(1), read the topic first and then the article. When reading questions, pay attention to find out the "eye of the question" (that is, the key point to answer questions), and read the text with questions, so that reading has a clear goal.
(2) When reading an article, we should pay attention to grasping the main content and central meaning of the article as a whole.
(3) When preparing the answer, be sure to read the question carefully and find the "eye".
(4) When answering questions, the specific topics involve relevant paragraphs, and these paragraphs should be studied repeatedly; If the whole article is involved, you should read it again.
1, article genre: poetry, novel, prose (lyric prose, narrative prose), script, expository essay, argumentative essay.
2. Six narrative elements: time, place, people, events, causes, processes and results.
3. Prose type: (1) narrative prose (2) lyric prose.
4. Prose features: scattered in form but not scattered in spirit.
5. Novel types: novel, novella, short story and short story.
6. The three elements of the novel: characters, environment and plot (beginning, development, climax and ending).
7. Narrative expression: narration, discussion, lyricism, description and explanation.
8. Find the topic sentence: Find the argument and lyric sentence in the first or last paragraph.
9. Yan Wen: The title is "Yan Wen", the full text of the commander (news); Sometimes explain the main characters and story lines, and sometimes explain the main things and things (the symbolic meaning of "things"); Sometimes it's a clue.
10, material organization characteristics: tightly around the center; Select a typical event; Well-tailored; The details are appropriate.
1 1, hierarchical:
(1) Divide by time (find the phrase indicating time) (2) Divide by place (find the phrase indicating place) (3) Divide by the development process of things (find every event) (4) Sum the total score (cut the head and cut the tail).
An article that focuses on writing:
(1) Analyze the occurrence and development of things according to time; (2) Analyze according to the place where things happen and develop; (3) According to the development stage of things.
Articles are mainly written by people:
(1), according to the analysis of personality growth stage; (2) According to the different positions of the characters;
(3) Analyze people with different personality characteristics according to different situations; (4) According to the change of characters' feelings.
Articles focusing on scenery:
(1), according to the changes of the scene observed by the people, that is, the spatial change analysis;
(2), according to the change of different scenery at different times, that is, time change analysis.
12, narrative clues and functions:
Clues: (1) key people (2) key things (3) key events (4) time (5) place (6) author's emotion.
Function: It runs through the context of the full text, organically links the characters and events in the text, and makes the article coherent.
Answer procedure:
For example, the article uses the clue of "..." and the string structure of "sugar gourd" formed in the middle of "... |", with typical materials, clear context and distinct theme.
13. Write a title for the article: find the clue or center of the article.
(1) core figures (2) core things (3) core events (6) the author's emotions
14, order and function of narration:
(1) Time sequence (according to the sequence of events)
Function: The narrative has a beginning and an end, which is clear, clear and impressive to read.
(2) Flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before. )
Function: arouse suspense, attract readers, avoid dull narration and enhance the vividness of the article.
(3) insert (interrupt the clue when telling, and insert another related thing. )
Function: complement and set off the plot, enrich the image and highlight the center.
(4) Plain narration (omitted)
15, language features: (vivid, fresh and beautiful, concise, accurate and rigorous, incisive and profound, easy to understand, harmonious phonology, strong sense of rhythm, etc. )
Solution: The language of this article (naturally concise or vivid and beautiful) is "………………………………………………………………………………………………………………".
For example, the language of this article is beautiful and vivid, such as "making people worry and swim in it", "slapping the emotions deposited in their hearts" and "grasping the faint worries that you hold tightly in your hand". Exquisite brushwork, fresh and beautiful, full of poetry, leaving endless aftertaste. ("Summer quatrains")
Note: Choose from the following statements in combination with context and rhetorical methods. Be sure to choose the right words according to the specific content of the article.
Attachment: a simple and natural vocabulary of language appreciation;
(1), unpretentious (2), crystal clear, bright and flawless, picturesque.
