Li Qingzhao is the most famous poetess in the history of China literature, a great poetess at the turn of the North and South, and a representative figure of graceful ci school. At the same time, her poems and essays are also very successful. The preface to the Story of the Stone introduces the content and writing process of the Story of the Stone, and recalls the pain and loss of Zhao Mingcheng after 30 years of marriage. It is a masterpiece of prose. Her ci is divided into two parts.
Li Qingzhao's early poems mostly describe the leisure life of her young married women, which are fresh and lively and quite interesting. Dreaming like a dream (always remembering the sunset in Xiting), touching the crimson lips (kicking on the swing), cutting the plum (red lotus leaves the fragrance of Yu Qiuyu), drunken flowers singing (the fog is thick and the clouds are always sad) and so on. , are masterpieces to express the feelings of the boudoir. In these works, the author boldly expresses his personal happiness and sadness and reveals his inner world of loving nature and being loyal to love. In the later period, due to the author's suffering, he felt confused when writing more poems, lamented his life experience, mourned the past, felt euphemistic, painful and sad, and also showed his nostalgia for the Central Plains. The tone of the word is mainly sadness and bitterness, in which sadness is much heavier than the previous paragraph. For example, slow voice (seeking), eternal joy (melting gold at sunset), Wuling Spring (exhausted by dust) and so on. Most of these works show strong patriotic feelings and ironic and figurative politics through their miserable lives. Li Qingzhao's ci is good at drawing lines with beautiful language and euphemistic style. Li Qingzhao is known as "a scholar of boudoir and a talented woman of elegant garden" and as a representative of graceful and restrained school.
1. Gorgeous and strange
In the history of Ci, Li Qingzhao is another famous graceful poet after Liu Yong, Qin Guan and Zhou Bangyan. Her writing is fresh, euphemistic, sad and lyrical. However, her ci is unique, magnificent and powerful, and it is a wonderful flower in Li's ci.
"Magnificent imagination" is the writing feature of Li Qingzhao's Fisherman's Passion. This word is about dreams, and the title of Hua 'an poetry anthology is "Remembering Dreams". However, dreams are actually a reflection of real life. The writing is about the sea, taking a boat, and the characters involve the Emperor of Heaven and himself, which may all be related to the poet's following Song Gaozong's whereabouts, sailing at sea and experiencing the hardships of stormy waves. (See Preface to the Inscription).
I write dreams in the first half and express my thoughts in the second half. As soon as Shang que started, he showed a vast and magnificent picture of the sea and the sky. Writing about the sky, Yuntao, Xiaowu, Xinghe and Qian Fan, the scene is extremely magnificent; The verbs in the sentence are particularly appropriate. "Jie" and "Lian" naturally combine four awnings, turbulent clouds and diffuse fog, depicting a magnificent realm. And "Turn" and "Dance" vividly convey to readers people's feelings in the storm. Countless boats have broken through the waves, stirring their hearts; People on board felt the Milky Way spinning. In the next three sentences, the lyricist flew to the sky in his dream and met the Emperor of Heaven, who asked him where he was going. The poet imagines a dream, the sky turns and the stars move, meets the emperor of heaven, and expresses his anguish, which is full of strong romanticism.
Xia Kun expressed the author's frustration in serving his country, but it also meant cheering up and pursuing happiness. The author laments that there is an empty ambition to serve the country, but there is nowhere to display his talents. It's really a long way to go to learn poetry. There are amazing sentences. " The poet expressed his feelings and lamented his outstanding talent by answering the questions of the Emperor of Heaven. Although he tried hard to find it, he failed to find a bright way out because of misfortune. "Long Road" and "Sunset" wrote the poet's painful feeling of loneliness and helplessness in his later years. Qu Yuan's Lisao: "The morning sun is in the sky ... the sun suddenly turns to dusk ... The road is long, and it is Xiu Yuan, and it is Xiu Yuan. I will go up and down." There is a saying that "I will die" in Historical Records and Biography of Wu Zixu. "There are amazing sentences", which reveals the poet's dissatisfaction with reality. Finally, the poet said, we should ride the wind like Dapeng, cheer up and rush to the misty mountain to seek happiness. The artistic conception is magnificent, the imagination is rich, and it is full of strong romanticism.
On the whole, this poem blends the real life feelings into the dream, writes Qu Yuan's Li Sao, Zhuangzi's wandering and even myths and legends between the lines, and makes the dream and reality, history and reality blend together to construct a magnificent artistic conception. No wonder Liang Qichao commented: "It is definitely (Shi) and Xin (abandoning illness), unlike the language in Shuyu Collection." It can be said that it hits the nail on the head, which shows the bold and unconstrained characteristics of this word. Even Fan Zhongyan's frontier poem "Fisherman's Passion" is saturated with the generosity and sadness of bonfires and unfinished works, and the tenderness of being handsome and guarding homesickness.
