciplined. " Ten of his stone carvings are engraved on the boulder behind the Three Emperors Hall in Taiqing Palace.
In p>128 (the eighth year of Taihe), he went to the Yongzhen Temple in Laixi and then came to Laoshan Mountain, where he studied for a long time. Today, there are 2 stone carvings of him in Bailong Cave (Yangkou Scenic Area). He thinks that the name of "Prison Mountain" is not good, and the mountain is named Aoshan, just like a big mountain lying on the seashore. Therefore, when the Acropolis was built on the mountainside in the Ming Dynasty, it was called "Aoshan Wei" and the seashore was called "Aoshan Bay", which was the main "pole" of Qingdao Blue Silicon Valley. Later, I came to Qingdao and wrote "Ci" and "Poetry" in the Qing Palace.
There are many inscriptions, words and poems carved by Qiu Changchun in Laoshan Mountain. Most of them were written by Qiu Changchun, and later generations carved them. For example, Qiu Changchun's poem "The Jade Case" next to the Shangqing Palace said, "The real person of Changchun has been in Da 'an for four years, so the Taoist invited him to this mountain and went up to the South Gate of Heaven. He ordered Huang Guanshi to play an empty step and finish his work, so he wrote a poem called Yue. There are 2 poems carved in Bailong Cave, which is the largest stone carving in Laoshan Mountain.
During the period of teaching
In p>123 (the third year of Taihe), Liu Chuxuan died, and Qiu Chuji was appointed as the fifth teacher of Quanzhen Road. Qiu Chuji has been in charge of teaching for 24 years, during which he actively exerted his influence in politics and society, so that the development of Quanzhen Taoism and even the whole Taoism entered a prosperous period.
From 123 (the third year of Taihe) to 1219 (the third year of Xingding), he preached in Penglai, Zhiyang, Yexian, Beihai and Jiaoxi, Shandong. In 1214 (Zhen _ 2), Yang An 'er Uprising took place in Shandong, and the Jin Dynasty's Xu, a captain, asked Qiu Chuji to help appease the rioters. With the popularity of Qiu Chuji, Dengzhou and Laizhou quickly recovered calm.
in p>1216 (Zhen _ 4), Emperor Xuanzong of Jin sent Wang Tingyu, the Dongping Army, to call Qiu Chuji to the capital of song dynasty. However, Qiu Chuji thought that the rulers had "unkind evil" and refused to go.
in 1219 (the third year of Jin Xingding and the twelfth year of Song Jiading), Song Ningzong sent generals Li Quan and Peng Yibin to urge Qiu Chuji to go to Lin 'an with letters. Qiu Chuji thought that the emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty was guilty of "losing government" and refused to go.
Wan Li Westbound
In May, 1219 (the third year of Xingding), Genghis Khan sent messengers Liu Zhonglu and others to Shandong to invite Qiu Chuji to meet with the Mongolian Empire. In December, Liu Zhonglu arrived in Haotian Temple, Laizhou, Shandong Province, and was ordered to invite Qiu Chuji to meet Genghis Khan in the Mongolian Empire. Qiu Chuji said, "I follow the laws of heaven, and angels dare not violate everywhere." Agree to go with pleasure.
In the first month of the lunar calendar in p>122 (the fourth year of Xingding), Qiu Chuji selected 18 disciples, including Zhao Daojian, Song Daoan, Yin Zhiping and Li Zhichang, to leave Haotian Temple in Shandong and set off for the west. At this time, he was 73 years old. A few months later, they arrived in Yanjing (formerly Zhongdu in Jin Dynasty, renamed Yanjing after it was captured by Mongolian Empire on May 31, 1215), and Qiu Chuji and his party settled in Yuxiuguan, where they were warmly received by local officials. At this point, Qiu Chuji heard that Genghis Khan had marched to the West in June 1219 (the third year of Xingding), and he was tired and windy, so he wanted to meet Genghis Khan in Yanjing, so he wrote a Chen Qingbiao. Liu Zhonglu was ordered to report to Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan was busy with the Western Expedition and could not go east to Yanjing, so he wrote a reply letter and sent a reply to Qiu Chuji.
