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The quatrains originated from the short chapters of Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, and their names may come from the "couplets" written by literati in the Six Dynasties. According to the literature, there was a custom of writing poems in the banquets of literati in the Six Dynasties, and each person wrote four sentences and five words to synthesize a whole poem. If you cut off what everyone has done and write an article alone, it is called "stunt", hence the name of quatrains.
The absolutely unique concept of four sentences is naturally formed. Since the Book of Songs, most poems have taken four sentences as a paragraph. The poems in The Book of Songs are mostly four words and four sentences, which the ancients called "a chapter". During the Han and Wei Dynasties, there were very few four-sentence poems as a whole, so it is not necessary to define four-sentence poems as poetic nouns, that is to say, four-sentence poems did not become the standard. However, in a long poem, the creative method of four sentences is naturally formed. After the Jin and Song Dynasties, due to the influence of folk songs, poets liked to imitate four folk songs, and a large number of small poems with five words and four sentences appeared. After Qi and Liang Dynasties, four sentences and one sentence became the standard of poetry, and it was given the name "Jue". The "broken sentences", "short sentences" and "quatrains" in the Southern Dynasties are all used to refer to poems with five words and four sentences.
Chen Xuling compiled Yutai New Poems, including four poems with five words and four sentences in Han Dynasty, with the title "Ancient quatrains", and four poems with five words and four sentences in Wu Jun, with the title "New quatrains". This reflects that the word "quatrains" was newly coined at that time. Since China's four untitled poems are called "ancient quatrains", we have to call the four poems written by contemporary Wu Yun "new quatrains". The words "new" and "ancient" are the differences of the times, not the poetic style. This poetic style is only called "quatrains". However, Ji, the author of Yutai New Poetry, changed the "new quatrains" into "miscellaneous quatrains" and added an explanation: "The style remains the same and should not be new. When the font is similar, it is wrong. " He thinks that Wu Yun's four quatrains are still the same quatrains in Han Dynasty, not the quatrains in modern poems in Tang Dynasty, and can't be said to be new quatrains, so they are changed to "miscellaneous quatrains". The reason is that the word "new" and the word "miscellaneous" are similar in shape but not in spirit.
There are two five-character and four-sentence poems in Yu Xin's Collection of Poems in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, namely "Three Masterpieces of He Kan" and "One Masterpiece of Listening to Songs". Yu Xin and Xu Ling were contemporaries, but one was in the Northern Dynasty and the other was in the Southern Dynasty. It can be seen that quatrains were named and stereotyped in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, referred to as "three quatrains" and "one quatrain" for short.
At the beginning of the Six Dynasties, the word quatrain only refers to a small poem with five words and four sentences, and it was extended to seven words after the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, due to the change of musical tune, the old Yuefu poems often could not be accompanied by music, so musicians often sang quatrains created by literati, which was an important reason for the prevalence of quatrains in the Tang Dynasty.
As far as development is concerned, five-character quatrains come first. Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty, Shen Quanqi, Song, Li Qiao, Cui Kun, etc. He has written many beautiful articles with harmonious scenes, beautiful syllables and certain personality. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, a large number of famous artists appeared. Li Bai, Wang Wei and Cui constitute the three legs of the five wonders of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which makes the future development of this poetic style rarely beyond its scope.
Seven-character quatrains originated from Yuefu songs in the Southern Dynasties. In the early Tang dynasty, the number of the seven wonders was very small, and the art was not mature enough. After entering the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the Seven Wonders have made great progress and can keep pace with the Five Wonders. Li Bai, Wang Changling, Li Junshuang, Wang Shenwan, Li Qingshu and Wang Bushu are the representatives of their highest achievements with different styles. Li Bai can better embody the typical style of quatrains in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and Wang Changling seems to have pioneered quatrains in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Du Fu is a new advocate of quatrains.
There are many famous quatrains in the poetry circles in the middle Tang Dynasty. However, the poetic styles of Lu Lun, Li Yixue, Li Bai and Wang Changling, as well as the inheritance of Wang Wei and Meng Haoran by Liu Changqing and Wei, have their own personalities and masterpieces, but their basic approaches have not broken through their predecessors. Although poets such as Han Yu and Bai Juyi further carried forward Du Fu's innovative spirit, they failed to really overcome the contradictions Du Fu faced in his innovation. Too realistic, too revealing, the same style and lack of rhyme are the disadvantages of many works in the middle Tang Dynasty to varying degrees.