2. Delicate and deep, lingering.
The overall style of ci is delicate and profound. Li Qingzhao's words are euphemistic, fresh and sincere. The language style of writing is also diversified. Bright color is a kind of beauty, and its true color is naturally a kind of pure beauty. If we can grasp its degree and moderate shade, it will be another kind of beauty. As Shen Xianglong, a Qing Dynasty man, said in On Ci: "Ci should not be too bright or too sparse. The color is boneless, and line drawing is not used; For example, women try on makeup, which is naturally rich and elegant without washing lead. " Not many poets reached this level in Tang and Song Dynasties. Among the few poets, the famous poetess Li Qingzhao is a very prominent one.
Dreaming like a dream is one of Li Qingzhao's early words. The ci fully embodies the author's love for nature and spring. This is a poem with simple content. It describes that nature has experienced a storm on a spring night. The poet foresees that the flowers and trees in the garden will be lush with green leaves and the flowers will wither. So, the next morning, she eagerly asked the shutter man about the outdoor changes, but the careless shutter man replied, "Haitang remains the same." In this regard, the poet can't help but use two "do you know" and one "should" to correct his observation and answer mistakes. The phrase "green and fat and red and thin" vividly reflects the author's regret that spring has gone and spring has come.
First of all, the writing of characters is unique, focusing on shaping the image from the auditory aspect and forming the artistic conception. The author does not directly describe the scene of flowers fading in late spring, but based on waking up in the morning, starting from "last night", developing auditory association through "showers to disperse the wind" and then transforming it into a visual image: "green manure and sparse flowers". The words "green, fat, red and thin" are only imaginary words in the author's mind, and they also have the process of being transformed into objective reality. It is precisely because this word has a transformation process from hearing to vision and from heart to objective reality that it can leave readers with a broad imagination and facilitate artistic re-creation. That's why this word is chewy.
Secondly, through the answer, the emotional contrast is set off. This way of writing, not only the language is concise and vivid, but also the structure is particularly compact, which gives readers a real feeling of hearing its voice and seeing its people. The subtle differences in the identity, personality, upbringing and feelings of the characters are also vivid, and the words are therefore vivid. The sentence "lack of knife" describes the carelessness and emotional indifference of the roller shutter people in observation, which just sets off the author's delicate observation and profound feelings. Without this delicate observation and deep feelings, you can't write a good work.
Third, the successful application of anthropomorphic technology. "Fat" and "thin", two words originally used to describe people, are borrowed to describe the lush green leaves and the scarcity of safflower, implying the gradual disappearance of spring. This sentence is very creative in both the refinement of language and the use of rhetoric.
This little word is only six sentences and thirty-three words, but it is written in a tortuous and euphemistic way, which is very hierarchical. The poet drinks heavily because he loves flowers, but he "questions" because he knows the gratitude of flowers, and asks questions because he doesn't believe the answer of "confinement". So he turned around step by step and expressed his love for flowers in a swaying way.
3. Poetic style, judging whether it is muddy or not
"Poetic rhyme" refers not only to the theme, but also to the style associated with the theme. Even on the same theme, the styles of poems and words are quite different. For example, nostalgic poems are mostly gloomy and desolate in style. Liu Yuxi's "Old Times of Xibao Mountain" is lyrical and sentimental about the past, so the foundation is broken, and the more painful it is. In nostalgic words, eroticism is often inserted. For example, Wang Anshi wrote at the end of the nostalgic word "Guizhixiang" in Jinling: "The old things of the Six Dynasties followed the water, and the cold smoke faded the grass. Today, strong women in business still sing from time to time, and "Backyard" is a legacy. " So the whole word is covered with a layer of Leng Yan atmosphere. Another example is Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia. The sentence "Xiao Qiao's first marriage" is inserted into the hero's pen, which is warm and soft and sets each other off. Even Fan Zhongyan's frontier poem "Fisherman's Passion" is saturated with the generosity and sadness of bonfires and unfinished works, and the tenderness of being handsome and guarding homesickness. Even by the same author, the style of poetry is quite different. For example, Ouyang Xiu's poems are not only far from each other in subject matter and content, but also in artistic style. In addition, Li Qingzhao, a famous poetess, has quite different poetic styles. Her "search, cold and lonely, sad and sad" ("slow voice") and her "flowers bloom and fall, one kind of acacia, two places of leisure sorrow" There is nothing I can do to eliminate this feeling, but I frown, but I take it to heart "("Pruning Plums ") and so on. Graceful and lingering, this is the ultimate. After the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Qingzhao felt that the imperial court was in a peaceful corner and was unwilling to restore the Central Plains. She once wrote a poem "Summer quatrains" with indignation: "Life is a hero, and death is a ghost." I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong. "Li Qingzhao praised Xiang Yu's heroic integrity of" I would rather die in Wujiang River than disgrace my mission ". Just 20 words, earth-shattering, earth-shattering, nearly a thousand years, how many men are ashamed. It can be seen that there are great differences in styles between poems.
