Poets such as Yuan Jie and Gu Kuang.
Jie Yuan (7 19—772) was born in Zizishan, Henan (near Luoyang today). I failed in Chang 'an in my early years and experienced the life of "studying in Shan Ye" and "being friends with beggars". Tianbao has been a scholar for twelve years. The Anshi Rebellion led the neighbors to flee together. Su Zonggan Yuan two years, recommended by Su Yuanming, was called to Chang 'an, gave three articles on "Debate on Time", stated the military situation, later worshipped Shannan East Road as a staff officer, and later worshipped Daozhou Secretariat.
Yuan Jie is a poet who "wants to help but tastes hard". He wrote many times, accused court officials, stated the sufferings of people's livelihood, and put forward the idea of "saving the world and persuading Shu Ren". In literature, he opposed the lewd poetic style of "suppressing sound and disease, and rejoicing in shape" (preface to the collection in the basket) It is required that poetry can be "the most imperial way to control chaos and the stream of ancient people's irony" (Erfeng Poetry Talk) in order to achieve the political goal of "descending on feeling" (Preface to Yuefu). This is the forerunner of Bai Juyi's realistic poetry theory.
Jie Yuan put his thoughts into practice in his poetry creation. His Poem of Cherishing the Wilderness was written in Tianbao five years, and Twelve Poems of Yuefu was written in Tianbao ten years, which was a new Yuefu poem in the early Tang Dynasty. Poem of Cherishing the Wilderness is a folk song in the Sui Dynasty. When the poet saw the flood in Huaiyin, he recorded it on the pretext of "complaining about the time" and condemned the emperor's extravagance. There is a cloud in the poem: "If there is resentment before the song ends. I can't help but faint the heart of the king and feel this resentment. So I asked my wife to sing, and everyone was happy to carry spears. " Such angry and bold ideas were rare at that time. Another example is the "poor women's words" in his Yuefu Department:
Who knew that a poor husband had a wife at home? Please listen to him, will you not be sour? It is better to be pitied by the second child than by the deer at the foot of the mountain. Empty mind in front of the court, a career. Go out to see the mountains and get lost. When you see the Lord, kneel down and cry to him.
Wrote the miserable feelings of poor women under the oppression of feudal officials. Sorrow in Returning Home describes people's escape from their homes, and Complaint of Farmers describes farmers' crying in famine years, which also shows deep sympathy for the people.
Since the An Shi Rebellion, Yuan Jie's spirit of sympathizing with the people and criticizing reality has been further developed. In "Old Tour in Fishing Country", he wrote about the changes in his relationship with the people before and after he became an official with a painful and uneasy mood.
In Xiangxi a few years ago, everyone was forgetful. I was surprised to see you in Xiangxiang today. How can I be ashamed and proud of my heart and my friends? Different people should crown me.
He likes being close to the people and doesn't like being an official. Du Fu "doesn't like entering the state capital for fear that people will think I am real." Even when I returned to Mao Yu, I was never jealous. "The idea of" Holiday Garden Eliminating Diseases "is basically the same. In the second year of Guangde's reign, when he was the secretariat of Daozhou, he wrote "Tomb Raid" and "The Thief Returns to the Official", which are his representative works during this period. The Journey to Grave Robbery vividly describes the casualties and fatigue of Daozhou people after the war;
..... The national economy is chaotic, but people are really tired. There are no ten big countries, and one lives alone. The meal in the morning is grass roots, and the meal in the evening is wood skin. If you are angry, you will be slow. I can't bear to chase you, but the situation is a whip! ……
The poem condemns the harsh punishment of officials, and also shows his noble feelings that he would rather be guilty than force the people to betray their children. At the end of the poem, he said, "whoever adopts the national style, I will dedicate this word", which shows that he intends to plead for the people. The song "Thieves Return to Officials" has a more painful meaning:
..... When I started to be an official here, mountain thieves began to look up again. But this town is so small that thieves are spared, and the people here are so poor and pitiful. All other areas have been looted, not to mention this time. Don't you imperial envoys have the kindness of robbers? ? Today, he is a money collector, just like a creature frying on a fire. How can you sacrifice people's lives just to be called a capable collector? ? Oh, let me drop my official seal and be a lonely fisherman in a boat. And support the family with fish and wheat, and live in peace in the rivers and lakes.