The problems exposed in the transformation of quatrains in the middle Tang Dynasty were finally solved to some extent in the late Tang Dynasty. There are two new styles of quatrains in the late Tang Dynasty: one is sharp, novel and lively discussion style, and the other is euphemistic and deep lyric style. Both of them are represented by Li Shangyin and Du Mu.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, people generally referred to "quatrains" as "truncated sentences". They think "quatrains" are half of a poem. Since the Song Dynasty, people have been familiar with quatrains, and their close-up style has an overwhelming advantage. Poets in Yuan and Ming Dynasties all said that quatrains are "broken laws".
According to the poetic law, quatrains are divided into ancient quatrains and metrical poems. The ancient quatrains appeared before the appearance of the metrical poems, and the quatrains appeared after the rise of the metrical poems.
Fold and edit the formal features of this paragraph.
According to the number of words in each sentence, quatrains can be divided into five-character quatrains, six-character quatrains and seven-character quatrains. There are many five-character quatrains, few seven-character quatrains and few six-character quatrains. According to the strict degree of metrical requirements, it can be divided into two categories: absolute and ancient.
law
Rhyme, like metrical poetry, is fluent and strict according to the characteristics of metrical sentences.
There are four basic sentence patterns. Five words: (1) mediocre, (2) mediocre, (3) mediocre and (4) mediocre. The seven-character sentence pattern only adds a rhythm unit before the five-character sentence pattern, that is, (a) level tone, (b) level tone, and (c) level tone. According to the types of parallel prose, seven-character parallel prose equals five-character parallel prose, and seven-character parallel prose equals five-character parallel prose. Five-character stand-up crosstalk is quite rare, and seven-character stand-up crosstalk is slightly less than stand-up crosstalk.
There is a certain degree of flexibility in adhering to the leveling of grammatical sentences, that is, the so-called "135 is indistinguishable, 246 is distinct", that is, the leveling of the first, third and fifth words (only seven words) can be handled flexibly, while the leveling of the second, fourth, sixth and last four words must be strictly observed. But only if you can't level the third key.
In addition to rhyme, the whole sentence has only one flat tone, which is called "Gu Ping", which is the taboo of modern poetry. Therefore, in the five-character "flat and even" sentence pattern, if the first word is flat, then the third word must be flat; Seven words "flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat
If there are three flat lines at the end of a sentence, it is called "three flat lines", which is a special form of classical poetry and modern poetry must be avoided as much as possible. Therefore, the third word of the five-character "fair and square" and the fifth word of the seven-character "fair and square" cannot be flat and turbid.
None of the words in Five Wonders are even (to prevent loneliness), and all other sentence patterns are even with the first word. Among the Seven Wonders, only the first word is "even, even, even, even, even", and other sentence patterns are that the first and third words are even and even.
In addition to "Ping Ping", there is a rare phrase "(Ping Ping)"; In addition to "(even) even, even", there is a rare phrase "even (even) even". This is the same as metrical poetry.
In rhyme, the law must rhyme according to the rhyme part of the rhyme book. After the late Tang Dynasty, the first sentence was allowed to use adjacent rhymes. Temperament can be in a specific format. The first sentence of a five-character quatrain is not rhyme, and the first sentence of a seven-character quatrain is rhyme. Five-character quatrains are common in squatting, and seven-character quatrains are common in standing.
If quatrains are used in antithesis, they are often used in the first couplet. For example, Su Shi's "Rain after Drinking on the Lake", the first couplet is opposite. There are also many end-to-end confrontations. For example, Meng Haoran's "Sleeping in Jiande". It is not uncommon to use antithesis at the beginning and end, that is, the whole article uses antithesis. For example, Wang Zhihuan's In the Heron Villa.
Some people say that quatrains are only four sentences of metrical poems, and it is incorrect to explain the origin of quatrains. But in terms of hierarchy and level, quatrains are really four sentences of metrical poems: or two lines are intercepted before and after, and there is no confrontation; Or intercept the second couplet, all with antithesis; Or intercept the first two couplets, and the first couplet does not need to be checked; Or after interception, the two links are combined into one, and the tail link does not need confrontation.
Gujue
Ancient quatrains, that is, quatrains, are a kind of quatrains opposite to metrical quatrains. Although it rhymes, it is relatively free, or some poets don't want to be bound by meter. After the popularization of law, ancient laws are still used and developed. There are many words in ancient times, but seven words are rare. Either of the following two situations should be considered ancient:
(1) Use rhyme (but this is controversial. Many scholars and poets think that the standard of abstinence is to stick to rhyme, which has nothing to do with whether rhyme is fluent or not);
(2) The fluency of irregular sentences is sometimes non-sticky and incorrect. Of course, some ancient classics are both.
However, the boundary between the ancient and the law is not very clear, because after the rise of legal poetry, even if it is written in ancient times, it is impossible to be completely unaffected by legal sentences.