Style
Style refers to an independent text style (or style, system). It is the specification and model of text composition. It is a unique cultural phenomenon and is a certain A product of long-term accumulation of historical content. It reflects the overall characteristics of the text from content to form and belongs to the category of form. The composition of literary style includes superficial textual factors, such as expression techniques, nature of subject matter, structural type, language style, morphological format, as well as deep social factors, such as the spirit of the times, national tradition, class imprint, writer's style, communicative realm, reader experience, etc. . The characteristics and divisions of literary styles often depend on the intensification, prominence or variation of certain factors in their level structures.
Style is the unity of content and form. The content of the text determines the genre form, and the choice and use of which style depends on the characteristics of the object of expression and the specific way the author reflects it. Any literary style is adapted to its certain expressive content. The emergence of new literary styles depends on new historical environments. However, once a literary style is formed and determined, it will react on the expressive content and have certain restrictions and requirements on it. At the same time, the stylistic form itself has the essence of content. There is no form that is not connected with content, and the nature of external forms depends entirely on the nature of the content through which they are expressed. Everything on the inside is revealed. Fundamentally speaking, aesthetic form originates from realistic content and is the result of its long-term precipitation and weathering. Mo Kagan's "Art Morphology" of the former Soviet Union: "Types and genres are not the decayed, 'bare', 'empty' formal structures imagined by academics, but the 'content' that has historically occurred in them. "Consolidated and stable form." What the German Theodor Adorno said in "On the Relationship between Art and Society" is even more profound: "The opposition between art and the real world exists in the field of form; but generally Generally speaking, this can only happen in a mediated way, such as aesthetic form is the accumulation of content."
Style is the unity of history and stability, and each style has its own unique history. The form and expression content are not only adapted to a certain social and cultural background, productivity status and people's expression needs, but also have a relatively stable structure in history. This unity reflects the relationship between development and inheritance. Stability ensures that the fine traditions of the style itself are inherited, and is a directional "compass" for the development of the style. The historical nature makes the style continue to develop and innovate, and gradually move towards maturity and perfection. As the layer of historical and cultural accumulation thickens, the connotation of literary styles will continue to be updated, and sometimes they can be relatively independent of the social roots that produced it, "gaining their own life and self-sufficiency, transcending historical destiny" (Klaus: "On Literary Genres") will have the possibility of "regaining functions" and thus be unearthed new expressive, social and aesthetic functions.
The theory of stylistic definition is extremely important. Without it, the stylistic world would be inconceivable and inconsistent with experience. Theoretical stylistic is the same as "historical" or "actual", that is, based on the fact of text writing. The differences among the literary styles produced are constantly changing and influencing each other. The definition of style cannot be fixed; it always hovers between factual description and theoretical abstraction.
Style classification
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1. Poetry
The earliest literary genre to appear in my country, originating from primitive times The voice of human labor is a kind of literature with rhyme and singing.
Old poems mostly have four characters, such as the Book of Songs, and after the Eastern Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were more five or seven characters. In the Tang Dynasty, there were ancient styles and modern styles, and there were new poems during the May Fourth Movement.
In ancient my country, poems that were in harmony were called songs, and poems that were not in harmony were called poems. Whether it is a piece of music or not, it has a strong musical beauty.
Poetry is divided into ancient poetry, modern poetry and new poetry according to the era; it is divided into narrative poetry and lyric poetry according to the way of expression; it is divided into four categories according to the content: pastoral poetry, landscape poetry, scientific poetry and poetry chanting objects.
1. Ancient style poetry
Also known as "ancient poetry" and "ancient style", it refers to poetry before the Tang Dynasty (mainly Han and Wei Dynasties) and works imitating poetry written before the Tang Dynasty. Developed from folk songs, it does not require confrontation or evenness, and uses rhyme freely. Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen in the mid-Tang Dynasty used the Yuefu form to innovate their poems and called them New Yuefu, which still falls within the scope of ancient poetry.