Qiu Chuji knew that it was impossible to meet with Yanjing, so it was convenient for him to continue westward in the spring of 1221 (the fifth year of Xingding). At that time, Liu Zhonglu wanted to choose a virgin for Genghis Khan, and Qiu Chuji immediately dissuaded him. He said, "In order to weaken Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi Jinggong sent someone to choose 8 beautiful women for Lu Dinggong. Ding Gong and the country's prime minister, Ji Shi, are happy and happy, and the government is declining. Confucius accused Ding Gong of this: Jun Xiang is addicted to debauchery, why does the country want to be strong? " After Genghis Khan knew it, he went on strike.
In April, 1221 (the fifth year of Xingding), he left Juyongguan, passed through Monan and Central Asia, paid a visit to Tiemu Gewo Chijin in Mobei Grassland, and then went all the way west. When passing through Zhenhai City, he accepted Tian Zhenhai's suggestion and left nine disciples, including Song Daoan and Li Zhichang, to build Qixia Temple, and then passed through Huihe City, Changba City, Alima City and Sailan City. Arrived in Samarkand in the winter of the same year.
Stop killing in one word
In April of p>1222 (the sixth year of Xingding), Qiu Chuji arrived at the Palace of Baluwan, the "Big Snow Mountain" (now Kush Mountain in Xingdu) via tiemenguan, and met Genghis Khan, realizing the meeting of dragon and horse (Genghis Khan is a horse and Qiu Chuji is a dragon). Genghis Khan called him a "fairy". In the autumn and winter of the same year, Genghis Khan summoned Qiu Chuji for three times to ask about the methods of governing the country and keeping in good health. Qiu Chuji responded to him by "respecting heaven and loving the people", reducing slaughter and abstinence. Later, Genghis Khan wrote a letter to Yelu Chucai to compile these dialogues into a Record of Xuanfeng Celebration.
In the spring of p>1223 (the second year of Yuanguang), Qiu Chuji bid farewell to Genghis Khan, who issued a letter to exempt him from the service of Quanzhen Road, and sent troops to escort him along the way. The party arrived at Xuande House in winter.
Li Zhichang, one of the eighteen disciples who followed Qiu Chuji all the way to the west, later wrote a book called Journey to the West by a Real Person in Changchun, which is of great historical value.
Life in later years
In the spring of p>1224 (the first year of Zhengda), Qiu Chuji presided over the Tianchang Temple at the invitation of Yanjing officials.
In p>1227 (the fourth year of Zhengda), Genghis Khan wrote a letter to change the name of Tianchang Temple to Changchun Palace (now Baiyun Temple in Beijing), and presented a "Jin Hu card" to "treat all Taoist affairs with respect to the immortals", that is, he wrote to Qiu Chuji to take charge of Taoism in the world.
In p>1227 (the fourth year of Zhengda), Qiu Chuji passed away in Baoxuantang, Changchun Palace, at the age of 8, and Daphne stayed in the city for three days, which surprised the world. On the first anniversary of his death, his disciples buried him in Chushun Hall in Changchun Palace.
when he was in Yuan Shizu, he was revered as "the real bishop of Changchun". In order to commemorate the infinite merits of Qiu Shenxian, people all over the world decided that the 19th day of the first month of his birth was Yanjiu Festival, which has become one of the famous customs in Beijing and Tianjin.
main ideas
Qiu Chuji advocated the theory of Inner-alchemy and the thought of the integration of three religions, which was different from the traditional Taoism, which was mostly "the art of refining alchemy and offering sacrifices to the forbidden subjects", and ignored the customs of cultural cultivation, and stressed that the main text should pay equal attention to carrying Taoism and literature and Taoism, and made some achievements in theory in order to better publicize the teachings of this school. His original education level was not high, and he studied hard by himself since he entered the gate. He was not only proficient in Taoist classics, but also studied many classics of Confucianism and Buddhism. Chen Shike, a native of the Yuan Dynasty, said that Qiu Chuji "read everything in the Taoist scriptures, and the Buddhist scriptures of Confucianism are also catchy, and he likes to write poems in prose. However, Artemisia has never started, and it is intended to sing the metaphysical. Although it is not engraved, it is naturally written, and two episodes of" Stream "and" Ming Dao "are published". In addition to the above two books, Qiu Chuji's other important work is "Da Dan Zhi Zhi". This book systematically introduces the mystery of the inner alchemy of Quanzhen religion, and its theory is profound. It is praised by later generations as "a shortcut to practice truth, a ladder to enter the Tao", and it is one of the classic Taoist works in China.