He not only accused the imperial envoys who forced local officials to extort money by force, but also said that he would rather abandon his official than "kill people" to win the favor of the rulers. Therefore, Du Fu warmly praised his two poems in "The Homologous Mausoleum": "Daozhou is worried, and his words are magnificent. On the two chapters of the autumn moon, the word Huaxing. " Other poems, such as One Goddess of Mercy, Appreciating Meng Wuchang's Bitter Snow, and Wu Yuchang Zhi, are also full of the spirit of criticizing reality. His landscape poems, such as drunken songs on a rainy lake and Yi Nai Qu, are also simple and natural.
Most of Jie Yuan's poems are classical, lyrical and plain. After three years in Qianlong, he compiled a collection of laundry baskets, which included some realistic poems by Shen Qianyun and Meng Yunqing, all of which reflected his literary thoughts and had an impact on Bai Juyi's new Yuefu. But his poems are sometimes too simple and not vivid enough. He hardly writes metrical poems, and theoretically opposes "sound-limiting disease", which is too much.
Jie Yuan's essays on Beggars, Tigers and Evil Circle have a certain influence on Han Yu's and Liu Zongyuan's satirical essays, especially Ji, which is the forerunner of Liu Zongyuan's landscape.
Gu Kuang (727-8 15? ), the word Ji Weng, from Suzhou. Two years of Jinshi in Zhide. Shang Shulang of the official department. When Li Bi became prime minister, he moved and died. He wrote a poem "Ode to the Seagull" to ridicule the dignitaries and was demoted to Raozhou secretariat to join the army. Hiding in Maoshan in his later years.
Gu Kuang and Yuan Jie were at the same time, but later. He is also a new Yuefu writer who cares about people's sufferings. Poetry can pay attention to "teaching by sound" instead of just pursuing "the beauty of literary talent" (preface to elegy). According to the ironic spirit of the Book of Songs, he wrote Thirteen Chapters about Remedying the Past, all of which are ironic admonitions, and some of them directly reflect reality, such as Yao:
Born in the south, Fujian officials got it, which is the best Yang. In order to get it, the house is full of gold. In order to be a clip, it's like seeing vegetation. I was poisoned by ignorance of heaven. Blessed are those who know nothing about Shinto. Don't leave me alone, I regret having you. And since you were born, people advised you not to mention it. If you don't listen to people, you will suffer. Say goodbye, your heart will ruin your blood. You cannot stand in front of Abraham, even in front of the dead.
During the Tang Dynasty, officials in central Fujian often used Fujian children as eunuchs. This poem by Gu Kuang exposes the crime of Fujian officials harming the people. Others, such as the chapter "Ancient Times", sympathize with the sufferings of farmers; The chapter "Picking up Wax" satirizes the happy life of rulers and sympathizes with the tragic experience of wax pickers, also for the sake of reality. These poems imitate the four-character poetic style of The Book of Songs in form, but they can find a new way to describe current events. He followed the style of "preface" in the Book of Songs, took the first sentence of the poem as the title, and marked the themes, such as "worrying about Fujian" and "picking wax and complaining about luxury", which pioneered Bai Juyi's new Yuefu. He studied Gu Yuefu's Gongzi Xing and Abandoned Wife Ci, which are also works of practical significance.
Gu Kuang's new Yuefu poems are not as numerous as Yuanjie's and reflect the reality widely, but their poetic styles are more diverse, and their language is more popular and fluent because of absorbing the characteristics of folk songs. His Zhuzhici is a direct study of Jiangnan folk songs.
Besides Yuan Jie and Gu Kuang, Rong Yu and Dai Shulun also created new Yuefu. Rong Hong (740-787? ) There are many cutting-edge works. His "ascetic journey" wrote that the Tang Dynasty used Uighur soldiers to suppress the disasters brought to the people by the Anshi rebellion; In the poem "Ode to History", it is said that "the country depends on the Lord, and the safety is given to the woman. If you can be a jade, you will be quiet. " The satire on Su Zong's pro-family policy also shows national pride.