2. Modern poetry
A poetry style opposite to ancient poetry, also known as "modern poetry" and "metrical poetry". The number of sentences, the number of words, the rhythm and rhyme are strict. regulations. Divided into two categories: rhymed poetry and quatrains.
3. Rhymed poetry
A style of modern poetry, divided into five rhymes and seven rhymes. It has certain specifications and requirements in terms of pronunciation, rhythm, sentence structure, and dialogue. The whole poem has eight lines, divided into first couplet, chin couplet, neck couplet and last couplet.
4. Quatrains
A form of modern poetry, divided into five quatrains and seven quatrains, with four lines per poem. It is generally considered to be the "half of a truncated verse".
5. Chu Ci
A style of poetry, named after the Chu region in the south during the Warring States Period, represented by Qu Yuan's "Li Sao", also known as "Sao Style" .
Characteristics: It integrates a large number of mythological stories and is full of fantasy and romance; in addition to lyricism, it also uses the method of elaboration; the sentence structure is relatively prose style, and a large number of "xi" words are used.
6. New poetry
Also known as "modern poetry", it refers to the new style poetry produced since China's "May 4th" movement. In form, it breaks the limitations of the rhythm of old-style poetry and adopts a relatively free form and vernacular that is close to spoken language, making it easier to reflect social life and express thoughts and feelings.
New poems are required to be concise, rhyme, and generally neat.
7. Songxing style
A style of Yuefu folk songs. Song is the general name. It is called "Yin", "Qu", "Yin", "Sigh", "Pian", "Diao", etc., which are called "Yuefu Ge Xing Style". There is no strict difference between them.
Characteristics ①
There is a fixed tone of words, but most of the articles have no definite sentences, and the sentences have no definite characters. They are mainly miscellaneous words, and the language is mostly colloquial, popular and vivid; ② Phonological rhythm The rhyme is freer, and there is no emphasis on oblique, oblique, or antithetical expressions; ③ Expression techniques: In addition to bixing, parallelism is mostly used, and the narrative is full of twists and turns. It is good at dialogue and detailed description to depict characters and create images.
2. Fu
Originally a literary expression technique, it is one of the "Six Meanings" of the Book of Songs. A specific system was formed in the Han Dynasty. It has become a style between poetry and prose that pays attention to presentation and attaches great importance to diction, parallelism and rhyme. Those that are mainly about narrative are called "Da Fu", those that are mainly lyrical are called "Small Fu", and those that are close to prose are called "Wen Fu".
It is different from the "Fu" in today's prose titles. It is no longer a word to elaborate, but means "praise" or "eulogy".
The ancients collectively called "ci" and "fu" because they are both flexible in shape and have no limit on length. The sentences are mainly four or six words, and they are allowed to be uneven; from a style point of view, They all pay attention to literary talent and use extravagant techniques. The difference between the two is: "Ci" often uses "xi" in the middle or at the end of the sentence to adjust the syllables, while "Fu" uses more prose sentences, and even the entire rhyme is mixed with prose sentences that do not rhyme at all.
3. Parallel prose
It is a kind of verse that is mainly based on double sentences (ie, couplets and even sentences), pays attention to antithesis and rhythm, and is opposite to prose. The biggest feature is that the whole text is composed of dual sentences, forming upper and lower couplets with an equal number of words. The syntactic structure is symmetrical, and the parts of speech and word meanings match each other. The even sentences are usually composed of four characters and six characters, alternating with each other (four or six characters), such as "The rising dragon and the phoenix are the Ci sect of Meng Xueshi; the purple lightning and green frost are the arsenal of General Wang."
It started in the late Han Dynasty, formed in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and became popular in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. This style was still practiced in the early Tang Dynasty. It was only after the rise of Han and Liu that this style of writing declined.
Compared with the ancient prose advocated by Han and Liu, ancient prose emphasizes "momentum", and parallel prose emphasizes "charm"; ancient prose emphasizes smoothness, while parallel prose emphasizes implicitness; ancient prose emphasizes simplicity, and parallel prose emphasizes elegance.