Historical evaluation
Genghis Khan: a celestial immortal, to inspire me.
emperor Qianlong: you will live forever, and you won't eat chardonnay for secrets; Stop killing in one word, and you will know that you have made great achievements in saving the world.
Main Achievements
Politics
Although Qiu Chuji has been engaged in religious activities for a long time, he has a keen insight into social issues. He knew that in order to make his theory have eternal vitality, he must bring benefits to people in practice, and this practice must be fully supported by the ruling class.
in p>1188 (the 28th year of Dading), he first won the favor of Jin Shizong, who believed in Taoism at that time, and was summoned in Beijing twice in one month to inquire about his skills of longevity and governing the country and protecting the people. Qiu Chuji was very pleased with Jin Shizong's "analysis of the principle of heaven and man and the demonstration of morality". This is the first time that Qiu Chuji has publicized his ideas to the supreme ruler, and achieved success. Jin Shizong not only gave the big peach as a compliment, and let him preside over the Spring Festival, but also ordered the statue of Wang _, the founder of Quanzhen religion, to be sculpted in the palace and nunnery as a souvenir, which undoubtedly played an important role in expanding the influence of Quanzhen religion and improving its social status in Qiu Chuji.
In p>1219 (the third year of Xingding), Qiu Chuji was invited to go to Genghis Khan's camp in Central Asia to discuss with him. This is an epoch-making event in the history of religion, and it is also an important measure for Qiu Chuji to realize his ideals and talents, with far-reaching significance. Prior to this, Qiu Chuji saw the decline of the Jin Dynasty, but he lived in seclusion in his hometown Qixia to preach and teach, and declined the invitation of the rulers of the Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty to ask them to help him. However, he resolutely accepted the invitation of Genghis Khan, traveled tens of thousands of miles to the west to camp in Snow Mountain (now Hindu Kush Mountain in Afghanistan), and met with Mongolian Khan, which fully demonstrated the political foresight and insight of this Taoist leader.
In the camp of Genghis Khan's Western Expedition, Qiu Chuji and Genghis Khan lived together for several months, and talked about it many times. The specific content can be found in the book "The Record of Xuanqing Wind" edited by Yelu Chucai. According to the records in this book, Qiu Chuji's influence on Genghis Khan is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:
First, he publicized "eliminating violence and stopping killing", which, to a certain extent, alleviated the cruel killing policy pursued by Mongolian rulers to the people in the conquered areas. In view of Genghis Khan's desire for longevity, Qiu Chuji asked him to combine the pursuit of "immortality" with doing good deeds, and advised Genghis Khan that the way of health preservation should focus on "consolidating the spirit inside and cultivating the virtue outside". The spirit of internal consolidation is not to invade everywhere, while the spirit of external cultivation is to stop killing violently. Qiu Chuji first praised Genghis Khan's rise to destroy Xixia and Jin, which was in line with God's will, catered to the great Khan's psychology, and then advised him to forbid brutal killings in order to make his career finally successful.
Genghis Khan's policy of ruling the Central Plains was somewhat moderate in his later period. Muqali, an official in Shandong, and his successors mostly adopted the measures of appeasement against various places, which was certainly driven by many factors, but Qiu Chuji's theory on snowy mountains undoubtedly had an important influence. Since then, Qiu Chuji has continued to advise General Meng Yuan to reduce the slaughter of the people.
the second is to publicize the thought of saving the world and the people, which has made contributions to restoring and developing the social economy, helping the poor people and stabilizing the social order in the Central Plains. For a long time, Qiu Chuji has been looking forward to a good emperor, so that the people can live in peace and contentment.
In Genghis Khan's camp, Qiu Chuji repeatedly instilled in him the truth of loving the people. Because of Qiu Chuji's persuasive preaching, he was touched by Genghis Khan's thought and thought: "The immortal is what he said, which is just what I want." He also called the prince and other Mongolian nobles, asking them to do what Qiu Chuji said, and sent people to spread the idea of benevolence and filial piety around the country.
Qiu Chuji not only advocated saving the world and the people, but also practiced it. In the city of Misikan (present-day Afghanistan) controlled by the Mongolian army, he will get food from Mongolian nobles to help the hungry. He used the palace view to spread the news, which appeased Da.