Dai Shulun (732-789)' s "Female Ploughing" is also the representative work of New Yuefu in this period.
Swallows enter the nest, bamboo shoots become bamboo, and two girls plant new valleys. No one is better than a plow, which cuts the ground with a knife and turns it into mud. He said that the poor mother was old and the eldest brother joined the army without marrying his sister-in-law. Last year, cattle were hoarded in the disaster, and the city cut silk to buy knives. A headscarf covers your face, which makes you afraid of people. Who is like a knife instead of a cow? Sisters complain to each other, but they don't see passers-by but see the soil. Clear the border to prevent seedlings from being disturbed, and renovate ditches to wait for rain. It happened to be the south of WU GANG, and the poor people looked at the pheasant in surprise. Yu Fang was in tears when her neighbor's flowers disappeared.
With typical examples, this poem shows that there are few able-bodied men in rural areas and people live in poverty after the An Shi Rebellion. Another poem, "Reclamation Ci", describes the painful life scene of farmers under the threat of drought and locust plague and the oppression of government corvee.
Wei, Liu Changqing
Liu Changqing (709-780? ), the word study, Hejian (now Hejian, Hebei) people. In the twenty-first year of Kaiyuan, he was a scholar. During the calendar year, after the official arrived in Hubei and Vietnam, he was falsely played as an observation. He was imprisoned in Gusu and later banished to Nanba. It was eventually the secretariat of Suizhou.
Liu Changqing's "Poem Name of Shangyuan and Baoying" (Chronicle of Tang Poetry). Most of his poems are relegated to wandering feelings and leisurely landscapes. He is good at body-approaching, especially the five laws, and once called himself "the Great Wall of Five Words". The style is subtle and gentle, elegant and refined, close to Wang Meng.
There are also several poems reflecting the reality in his collection, such as "Mu Lengguan meets everyone in the north and goes to Yuyang". With a very concise poem, he wrote the desolate and carved scene after the Anshi Rebellion:
I met you on the way to Mulingguan, and you will go back to Sanchi alone. The green hills of Chu are still old, and the rest of the sun gives off a chill. After hundreds of urban wars, several old people are still on the earth. There are ruins everywhere, and you will cry while walking.
In addition, poems such as "Tired Soldiers" and "Send Li Zhongcheng to Xiangzhou", or write about soldiers who have been trapped in the frontier for a long time and cannot go home, or write about veterans who have been stopped from returning home, also feel the same way.
He wrote poems about seclusion in mountains and rivers and achieved great success. Writing landscapes and expressing feelings with poems with strict rhythm can make nature concise and fresh. Representative works such as "Looking for the Mountain Residence of Changshan People in Nanxi":
Walking along a path, there is a scar on the raspberry moss. After a while, the clouds fell low on the quiet lake, and the grass closed the lazy door. A pine tree that has become greener because of rain, a stream that originated from the mountain source. Mixed with truth, I have forgotten what to say.
He wrote in his poem that the quiet scenery he saw all the way to Nanxi Mountain was refreshing and quite tolerant. At the end, I wrote empty Zen, but my thoughts and feelings were negative. Another example is An Interview with Huangfuxiang in Bijian Villa:
The abandoned village has seen the sun again and fallen leaves are falling. There are no travelers in the ancient road, and Hanshan sees you alone. The wild bridge is broken by rain and the stream is divided into fields. Who will go to Baiyun without the same disease?
No one wants to come to this secluded villa. Huangfu waited on him, but he was satisfied without saying anything. His quatrain "Lord of the Lotus Mountain in the Snow" is also a masterpiece that has been passed down all the time:
The setting sun is far away, the weather is cold and the house is poor. Chai Men heard dogs barking and went home on a snowy night.
The scene seen by poor families staying in the mountains on a snowy night is portrayed in just a few words, which makes people feel subtle and cordial.
He also wrote some works that recalled the past and hurt the present. These poems are often combined with his own frustration of being relegated. For example, when passing through Jia Yi's home in Changsha:
Jia Yi lived here in exile for three years, which is a tragedy of tens of millions of generations. I look for traces of human existence in autumn grass and watch the sunset slowly tilt in the cold forest. Han Wendi is weak and weak, and Xiangjiang River water doesn't want to pay tribute, okay? Leaves fall in the lonely and lonely mountains. Poor you don't know why you are wandering in the world.