4. Ci
A new poetry style in ancient times that was suitable for Hele singing (i.e. "lying on the sound of lyrics"). It is also called "quci", "long and short sentences", "yuefu", etc.
Each word has a tune name (qupai) that represents the music. It stipulates the music of the word that can be sung, and also specifies the number of words, sentences, and rhymes of the "word" as lyrics. , rhyme, etc. Most of them are divided into pieces (sections), and "piece" is also called "pass" or "que", which means that the music has been sung once.
Ci summarizes the length of the musical tune, which is divided into small tune, middle tune and long tune (slow ci).
Ci poetry took shape as early as the Liang Dynasty, took shape in the late Tang Dynasty, and flourished in the Song Dynasty.
5. Novel
A major style of literary works. By describing complete storylines and specific environments, a variety of characters are created to reflect social life extensively and in many aspects.
Chinese novels originated from ancient myths and legends, and have experienced the development process of the Six Dynasties Legends, Tang Dynasty legends, Song and Yuan scripts, Ming and Qing chapter novels and "May Fourth" modern novels.
According to length, it can be divided into novels, medium-length novels and short stories; according to content, it can be divided into social novels, mythological novels, historical novels, scientific novels and detective novels.
1. Strange novels
Refers to an old novel about ghosts and gods from the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties of my country. Originated from ancient myths and legends. Such as "Sou Shen Ji".
2. Anecdotal novels
It is a kind of novel used to record the wild rumors and anecdotes of intellectuals who advocate pure talk since the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
3. Legendary novels
It is a kind of classical novel with strange and magical plots. Generally refers to classical Chinese short stories written by people in the Tang and Song Dynasties. It is a treasure trove of subject matter for novel and drama writers of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Its origin comes from the "spirits and monsters" of the Six Dynasties.
4. Huaben novels
Refers to the scripts used by speaking artists in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Use popular language to record the contents of novels and history lectures for your own memorization or to teach to others. Later it became a style of novel, that is, Huaben novel. It marks the maturity of our country's classical novels.
(Simultaneous novel)
5. Chapter novel
A style of long novels in ancient my country. It is a chapter-narrated novel developed on the basis of history telling and storytelling.
It is characterized by paragraphs that summarize the development of the plot and conflicts, divided into several chapters, and often use dual sentences to review and reveal the content of this chapter. There is often poetry at the beginning of each chapter. The first paragraph reiterates the content of the previous chapter in order to connect the content of this chapter; at the end of each chapter, it often ends abruptly at the climax of the plot, leaving suspense.
6. Condemnation novels
A general term for a type of novels that expose social ills and flog and condemn various pathologies in feudal officialdom and society. It was produced before and after the Revolution of 1911.
7. Romance novel
A type of old-style novel. Summarize history books and legends, and use modern spoken language to describe them in writing. It was developed from historical stories.
6. Prose
In ancient times, any prose article that did not rhyme or rearrange its characters, including classics, biographies and history books, was generally called prose. Modern prose refers to a literary genre that is also known as poetry, novels, and dramas.
The characteristics of prose are that it draws on a wide range of materials, "the form is scattered and the spirit is gathered"; the form is free and the writing method is flexible; the language is not limited by rhythm, the expression is implicit, and the meaning is profound.
According to differences in content and expression, it can be divided into:
Narrative prose - prose that mainly records people, events, objects and scenes.
Lyric prose - through the narrative description of characters, events or scenery, it achieves the purpose of expressing one's aspirations and embodying emotions in things. Symbolism is often used to express the author's implicit passion and guide people to think about and associate with it.
Argumentative prose - reasoning is often carried out with the help of brief descriptions of examples, descriptions of images and expressions of emotions. No logical reasoning or rigorous argumentation is required.
1. Classical prose
Refers to prose written in classical Chinese, which is different from parallel prose. Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty opposed the parallel writing style since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and advocated the prose style commonly used in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties. He called prose style ancient prose, which was later used as a specific name for prose.