(3), concise, halal and elegant, simple and natural (4), concise and magnificent language.
(5) Wash and practice the style of writing, with profound artistic conception. (6), the language is concise and lively, the rhythm is lively, catchy and pleasing to the ear.
(7), fluent, quiet and elegant (8), plain and clean language, elegant and fluent pen, simple and meaningful colors. ...
Vivid and beautiful language appreciation thesaurus;
(1), concise text and vivid description.
(2) The meticulous and vivid description makes the writing swaying and the theme prominent.
(3) Implicative and meaningful, chewy, thought-provoking and memorable.
(4), superb brushwork, nine songs, the beauty of painting, the rhyme of poetry.
(5) The turbulent and heroic air cushion, beautiful and meaningful painting style and steady and deep brushwork.
(6), flesh and blood, profound meaning, profound and touching language.
(7), splash a lot of ink, enjoy it (8), profound reasoning, heavy content.
(9) The language cushion is magnificent, concise and exciting (10), profound and vague, and intriguing.
(1 1), beautiful language, full of poetry, touching people's hearts (12), ups and downs, profound meaning. ...
16, writing skills and functions: (contrast, contrast, trying to promote first, skillfully setting suspense, seeing the big picture from the small, explaining the meaning at the beginning, reviving the spirit (that is, symbol), combining reason with reason, blending scenes and discussing ...)
Solution: This article uses the technique of "XX", and the author makes the article "XX".
Example: In this article, the author eulogized the heroic spirit and the spirit of unity and upward of the broad masses of soldiers and civilians who defended the motherland under the leadership of the Communist Party of China by praising the northern poplars, which made the article implicit and full of emotion, and the author's praise was expressed incisively and vividly.
(1) personification: endow things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, personify things, and thus achieve vivid images.
(2) Metaphor: describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth.
(3) exaggeration: highlighting the characteristics of people or things, revealing the essence, and giving readers a clear and strong impression.
(4) Symbolism: giving specific meaning to the things described and expressing emotions ... enhances the expressive force of the article.
(5) Contrast technique: Through comparison, highlight the characteristics of things and better express the theme of the article.
(6) Setting off (side setting off) technique: setting off the main person or thing with the secondary person or thing, highlighting the characteristics, personality, thoughts and feelings of the main person or thing. Set off, the same kind of things set off is "positive contrast", while the opposite things set off is "negative contrast"; Second only to the Lord.
(7) Irony: Use metaphor, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and ridicule people or things, strengthen profundity and criticism, and make the language spicy and humorous.
(8) If you want to promote, you should suppress first: first belittle and then praise the object described, contrast the context, highlight the object written, and receive unexpected and touching results.
(9) Before and after care (echo from beginning to end): make the plot complete, the structure rigorous and the center prominent.
17, rhetorical methods and functions:
Answer routine: this paper uses the rhetorical devices of XX, such as "..."; The figure of speech of "XX" is used to do (can) "de ..." (rhetorical function set)
Note: when writing, you must combine the specific content of the article, otherwise it will be empty.
Attachment: The expressive function of several common figures of speech.
(1) Metaphor: images describe things concisely, explain the truth, enhance the vividness and vividness of language, turn abstract into concrete, and make people easy to understand.
(2) personification: endowing things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, making things personalized and more vivid, thus achieving vivid results.
(3) Exaggeration: highlight the characteristics, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.
(4) parallelism: the organization is clear, the rhythm is distinct, the language potential is enhanced, and it is longer than lyricism, making the language more expressive and verve.
(5) Duality: make the sentence pattern neat, the structure consistent, the form beautiful, the phonology harmonious, set off each other and complement each other.
(6) Repetition: emphasizing a certain meaning can highlight the theme of the article and have a clear view. Strong lyricism and appeal.
(7) Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself, attract attention and inspire thinking.
(8) rhetorical question: clear attitude, strong tone and strong lyricism.
(9) Citation: Make the content more authentic, accurate, profound and precise.