This is a metaphor for the past and a feeling for the present, which is very profound. In three or four sentences, the words and artistic conception of Jia Yi's Pengniao Fu are integrated into the scenery, especially the artistic skill.
However, his ideological life is relatively narrow, so his poetic realm lacks more changes. Gao Zhongwu's "Miracle between ZTE" said that his poems were "generally more than ten, with a little agreement", which hit home the artistic weakness of his poems.
Wei (737-790? ), Chang' an people. At the end of Tianbao, Sanweilang served Xuanzong and was unruly. Later, I repented and read. Yongtai was then Luoyang Cheng, transferred to Jingzhao Gongcao and other posts, served as the secretariat of Chuzhou and Jiangzhou in middle age, later transferred to Zuosi Langzhong, and Zhenyuan was appointed as the secretariat of Suzhou at the beginning.
His life path is quite tortuous. His frantic life as a teenager was recalled when he wrote poems such as "Opening a Room for Yang" in his later years. After middle age, great changes have taken place in his thoughts and personality. Judging from most of his poems, his thoughts are progressive. Poems describing the Anshi Rebellion, such as Sui Yang Qing and Han Jing Gu Guan, are quite enlightening. In all his official positions, he strives to be an honest official and always cares about the sufferings of the people. He sighed at the people of Jingzhao: "How can a soldier be idle when he is fierce?" I am more sympathetic to the exile of Jiangzhou people: "The people of Sri Lanka are happy, but what is escape?" It's a pity that when you get old, you accumulate like a donkey. I went to the county for more than a month and finally got lost. ..... I don't want to fight, I want to caress it. "His attitude is particularly clear in two or three poems in Five Miscellaneous Poems:
The old house is full of birds and clothes, and the group number is dead. Twilight peeping room, ghost phase. People who live in seclusion can't sleep well, so they should fight and think at this time. Don't you refuse to fly with full meat without eagles and quiver? What a bird-chasing festival, raising lingyun Zikong. It makes no difference to serve meat alone.
Here, we not only reprimanded the treacherous court official who endangered the people, but also made bitter satires on those officials who were dereliction of duty when they were responsible for eliminating evil.
Luo Shuang Yuanyang spectrum in spring comes from a girl on a cold night. Heart essence smoke color, refers to the calendar thousand threads. There are countless rich people in Chang 'an. Only once can I dance in these 100 days. Do you think people who work hard will suffer?
Comparing the hard work of A Girl on a Cold Night with the luxury of a dancer, the idea of sympathy for the working people is more real. His Yuefu poems and jade picking trips describe the sufferings of working people who were forced by the government to pick jade in the deep mountains and forests. Xia Bing Ge described the hard work of ice sculptors. Chang 'an Avenue and Your Parade satirize the luxurious and enjoyable life of the rich and nobles. They are all works that Bai Juyi said were "beyond brilliance, quite close to irony" (Nine Books of Imperial Garden).
Wei has many pastoral poems. In the past, some critics called Tao and Wei together, while Wang, Meng, Wei and Liu all called it according to such poems. However, he is different from Wang and Meng after all. Due to the life experience of "I'm sick, I miss my home in the country, and many people are idle, so I'm ashamed to get paid" (To My Friends Li Dan and Yuan Xi), his pastoral poems are not only based on the idea of honesty and integrity, but also show concern for farmers' hard work. Such as "Guan Tian Jia":
A light rain brought new flowers, and a thunder began to wake up. Tian Jia was idle for a few days, and farming began. Ding Zhuang is in the wild and the nursery is in charge. When I return to the scene, I often drink the water from Xixi. Hunger is not self-suffering, but joy. There is no overnight storage in the granary, and the corvee is still there. Being ashamed of not practicing, I ate it.
This is closer to the feelings of working people and has a stronger flavor of life than Wang Wei's "Wei Shui Peasant" and Meng Haoran's "Passing the Old Village".