2. Inscriptions
① Inscriptions: An ancient style of writing on stone tablets to describe the life stories of characters.
②Travel Notes: It is a prose genre that describes travel experiences.
③Miscellaneous Notes: This is an ancient prose style that writes about what is seen and heard without much discussion.
④Ji...shi: It is an ancient literary style that records the lives and deeds of characters.
⑤Notes: A short but rich content style in ancient times. "Mengxi Bi Tan".
3. Ancient argumentative style
①Original: An ancient argumentative style that explores the origins of theories. "Yuan Jun" (Huang Zongxi)
②Discrimination; it is an ancient argumentative style for distinguishing right from wrong.
③Shuo: It is a literary style used in ancient times to explain affairs in the form of narrative, discussion or explanation. "Ma Shuo" and "Shi Shuo"
④Discussion: The argumentative style of ancient analysis and inference. "The Theory of Six Kingdoms"
4. In ancient times, ministers presented memorials to the emperor - an argumentative style
①Shu: It is a style of writing in which ministers state their opinions to the emperor in sections. Also known as memorials and memorials. "On Accumulation and Storage" (Jia Yi)
② Table: A style of writing that states an opinion or thing. "Chen Qing Biao" (Li Mi)
③ Ce: The style of asking questions about Ce in the imperial examination and asking the candidates to answer is called Ce questions.
④Satire: An ancient literary style that uses metaphors and hints to tactfully persuade others to accept the opinions of subordinates. "Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi for accepting advice"
5. Preface and postscript
6. Preface to the gift
One of the ancient literary styles, written for farewell . "Preface to Ma Sheng in Dongyang"
7. Historical Biography
① Benji: A type of biography, which specifically records the deeds of emperors.
②Aristocratic family: mainly describes the deeds of princes and special figures.
③Biography: Used to record the deeds of ordinary ministers and common people, and also used to record the history of ethnic minorities and other countries.
8. Reportage
An emerging style in prose, which is a general term for close-ups, literary communications, etc. Using literary expression techniques to quickly and timely report things that people care about in social life, it has the characteristics of news, image and political commentary. Known as the "light cavalry" on the literary and artistic front.
Three milestone works of Chinese reportage: "Investment", "Who is the Cutest Person", and "Goldbach's Conjecture".
7. Drama
Comprehensive stage art is to use literature, music, dance, art, sculpture, architecture and other artistic means to shape the image of stage art, reveal social contradictions, and reflect social life of.
In China, drama is the general term for opera, drama, and opera. It also often refers specifically to drama. In the West, it refers to drama.
The basic element of drama is conflict.
The language of drama includes dialogue, monologue; stage instructions.
The structure of drama: one act, multiple acts.
Classification: According to the type of work, there are tragedies, comedies, and dramas; according to the themes, there are historical dramas, modern dramas, and fairy tale dramas; according to the structure, there are one-act plays and multi-act plays.
1. Yuan Zaju
Including Sanqu and Zaju.
1) Sanqu
A new form of rhyme that emerged in the Yuan Dynasty was developed on the basis of the "common ballads and slang songs" of the Jin Dynasty. It is divided into two types: small orders and sets.
Xiao Ling is a monotonous piece of music, short and concise, not as strict in meter as the lyrics. It is often used to describe the scenery lyrically, such as "Autumn Thoughts" by Yuan Ma Zhiyuan (Tian Jing Sha).
A suite is a suite composed of two or more pieces of music connected according to certain rules. It is also called "Santao" or "Suita". The whole set must belong to the same palace tune. Sets can be used to describe more complete plots, deeds, or include discussions, such as "The Return of the Great Ancestor" by Yuan Sui Jingchen (Banshe Diao·Shaobian).
2) Zaju
It is a comprehensive art including music, singing and dancing. It is divided into three parts: lyrics, lyrics and lyrics.
The music and lyrics are composed of suites from Sanqu, for actors to sing. Each song is sung by one person alone, and the other actors only have dialogue. KOSUN is action and expression.