(10) Irony: Add irony to make the expression more profound and powerful.
(1 1) contrast: form a strong contrast, strengthen the reader's impression, and highlight the center of the article.
Analysis of key words and short sentences in paragraphs.
Words or sentences with quotation marks in the stem often indicate that the object of analysis comes from the original text. In the analysis, we should carry out the following principles: the word is inseparable from the sentence → the sentence is inseparable from the paragraph → the paragraph is inseparable from the article, grasp the key words, analyze their characteristics and significance, and explain them in combination with the context. In other words, it must be considered in a specific context.
19, key sentences mainly include five aspects:
(1) indicates the theme of the sentence; 2 descriptive, argumentative and lyrical sentences; ③ Summarize the sentences of the full text; (4) Sentences that serve as a link between the preceding and the following (such as sentences that take care of each other and transitional sentences that serve as a link between the preceding and the following); ⑤ Sentences using various rhetorical devices (such as metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, irony, rhetorical questions, especially quotation). Understanding key sentences is mainly to understand the thoughts and feelings expressed by sentences. For example, the author's emotions, attitudes and thoughts between the lines. At the same time, it is necessary to understand the functions, functions and characteristics of sentences in the text.
20. Analyze a sentence in the narrative paragraph: It is necessary to deduct the specific atmosphere, the feelings expressed, and the characteristics of the characters.
(1), the sentence uses the related word "although ... but ...", and this group of related words indicates the turning relationship; The related words "not only ... but also ..." are all used to express progressive relations and to emphasize the latter.
(2) The function of inverted sentences: it is often the part that emphasizes prepositions (that is, the part that goes to the front). For example, "I am ungrateful" means that it is "embarrassing" to emphasize "you are ungrateful".
(3) Evaluation and appreciation of a sentence: We should start from two aspects, first evaluate the characteristics of writing and language, such as what rhetoric and expression techniques are used, and then evaluate the ideological connotation, that is, clarify what views this sentence expresses and what feelings, enlightenment and education it gives you. ...
Functional analysis of 2 1. sentence in structure;
(1), to the above (or full text): take care of the above, echo from beginning to end, and summarize the above (or full text);
(2), for the following: cause the following, pave the way, pave the way; (3) Context: connecting the preceding with the following (transition).
22, understand the meaning in the text and the meaning in the context:
Methods: Contact the original meaning of words, explain the meaning of the text and find out the specific content it refers to.
Solution: The word "X X" originally meant …, and here it means …, playing the role of ….
To answer such questions, we should pay attention to two points: ① The word may no longer have the meaning in the dictionary, but has a special meaning in a specific context. To understand the contextual meaning of words, we must first correctly understand the context in which words are located. Such as "Peugeot" in the article "Mr. Fujino"
23. The theme of this article is:
(1), look at the beginning, the end, the central sentence, the turning sentence and the complex sentence. 、
(2) The language requirement is concise, generally about 6 words.
24, according to the feeling of reading the passage to talk about their own views or experiences:
1, in the first person;
2. In the form of 1+2 or 1+3, first summarize your opinions or experiences in one sentence, and then explain the reasons in two or three sentences. You can put the facts, or you can be reasonable. If the topic has relevant requirements, we should also pay attention to combining our own personal experience.
25. According to the context, fill in the psychological activity: 1, and you must use the first person; We must study the specific situation carefully.
26. The case summary in the article:
(1), which must contain two elements: people+things;
(2) Other elements, such as time (season, year), place, environment, etc., should also be summarized if they have specific significance.
27. Divide paragraphs and levels. Summarize paragraph meaning and layer meaning:
(1) Divide paragraphs and levels: Pay attention to sorting out the clues of the article, which can be divided according to the transformation of time or space, the occurrence of events, the change of content, the change of expression or the logical relationship of feelings (total score, level and parallelism); With the help of transitional paragraphs, sentences and words in the article, we should pay attention to the sequence of characters' appearance. Among them, the novel can also be divided into four links according to the plot (preface): beginning, development, climax and ending (epilogue).
