The classics in the Jingshi sub-collection are divided into thirteen classics, which refer to the thirteen Confucian classics formed in the Southern Song Dynasty.
They are: "The Book of Songs", "Shang Shu", "Zhou Li", "Ritual", "Book of Rites", "Book of Changes", "Zuo Zhuan", "Gongyang Zhuan", " "The Legend of Luliang", "The Analects of Confucius", "Erya", "The Classic of Filial Piety", and "Mencius".
The formation process is as follows:
The Han Dynasty established "Poems", "Books", "Yi", "Li", and "Spring and Autumn" among the academic officials, and became the Five Classics;
In the Tang Dynasty, "Zhou Li", "Yili", "Gongyang", and "Gu Liang" were added as the Nine Classics;
During the Kaicheng period, the Keshi Guozixue was added, and the "Book of Filial Piety" was added , "The Analects of Confucius" and "Erya" are the Twelve Classics;
The Song Dynasty added "Mencius", so it is called the Thirteen Classics.
In addition, Buddhism and Taoism each have their own classic works of the Thirteen Classics, which respectively represent the concepts of Buddhism and Taoism.
The earliest classics of Confucianism are called the Six Classics, which are "Yi", "Book", "Poetry", "Li", "Yue" and "Spring and Autumn". The "Le Jing" is lost, so there are only Five Classics.
Among them, "Yi", "Book" and "Shi" had been circulated before Confucius, and were quoted many times in "Zuo Zhuan". "Li" is a summary of social etiquette at that time. I don't know why it was written. hour.
It is said that Confucius used these four books as teaching materials when he founded his school. (Note, these four classics had practical significance at that time. "Yi" was about divination. According to "Zuo Zhuan", people at that time used divination before making major decisions;
"Book" mainly records ancient The words, decrees, and important deeds of the former kings are historical books;
"Poetry" is also known as "Three Hundred Poems". At that time, poems were often written to express aspirations in social situations, and different people were expressed by reciting different poems. The meaning of "Li" is "Etiquette", which is the regulation and explanation of various etiquette ceremonies at that time, such as the crown ceremony for adults, the mourning clothes for funerals, etc. It has practical significance and must be mastered. These were also the requirements of the society at that time for a qualified scholar)
"Spring and Autumn" was originally the general name for the history books of various countries at that time. The subtle words and great righteousness express Confucius's praise and criticism of history.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty only respected Confucianism and made Confucianism the official ideology. After deposing hundreds of schools of thought, he listed the Five Classics as an official school and established a doctorate in the Five Classics. The "Yi", "Book", "Poetry", "Li", and "Spring and Autumn" were upgraded from Confucian teaching materials to "Classics" and were officially called the "Five Classics".
Among them, "Spring and Autumn", during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, for convenience, scholars attached the Chuanwen (biography, that is, the explanatory text) of "Chunqiu" to the back of "Jingu". It’s no longer a one-way trip.
The Thirteen Classics gradually developed from the Five Classics of the Han Dynasty, and were finally formed in the Southern Song Dynasty. It took a long time for the thirteen Confucian texts to obtain the status of "Classics".
In the Han Dynasty, the "Yi", "Poems", "Books", "Li" and "Spring and Autumn" were the "Five Classics", which the government attached great importance to and established as academic officials.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were "Nine Classics", which were also established among academic officials and used to recruit scholars. The so-called "Nine Classics" include the "Yi", "Poems", "Books", "Zhou Rites", "Rituals", "Book of Rites" and "Spring and Autumn". During the reign of Emperor Wenzong of the Tang Dynasty, he studied stone carving at Guozixue. In addition to the "Nine Classics", the contents engraved were also "The Analects of Confucius", "Erya" and "The Classic of Filial Piety".
During the Five Dynasties, Meng Chang, the leader of Shu, carved the "Eleven Classics", excluded "The Classic of Filial Piety" and "Erya", and included "Mencius". "Mencius" was included in the list of classics for the first time.
Zhu Xi, a great scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, juxtaposed the "Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean" in the "Book of Rites" with the "Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius" to form what is known today as the "Four Books", which is officially known as the "Four Books". Recognized, "Mencius" officially became "Jing".
At this point, the thirteen Confucian documents have established its classic status. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the "Thirteen Classics" scriptures were engraved on the stone, and Ruan Yuan also engraved the "Commentaries on the Thirteen Classics".
Han Dynasty: Five Classics
During the Han Dynasty, the "Five Classics" were "Yi", "Poetry", "Book", "Ritual" and "Spring and Autumn", which were established in Academic officer.