Structure: "Four folds and one wedge". The "wedge" explains or introduces the characters and connects the plot. The fold is a unit of musical organization and a natural paragraph for the development of the storyline.
The roles of Yuan dramas: "Mo", "Dan", etc.
Classification of literary genres. In the process of emergence and development, various literary genres gradually formed their own characteristics, which are specifically reflected in image creation, organizational structure and language use. Various literary genres are distinguished from each other because they have different characteristics and effectiveness in reflecting social life and expressing thoughts and feelings. Historically, writers and literary critics have constantly classified various literary works in order to study and master the laws and characteristics of various literary genres and promote the development of literary creation and literary criticism. As a result, some theories of stylistic classification have emerged. ,book. There have always been various standards for classifying literary genres, and thus there are also various classification methods. The earliest classification method in my country is the dichotomy, that is, literary genres are divided into two categories: verse and prose according to rhyme and non-rhyme. However, since the May 4th Movement, the most common classification rules in China are two: one is the "three-point rule" and the other is the "four-point rule".
The "Rule of Thirds" is to divide various literary genres into three major categories based on different ways of shaping images: narrative, lyrical, and drama. This classification standard is quite popular in foreign countries, and everyone from Aristotle to Belinsky adopts this classification method. Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC) has long ago clearly pointed out: There are three ways for literature to imitate reality. "It can be like Homer, sometimes using narrative techniques, sometimes asking characters to appear [or become characters] , or it can remain unchanged and be narrated in one's own voice, and it can also be used by imitators to imitate with actions."① This is the earliest explanation of the "rule of thirds". The so-called "like Homer" refers to the narrative (epic) type; "narrating in one's own tone" refers to the lyrical type; "making the imitator imitate with actions" I mean drama. After Aristotle, some famous literary critics in Western Europe followed this classification standard. For example, although Horace (65 BC - 8 BC) did not specifically discuss the classification of literary genres, when he talked about "what poetic style to use to write", he essentially divided it into categories according to Aristotle. Three major categories. ②Poileau (1636-1711) talked more clearly. In "The Art of Poetry", he devoted a special chapter to the writing of lyrical works, which he regarded as a "secondary type of poetry". Chapter 3 discusses the writing of the so-called "main poetic genres" tragedy, comedy and epic works ③, and also adopts the "three-part rule". By Belinsky (1811-1848), the classification standard of the "rule of thirds" was explained in more detail and fully. Belinsky not only clearly divided literary genres into epic, lyrical and dramatic categories, but also studied their specific styles and their evolution. He believed that "there are only three categories of poetry. No matter how many there are, there will be no more, and there will be no more." "④.
According to the "rule of thirds", narrative refers to works that depict characters through the description of events, thereby reflecting reality and expressing the author's thoughts and feelings. In such works, the author's ideological viewpoints permeate the description of specific events, and "all internal factors penetrate deeply into external factors, so that the two aspects - internal and external - are inseparable from each other and directly It appears as a definite, self-contained reality - an event. The poet is not visible here; a well-defined world develops by itself, and the poet seems to simply tell everything that is completed automatically."① Since the author of this type of work narrates from the side, and at the same time, it allows the characters to express themselves without any restrictions, so it can reflect real life to a very broad and full extent. Such works include narrative poems, novels, fables, etc.
Lyrical works refer to those works that reflect reality through the author expressing certain thoughts and feelings. In this type of works, the author directly expresses his feelings about real life and his love and hate, and uses it to reflect reality and impress readers. "Here poetry dwells in inner factors, sensations, and thoughts in the stage of reflection; spirit retreats from outer reality into itself and takes over the endless variety of its own inner life (which transforms everything external into itself). Color is given to poetry. Here, the poet's personality plays a dominant role, and we can only feel and understand everything through the poet's personality." ② Such works generally do not have a complete plot and are often relatively short. It includes lyric poetry and lyric prose, etc.
Drama refers to those works that place characters on the stage and let the characters express their personalities through actions.