(2) Learn to summarize the meaning of paragraphs and levels.
The following methods can be used to summarize the meaning of a paragraph and its hierarchical meaning: ① Grasp the central sentence of the paragraph. That is to say, it is summarized in words that show the author's point of view. (2) By generalization. That is to say, use the most concise words to explain the content written at all levels or combine the existing keywords in the text into sentences to summarize. ③ Summarize two or more meaningful paragraphs into a joint paragraph. In short, requirements: complete, concise and clear.
28. Word comparison (choose words to fill in the blanks):
(1), when comparing the meanings of words, especially words with similar meanings, we must carefully distinguish the differences between the two words in terms of degree, scope of application and emotional color.
(2) After choosing a sentence, read the relevant sentence several times and experience it repeatedly.
29, the narrator said:
(1) First person: Narrating in the tone or angle of "I". The first person "I" is sometimes the author himself, and sometimes it is a role in the work, that is, the artistically processed "I". After fiction, it is not the author himself; Record the real me of life, this is the author himself.
Function: It is convenient to express your feelings directly, and it is very intimate and realistic to read.
(2) Third person: Describe the characters, events and scenes in the article in the third person.
Function: Not limited by time and space, it can be described freely from many aspects.
(3) Note: Some articles use second-person pronouns, which usually appear in the narrative of the first or third person, but they are actually written from the perspective of the first or third person.
Function: it can enhance the lyricism and intimacy of the article and facilitate the exchange of feelings.
30. Description in narrative: Description in narrative can be divided into character description and environment description.
(1), character description is subdivided into: (1) portrait description (2) appearance description (3) manner description (4) action description (5) language (dialogue) description (6) psychological description.
In addition, from another perspective, character description can be divided into: frontal description, side description and detail description.
The role of character description: shaping the character image; Promote the development of the plot; Reveal the theme of the article.
(2) Environmental description can be divided into natural environment description and social environment description.
The main function of sentences describing the natural environment (scenery description);
(1), showing the regional scenery and prompting the characteristics of time, season and environment; (2) promoting the plot development;
(3) Rendering the atmosphere; (4) Contrast the characters (or characters' moods and feelings); (5) Highlight and deepen the theme.
The main functions of social environment description:
(1), explaining the background of the work.
(2) When you answer, you must combine the local background at that time and point out what kind of social reality is revealed by the relevant statements in the environmental description.
3 1, narrative refining center, theme:
Pay attention to the main content of this article, the purpose of the author's writing this article and the thoughts and feelings contained in it. Pay attention to some commonly used words, such as summarizing the main contents, which are generally used as follows: this article describes …, describes …, introduces …, passes through …, and so on. For example, summarizing the writing purpose and thoughts and feelings is generally used as: confession …, expression …, praise …, praise …, expose …, whip …, expose …
32. Discussion in narration: Discussion in narration is based on narration, and the content of narration is analyzed or commented. "Narration" is the main body, "discussion" is an auxiliary component, and the cart before the horse cannot be put; "Discussion" is a natural occurrence of "Syria", not imposed. "Discussion" should be short, not long, and "discussion" should not replace "narration".
There are three ways to discuss narration: first narration and then discussion, first discussion and then narration, and discussion between narratives.
Function: it can play the role of connection; Full text of the order; Arouse readers' thinking; Point out the meaning of people or things; Highlight the center; Sublimation theme; Play the role of finishing touch.
33. Lyricism in narrative: direct lyricism and indirect lyricism.
Direct lyricism refers to the lyrical hairstyle that the author or protagonist directly pours out his inner feelings;
Indirect lyricism refers to the lyrical way of expressing feelings between the lines of sending feelings to the scenery, melting feelings into things, writing notes and writing scenery.
Note: when reading prose, we should pay special attention to the characteristics of the article to express our heartfelt feelings or borrow scenery to express our feelings.