Wei's landscape poems, "elegant and carefree, unique" (Bai Juyi's "Nine Books with the Same Yuan"), use five ancient forms, such as a poem written to Chuanjiao Mountain, a Taoist hermit;
It's very cold in the county today, and I suddenly think of people who live in seclusion in the mountains. You must collect firewood at Jiandi and cook some poor food when you come back. I want to see you with a bottle of wine, so that you can get some comfort at night. But how can I find his footprints among the fallen leaves piled up on the bare hillside! ?
The content is far from reality, and the interest is too lonely. But in art, it is worth noting that there are characters in the poem and space in the words. Although it is not as simple and vigorous as Tao poetry, it can be tempered and close to nature. Another example is "Huai Shang sends Guangling relatives and friends for things":
The ship in front of us is already foggy, so treat each other who want to cross it. Autumn mountain rises at dusk, and it rains even the sea. The storm was full of thoughts, and Su He's face changed. Alone in the southeast, where is Guangling?
The feelings of missing relatives in ordinary official tours are fully expressed through the unique twilight on the river and the scenery of birds returning alone, which will never make people feel monotonous and monotonous. His five laws are also excellent, such as Zhu Liangchuan's Old Friend in Huaishang:
We used to be partners on the river and Han Shang, and every time we met, we would get drunk. Since we left each other, we drifted like clouds, and ten years passed like running water, until we finally got together again. The double smile is as good as before, but now the hair on our heads is a little gray. Why not go home, face the autumn mountain and sail along the Huaihe River? .
It is not only a strict five laws, but also as flexible and natural as running water. There are also some popular sayings in his landscape poems. For example, I don't know whether the spring grass grows on a rainy night (seclusion) is richer, fresher and full of commercial atmosphere than Xie Lingyun's Spring Grass grows in the pond. Others, such as "the shade gives birth to a quiet day, and the solitary flowers show more spring" (You Kaiyuan Jingshe), "The tree gives birth to a cool summer, and the floating clouds spit out musicians" (Tongde Temple sends flowers to Dr. Li after the rain), have different understandings in the observation of natural scenery. He is also famous for his four wonders in Xixi Chuzhou:
Alone, grass grows by the stream, and orioles sing on the trees. The spring tide brought the rain late and urgent, and there was no boat on the wild crossing.
He not only described the scenery of barren hills and mountains in the spring rain, but also conveyed the frustration of travelers waiting to cross.
Ten Talents in Dali and Li Yi
According to the Biography of Lu Lun in the New Tang Dynasty, "Ten Talented Scholars in Dali Period" include Lu Lun, Ji Zhongfu, Han Xiang, Qian Qi, Si Kongshu, Miao Fa, Cui Dong, Geng Biao, Xia Houshen and Li Duan. Their poems rarely reflect social unrest and people's sufferings, and most of them are sung in harmony. The basic themes of their poems are praising the peaceful rise, mountains and rivers and seclusion. All of them have certain artistic accomplishment and are good at five-character poems, but most of them lack distinctive artistic characteristics and tend to formalism. The summary of Qian Zhongshu's collected works in the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu says: "The poetic style has changed at the beginning. The vigorous spirit of opening up and cherishing is drifting away. It is the duty of the ten sons to raise the wind and tend to drift slightly. " This criticism is appropriate. Among them, only Qian Qi and Lu Lun have made certain artistic achievements in some short poems.
Qian Qi (722-780? ), older among the ten gifted scholars, once sang with Wang Wei and others. The poetic style is also slightly similar to Wang Wei's, which is characterized by "fresh body and light reason" (Zhongxing Qiji). For example, poems such as "Cattle and sheep go down the mountain small, fireworks go deep into the clouds" ("The wall of the fishing village") and "The solitary village condenses smoke, leaving water far away from white" ("Looking at the rain in the south building of Dengshengguo Temple") are examples. His "Provincial Examination and Xiang Se" is quite praised by predecessors. The last two sentences, "I don't see the people at the end of the Song Dynasty, and the river is green", not only point out the environmental atmosphere, but also disappoint the people at the end of the Song Dynasty.