In this type of work, "as in the epic genre, there is also the development of some kind of real event promoted by various subjective and objective forces; however, this event is not purely external. Here, the event is not sudden It appears to us, but is prepared: it starts from the active force that is hidden from us, goes through a free journey of its own, and then falls back into itself - yes, here we see the emanation of personal will and The origin and occurrence process of character events. On the other hand, these characters do not remain in themselves, but are constantly exposed, and they must constantly expose the inner content of their own spirits in actual interests.”① That is to say, this type of work not only has the characteristics of narrative works - it has a complete plot, but also has the elements of lyrical works - it can express emotions through characters; but it is different from the lyrical type and the narrative type. It's not a simple combination of the two. It has its own characteristics, and because of this, it can exist independently. Such works include tragedies, comedies, dramas, etc.
"The above is the basic theory of the "three-part rule". As for the "four-part rule", all literary works are classified according to their differences in image creation, institutional structure, language use and expression methods. The basic points are summarized and classified into four major categories: poetry, novels, prose, and drama literature. This classification method is relatively commonly used in our country because in the development process of literature in our country, poetry and prose. The two genres appeared earliest, and novels and dramas gradually matured later (the same is generally true for the development of literature in various countries around the world). Therefore, the earliest classification of literary genres in my country is only poetry and prose. However, literary criticism in the past dynasties Scholars often subdivide them into several categories. Cao Pi said in "Dian Lun·Wen": "The texts are the same but not different: the memorials should be elegant, the calligraphy should be rational, the inscriptions should be practical, and the poems should be beautiful. ” ② This shows that Cao Pi divided the articles (people had not distinguished general articles from literary works at that time) into four categories based on his understanding of the “original sameness” and “undifferentiation” of the articles: memorials, book discussions, Inscriptions and poems. From the current point of view, these four categories are actually only two categories: poetry and prose. After Cao Pi, with the further enrichment of creative achievements and the gradual accumulation of creative experience, people's With the further understanding of the nature and characteristics of literature, the classification of literary genres has also developed. For example, Lu Ji's "Wen Fu", Zhi Yu's "Wen Liu Bie Zhi Lun", Xiao Tong's "Preface to Selected Works", and Liu Xie. "Wen Xin Diao Long" and so on, all put forward opinions on the classification of literary genres. However, because people are not able to grasp the classification standards of literary genres well in essence, some classifications are still mere formalities, and some people even do so. Dividing them into one or two hundred categories is very cumbersome. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, novels and drama literature developed, but people did not pay enough attention to literary classification, because at that time, whether it was novels or dramas, They were all excluded from literature by the literati of the feudal ruling class. In the late Qing Dynasty, due to the emphasis and advocacy of novels and dramas by bourgeois reformists and revolutionary democrats, more and more foreign novels and dramas were translated, and at the same time, domestically created works were translated. Novels and dramatic works also gradually attracted social attention. At that time, the classification of literary genres in various magazines and literary treatises had actually begun to adopt a four-divided approach. After the May 4th Movement, with the development of the literary revolutionary movement, new poetry, The creation of new novels, new scripts and prose sketches have all developed greatly. At that time, foreign theories on the classification of literary genres were also introduced, so the "four-section method" inherited the advantages and advantages of the past literary classification. On the basis of absorbing the advantages of foreign classification methods, Lu Xun said in his discussion of essays that since the "May 4th Movement", "the success of prose essays is almost higher than that of novels, dramas and poems"①. "Classification standard. The "New Literature Series" compiled by Lu Xun, Mao Dun and others in the 1930s was also compiled according to the four categories of novels, poetry, prose, and drama.