Function: express the author's sincere and profound feelings, arouse the feelings of readers, and make the article have strong appeal.
34. Description in the narrative: The description in the narrative is a supplementary explanation in the narrative, and the text is generally required to be concise.
35. Transition and care in narrative.
(1) Transition: Transition is a bridge connecting paragraphs at different levels.
Requirements: appropriate and ingenious, which can make the article coherent, well-laid and natural.
Generally, words, sentences and paragraphs are used to transition.
Function: Transition can be used as a link between paragraphs and levels, and can also be used as a clue to connect the preceding with the following and play an organizational role.
(2) Reference: Reference refers to the mutual reference and response between contexts, including narrative and reference. Interpretation is to give appropriate hints in front of the content to be expressed later; Reference is an answer to the previous suggestions.
Citation can be divided into: the quotation between the beginning (paragraph) and the title, the quotation between the beginning and the end, the quotation after suspense (that is, the quotation before and after the article, or mutual quotation), the same or similar sentences, and the overlapping quotation of paragraphs.
36. Continue to write the ending of the novel.
Continue to write according to the law of the development of novels and stories, and be concise, implicit, philosophical and thought-provoking.
37, paragraph (various styles) refers to the object of pronoun judgment:
(1), common pronouns are: this, that, these, those, others, above, so, this ...;
(2), generally look forward;
(3) After finding it, read it out in the sentence where the pronoun is located to see if it is appropriate.
38. Answer questions in your own words:
(1), such questions are often limited to sentences that cannot be answered directly in the original text. On another level, it means that you have relevant sentences in the original text, so you should first find out the relevant sentences in the original text;
(2) What we need to consider now is how to turn the sentences in the original into our own words. The following methods can be adopted:
① Generalization, which is suitable for long sentences related to the original text;
(2) Sentence translation method, which is suitable for classical Chinese paragraphs;
(3) Explain key words, which are applicable to uncommon words in the original sentence;
(4) Sentence conversion method is suitable for the case that the original text uses interrogative sentences, rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions with ambiguous meanings, and the title requires clear expression.
39, open reading questions:
This kind of test questions is actually to test students' perception of the selected text or important sentences. Students are required to combine reading with life, reading with writing, reading with learning methods, and reading with innovation.
There are mainly the following aspects: (1), it is required to talk about opinions, feelings and sentiments according to the selected materials; (2) Explain the understanding of the selected text content in combination with the actual situation; (3) comment on the characters in the text; (4), according to the life and study experience, judge the advantages and disadvantages, and talk about their own unique views on the selected materials; (5) Put forward some reasonable suggestions and ideas about the phenomenon described in this paper. (6), mobilize knowledge accumulation, from the inside out to investigate the extension of the selected materials and the connection between the inside and outside of the textbook (such as understanding the works of important writers, literary models and famous sentences in the works, etc.). ); (7) Use association and imagination to supplement relevant content; (8) Appreciate the artistic technique or aesthetic feeling in the text.
Answer procedure:
For this kind of topic, it will ask candidates to "talk about your opinion" and "what do you think ..." As long as they meet the requirements of the topic, the content can be graded.
(1) is best expressed in symbolic language. You can use "I think …" to answer questions. Such as ... "... express your views concisely from" I think ... ".
(2) Reuse words such as "example" and "example", and use examples or reasoning to support your own views. This not only gives the marking teacher a clear sense of view, but also gives people a good impression of clear organization and strong argument.
(3) The content should keep pace with the times and be close to the reality of life.
(4) Have a correct outlook on life and values.
(5) Fluency in language and expression.
Argumentative reading skills
First, the argument (to prove what)
Argument should be a clear judgment, a complete expression of the author's point of view and a complete sentence in form. Arguments are generally expressed in the form of judgment sentences.
Grasp the argument of the article.
Central argument 1 (commander-in-chief's sub-argument)
(1) Clearly:
N sub-arguments (supplementing and proving the central argument)]
(2) Method
From the location: my title; Ii begins; ⅲ middle school; Ⅳ end.