Tang Dynasty: Nine Classics
During the Tang Dynasty, "Spring and Autumn" was divided into "three biographies", namely "Zuo Zhuan", "Gongyang Zhuan", and "Gu Liang Zhuan"; The Book of Rites is divided into "Three Rites", namely "The Rites of Zhou", "The Rites" and "The Book of Rites". These six books, together with "Yi", "Book" and "Poetry", are called the "Nine Classics", which are also established by academic officials and used to open subjects and recruit scholars.
Late Tang Dynasty: Twelve Classics
During the reign of Emperor Wenzong of the Tang Dynasty, the stone carvings at Guozixue included the "Nine Classics", "The Analects of Confucius", "Erya" and "The Classic of Filial Piety".
Five Dynasties: Eleven Classics (included in "Mencius")
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Meng Chang, the leader of Shu Kingdom, carved the "Eleven Classics" and included them in "Mencius", excluding " "The Classic of Filial Piety" and "Erya".
Southern Song Dynasty: The Thirteen Classics were formally formed
In the Southern Song Dynasty, "Mencius" officially became a "Classic", together with "The Analects", "Erya", and "The Classic of Filial Piety", plus The original "Nine Classics" formed the "Thirteen Classics".
The content of the "Thirteen Classics" is extremely broad. In terms of traditional concepts, "Yi", "Poetry", "Book", "Li" and "Spring and Autumn" are called "Classics";< /p>
"Zuo Zhuan", "Gongyang Zhuan", and "Gu Liang Zhuan" belong to the "Biography" of "Spring and Autumn Classic";
"Book of Rites", "Book of Filial Piety", "Book of Filial Piety", "The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius" are both "notes";
"Erya" is an exegesis work by the classics masters of the Han Dynasty.
Among these thirteen documents, "Jing" should have the highest status, followed by "Zhuan" and "Ji", followed by "Erya".
1. "The Book of Changes"
"The Book of Changes" is a book of divination. Its outer layer is mysterious, but its inner philosophy is profound and profound.
2. "Shangshu"
"Shangshu" is a compilation of ancient historical documents. The main content is the king's proclamations and records of conversations between the king and his ministers.
3. "The Book of Songs"
"The Book of Songs" is a collection of poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. It is divided into three parts: "Wind", "Elegance" and "Song". "" is a folk song, and "Ya" is the formal music of Wang Ji of the Western Zhou Dynasty. "Song" is a dance song and song used for worship in the ancestral temple of the upper class.
4. "Zhou Rites"
"Zhou Rites" was originally called "Zhou Guan" and was discovered among the people during the Western Han Dynasty. Most scholars believe that the creation date may be during the Warring States Period. It mainly collects the official system of the Zhou royal family and the systems of various countries during the Warring States period.
5. "Etiquette"
"Etiquette" mainly records the etiquette system of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It was written by two scholars of the Western Han Dynasty, the etiquette scholar Dai De and his nephew Dai Edited by St. From the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, a selection of articles written by Confucian scholars explaining the classic "Yili". It is a compilation of treatises on various etiquette before the Qin and Han Dynasties.
6～9. "Chun Qiu" and "Zuo Zhuan", "Gongyang Zhuan" and "Gu Liang Zhuan" three biographies
"Chun Qiu" three biographies are formed around the "Spring and Autumn" sutra 's writings.
"Zuo Zhuan" may have been written by Zuo Qiuming at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, but some people believe that it was a work from the beginning of the Warring States Period, focusing on the statement of historical events.
The original title of the author of "Gongyang Zhuan" is Gongyang Gao, a native of Qi during the Warring States Period. He studied under Zixia, a disciple of Confucius, and later became one of the three major writers of "Spring and Autumn".
According to legend, the author of "The Biography of Gu Liang" was a disciple of Zixia, Gu Liangchi, a native of Lu during the Warring States Period. At first it was taught orally, and it was not until the Western Han Dynasty that it became a book. The second part of the second biography focuses on discussion.
10. "The Analects of Confucius"
"The Analects of Confucius" is the quotations and notes of Confucius by Confucius's disciples in the Spring and Autumn Period. It is a record of the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples.
11. "The Classic of Filial Piety"
The author of the "Book of Filial Piety" was discovered in the Confucius wall in the Western Han Dynasty. There is still debate about the author, but it is biased towards the works of the Zengzi school. This is a monograph on ancient filial piety.
12. "Mencius"
"Mencius" is the work of the Confucian scholar Mencius during the Warring States Period. Dedicated to Mencius's remarks, thoughts and deeds.
13. "Erya"
"Erya" is a dictionary compiled by scholars from the Warring States Period to the Western Han Dynasty that can be used to study Confucian classics. "Erya" contains 4,300 words. There are many interpretations of word meanings and names and objects, and many classics scholars use them to interpret the scriptures.