Lu Lun (748-800? ), among the top ten gifted scholars, the poetic style is more magnificent. The two most famous songs "With Zhang Shooting Servants":
In the dark forest, the grass was suddenly blown by the wind, and the wind was rustling. The general thought that the beast was coming and immediately pulled out the arrow. Dawn went to look for the arrow, which had gone deep into the edge of the stone.
That night, the black geese flew very high, and Khan quietly escaped during the night. I was about to lead the light cavalry to catch up when the snow fell full of bows and knives.
Both poems praise the bravery of the soldiers. The first poem uses the story of Li Guang to write a fragment of frontier hunting life. The second song is chasing the enemy on a snowy night, full of the breath of war life. He also wrote "Every Sick Soldier":
Many patients had no food, but Wan Li didn't return to his hometown. Under the ancient city, I can't bear the autumn wind into the golden sore.
It is also a realistic work in frontier fortress quatrains.
Li Yi (748-827) was born in Guzang, Longxi (now Wuwei, Gansu). Zeng traveled north to Heshuo, worked for Youzhou Liuji, and lived in frontier fortress for more than ten years. At the beginning of Taihe, the official was the minister of rites.
Li Yi is a little later than ten gifted scholars. Most of his frontier poems were written in Jianzhong and Zhenyuan periods. His Preface to Military Poetry said: "I am a soldier, so I think of Wenduo's army. Or the army was drunk, the soldiers were put on the bed, the swords were thrown, and the weapons were scattered politely. The rate is out of generosity. " Because of his four verses, later generations often compare him with Wang Changling. However, he went to You Zhou He Shuo, where he joined the army. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, it had become a separatist region of the buffer region. The border guards here, under the pressure of years of internal and external wars, have lost their heroic spirit of defending the country and making contributions. Li: "Today's border court battle is really a name." This change in morale is clearly illustrated (in the army at night). In this case, it is natural for the foot soldiers to be tired and dissatisfied with the war: "Sleeping tired, working hard." It's not good to come all the way, but it's an honor. I don't know the way of the north, when will I send my troops? "It is no accident that Li Yi's frontier poems mainly express the resentment and homesickness of the soldiers after such a long separation. For example:
Before returning to Lefeng, the sand was like snow, and the moon outside the city was like frost. I don't know where the bleak reed flute blows and I look at my hometown all night.
-"Shouxiang Night Listening to Xiao"
After the snow in Tianshan Mountain, the sea is very cold, and it is difficult to play the flute. There were 300,000 people in the village, and I looked back at the moon for a while.
-"Join the Army in the North"
Hu Feng's freezing in cold weather combined with opening medicine springs, herding horses and herding thousands of people to warm Sichuan. Cold is endless days, moving into the snow every year.
-"Warm Sichuan"
These poems no longer have the optimistic and bold mood of frontier fortress poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Even compared with the poems describing "frontier worries" in Wang Changling's "Joining the Army", there are differences between desolation and sadness, grandeur and tragic. Although this difference is not only a matter of different styles of poets. However, his quatrains have made great achievements in art, with complete and rich images, subtle and profound verve, harmonious phonology and refined and natural language, all of which are close to Wang Changling. According to historical legends, his quatrains and other poems, "Every time I write one, I will take it for the teaching workshop and sing it as a dedication." And "Back to the Peak of Music" is the masterpiece of "World Thought Lyrics".
Yi Lee occasionally has excellent works of other poetic styles. For example, Long song who evokes the souls of the fallen soldiers was written in "Drinking Horse and Sharpening Sword, the Sixth Rank of the Stone Army as an Elegy" with the romantic techniques of Qu Yuan and Li Bai. His "zhouyan Guo Huer Drinking Horse Spring" and other seven laws are also good frontier works. In addition, although not a frontier poem, his "Accidental Meeting, Only in a Passion" in his Five Laws "A Short and Happy Meeting with My Brother-in-law" is also quite famous:
After nearly ten years of war and displacement, adults meet unexpectedly. I didn't know my name for the first time. I was surprised when I first saw my name. I called my name and remembered that old face. Talking about the changes of the world after parting, I have been talking about the temple bells at dusk. Tomorrow you are going to climb the old Baling Road in Qiushan. I wonder how much weight there is?
This poem is simple and affectionate, and people who have not experienced chaotic life can't write it.
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