Analyze the arguments of the article. (Can be used to test whether the expected parameters are appropriate)
Abstraction (only sub-argument, no central argument)
Analyze how the argument is put forward.
Put the facts first, make sense, and then draw a conclusion;
Cut to the chase and put forward the central argument;
Put forward a topic for the phenomena existing in life, and summarize the central argument through analysis and discussion;
Describe the author's experience and summarize the central argument;
⑤ The author asks questions from the story, then analyzes and infers them step by step, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.
Second, the argument (with what proof)
(1) argument type: (1) factual argument (summarize after giving an example, and closely summarize the argument); (2) argument (quote famous words to analyze).
(2) The arguments should be true, reliable and typical (subject matter, country, ancient and modern, etc.). ).
(3) Sequential arrangement (reference argument);
(4) judging whether the argument can prove the argument;
5] Supplementary arguments (proof arguments).
Third, the argument (how to prove)
(1) demonstration method
Illustration (example method) narrative of factual arguments
Argument (citation and reasoning) Argument discussion
Comparative argument (itself can also be example argument and reason argument)
Metaphor and proof metaphor
⑵ Analysis and demonstration process
How the argument is put forward;
How the argument is proved (what truths and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning);
(3) Contact the structure of the full text, whether there is an abstract.
(3) Integrity of argument (A: Make the argument more comprehensive and complete, and avoid misunderstanding)
(4) The function of analysis and argumentation: to prove the argument in this paragraph.
Fourthly, the structure of argumentative essay.
(1) General form: (1) Introduction (question); (2) this theory (analyzing problems); ③ Conclusion (solving the problem).
(2) type
Parallel type: I total score; Ⅱ total score; ⅲ points total.
Progress.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) the language of argumentative writing
(1) compactness (use of decorative and restrictive language);
(2) Vividness (idioms, the use of various rhetorical devices);
(3) Word order (from the perspective of caring for life logic and context);
(4) Sentence order (the use of related words, pay special attention to the progressive relationship).
Sixth, refuting the paper
(1) What is the wrong viewpoint that the author wants to refute?
(2) How does the author refute and apply those reasons and arguments;
(3) From this, what is the correct view established by the author?
Explanatory reading skills
First, master the stylistic knowledge of expository writing:
(1) Grasp the object of explanation and distinguish whether the object of explanation is a thing or a thing.
Clarify the characteristics of the thing to be explained: a sign that one thing is different from others.
(2), in order to explain the characteristics of things or things, it is necessary to adopt appropriate.
Secondly, master several common interpretation methods and analyze their functions in this paper:
1. Classification: The description should be clear and avoid repetition.
2. Definition: Make readers have a clear understanding of the concept.
3. Comparison: Compare what people know with what they want to explain, so as to highlight the characteristics of the explanation.
4. For example, it can make readers know the characteristics of the object of explanation.
5. analogy: it can achieve the function of vividly explaining things.
6. Number: It can explain things accurately.
7. Use the chart: let the reader see at a glance and understand the explained content very intuitively.
8. Citation: It can make the explanation more specific and substantial.
Third, the instructions should be in order: Common instructions are: chronological order (program order is a kind of chronological order), spatial order, and logical order. According to the purpose and object of interpretation, the order of interpretation can be dominated by one order, and other orders can be used at the same time.
Fourth, pay attention to the structure when reading the explanatory text.
The common forms of expository structure are: general concreteness, general concreteness, sub-general, sub-general, parallel and progressive.
Fifth, the accuracy of explaining language is the premise of explaining language.
Accuracy, diversity and flexibility are not contradictory. Some are good at simplicity, while others are good at vividness. Because the language styles of the explanatory object and the author are different, the explanatory languages are also varied. Or general, or specific, or concise, or full, or concise, or detailed; Or plain and simple, or humorous. In short, not stick to one pattern.