In the "Four-Dividing Method" In "Rule of Thirds", the poetry category includes lyric poems in the lyric category and narrative poems in the narrative category. The reason why these two are combined into one category and called "poetry" is because they are used in shaping images, There are many similarities in organizational structure and language use. The novel category is part of the narrative category in the "rule of thirds". Because it is centered on the creation of characters, it has outstanding characteristics in character characterization, plot narration, environmental description, structural arrangement and language use. It is obviously different from poetry and prose. In addition to this Genre is the most popular in modern times, so it is separated as a major category in the "four-part rule". Prose refers to all literary genres except novels, poetry, and drama. It has a wide scope. Lyrical prose that belongs to the lyrical category can be classified into this category. Travel notes, miscellaneous notes, reportage, and biographies that belong to the narrative category can also be classified into this category. It even includes essays mixed with narratives and discussions. , skits, etc. Rake prose is an independent category because the works of this genre have broad themes and diverse styles. It is different from works such as poetry, novels, and dramatic literature, and it does have the basic characteristics of literature. At the same time, this can also correct some narrow understandings of literature and prevent some works with literary value and literary characteristics from being excluded from literature. As for the category of dramatic literature, it is exactly the same as the drama category in the "Rule of Threes".
In the classification of literary genres, whether it is the "three-part rule" or the "four-part rule", they are only relative. Because some literary genres often absorb certain factors from other literary genres during their formation and development, thus forming a situation where this genre and that genre overlap with each other. For example, the genre of prose poetry, in terms of the content it expresses, has the quality of poetry and is full of the author's strong emotions and imagination. However, it also appears in the form of prose, which is quite similar to poetry in terms of genre. The difference is that it is closer to prose. This genre, if divided by the "four divisions", can be classified as either prose or poetry. This is a situation. Secondly, when using some literary genres, authors often absorb and apply the characteristics of other literary genres in order to better express life and attract readers. For example, poetry drama is an obvious example. Viewed as a whole, poetry drama belongs to the drama category, but the lyrics in the middle of it are written in the form of poetry, and it is poetry when it is independent. In addition, some genres have different interpretations of their connotations, which makes it difficult to classify specific works. For example, fables can be classified as novels or essays; while reportage and short stories are sometimes not so easy to distinguish clearly. As for the specific names or boundaries within the same category that are not easy to draw (such as the boundaries between novels and novellas), it is even more common. When talking about the "rule of thirds", Belinsky said: epic poems, episodic poems, and dramas "exist distinctly from each other, but when they appear in individual poems, they are not always clearly divided. On the contrary, they are often mixed together, so that some works are epic in form, but have dramatic characteristics, or vice versa."① This situation also exists in the "four-point rule". This fully illustrates the relativity of literary genre classification, indicating that the classification can only be general, not absolute.
The classification of literary genres is not only relative, but also continues to develop with the rich development of practical experience in literary creation. As mentioned before, literary genres have their formation and development processes in history. When a certain literary genre has not yet emerged or matured in creative practice, it cannot be reflected in the theory of genre classification. come out. For example, in the history of literature in my country, because novels and dramas matured relatively late, in terms of the classification theory of literary genres, they were only divided into two major categories: poetry and prose for a long period of time. Secondly, after the emergence of a certain literary genre, it is still in the process of continuous development and change. Therefore, when studying the classification of literary genres, we also need to pay attention to their different situations in different periods. For example, the genre of novels in our country has gone through different stages of development, such as legends of the Six Dynasties, legends of the Tang and Song Dynasties, scripts of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, chapter novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and new novels after the "May Fourth Movement". Each stage has its own characteristics. different characteristics. Nowadays, people generally adopt the "three-part rule" or "four-part rule" to classify literary genres. In addition to historical reasons, this is mainly based on the current actual situation. With the development of social life and the accumulation of creative experience, new literary genres will continue to emerge in order to express new life, so the classification of literary genres cannot be fixed. For example, with the rapid development of modern science and technology, especially the development of photography and recording technology, film art, a new form of comprehensive art, was born on the basis of dramatic art, and accordingly, film literature was born. New genre. Others, such as radio novels, TV dramas, science fiction novels, etc., are all new genres that have only appeared and developed in modern times. Therefore, if we look at the "Three-Part Rule" and "Four-Part Rule" rigidly, we will not be able to adapt to the emerging situation of new genres.
There are five ways of expression
1. Narration 2. Explanation 3. Discussion 4. Description 5. Lyrical