Li Qingzhao works hard in poetry, can write and is better at ci. With the changes of life in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, his works showed different characteristics in the early and later periods. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Qingzhao's early poems truly reflected her boudoir life and thoughts and feelings, and showed her natural scenery and parting feelings. For example, "Like a Dream" is lively and fresh, which means beauty. Words such as "Yi Xiao on Phoenix Tower", "Pruning Plums" and "Drunken Flowers" describe lonely life, express their love for their husbands in twists and turns, show the author's love for nature and longing for a beautiful love life, and break through the barriers of the past poems with my heart in flowers, which has certain literary value. During the Southern Song Dynasty, great changes took place in Li Qingzhao's works, showing her patriotic spirit of caring about the fate of the country and expressing her determination to uphold national integrity. For example, poems about epic poems, poems about the Han Palace in Shangshu Mi, poems about summer, and so on. , have improved the ideological, has a strong reality. Du Nan's post-ci style is also very different from that of the previous period, turning into desolation and pain, expressing nostalgia and nostalgia when he was injured. For example, Bodhisattva Man, Dead Hua Lian, and the slow word "Ode to Fishing Music" all place strong thoughts on the motherland. In her poems, she fully expressed her deep sadness in her lonely life. For example, Wulingchun, Slow Voice, Qingpingle and so on. Combining the pain of national subjugation with personal miserable life and rendering sadness to the extreme can be said to be an artistic summary of the suffering of the times and personal unfortunate fate.
The artistic achievements of Li Qingzhao's ci are very high, which occupies an important position in the history of literature. His ci has a strong lyricism, and he can use clever ideas to select some life fragments to write in his ci, showing the author's inner world in detail, such as "Things are human beings who don't rest everything, so if you want to talk, you should stop crying first" and "I'm afraid a boat can't carry much on your mind". She is also good at describing concrete things in simple ways, "frowning only, but going to the heart" ("A Cut of Plums"), which is subtle and tactful, simple and natural. Zhao Qing's ci style is mainly graceful and restrained, but there are also occasional bold works, such as "The Fisherman's Pride", which is called "elegant and elegant, without the slightest powder". The language of Qingzhao Ci is exquisite and unique. For example, the flower trees in her works are "green and fat, red and thin", the weather is "thick smoke and dark rain" and "the wind is soft and thin". She is also good at using dialect words as clear as home, such as "How can it be dark when a person looks out of the window?" Easy to get, natural and fresh. Her words are full of musical beauty, and also pay attention to the interlacing of tongue and teeth and the use of overlapping words. The most typical example is that "Sound Slow" begins with the reduplication of 14, which is praised as original. Qingzhao Ci is called Yi 'an Style, which is widely circulated.
4. Full of expectations for life, lively and affectionate
Dream Like Fantasy is the representative work of Li Qingzhao, a poetess in the Southern Song Dynasty. The hostess in the boudoir looks forward to a beautiful life, cares about beautiful things, is carefree, sensitive and affectionate. Can we get the above impression from the word "dream"? "Last night, the rain was sparse and the wind was sudden, so I didn't consume alcohol when I slept deeply." This is a carefree life. Although the host in the poem slept soundly all night, he didn't enjoy drinking last night. However, she has a lingering fear, thinking of "the storm suddenly broke out last night" and "ask the shutter man". What happened to the Haitang in the small yard? The shutter man "said' Haitang is still there'". At this time, according to the season, according to the "sudden storm" after a night, according to her own observation and experience, she eagerly corrected: "Do you know? Do you know that?/You know what? It should be green, fat and thin. " You see, the hostess cares much about the beautiful things around her.
Every word and sentence left by the text shows the other side of the hostess's lively, funny and elegant personality. "Ask the man with the shutter door", actually knowing perfectly well past ask, she hopes this simple and honest girl will be around Doby (the question is omitted, you can understand from the answer). Sure enough, the little girl casually replied: "Haitang is still there." This time, the hostess is happy! Do you know that?/You know what? Do you know that?/You know what? The leaves are greener, but the flowers are disabled. The reduplication "Do you know" shows the liveliness and affection of the hostess. "Green Fat and Red Thin" creatively and vividly describes the appearance of leaves after the storm in late spring by means of metonymy and personification. These four words show the extraordinary elegance and affection of the hostess, which is unique in the literary world.
Li Qingzhao's ci is magnificent, imaginative, fresh and tactful, sad and lyrical, with magnificent artistic conception, rich imagination, rich romanticism, concise and vivid language, compact structure, delicate and graceful melody and sad artistic conception. All these show that Li Qingzhao's graceful and restrained words, as an important representative of the school of graceful and restrained words, have a great influence on later poetry creation.