Concerto (Concerto, Italy; Konzert (Germany), also known as solo concerto, is a solo instrument and orchestra. Formed in the18th century, it usually consists of three movements: fast-slow-fast. In the classical concerto mode laid by Mozart, the first movement has two presentation parts, that is, the band presents the theme first, and then the main instrument presents the theme again with the change of the band; At the end of the first movement (sometimes in the last movement), there is a colorful passage, that is, a dazzling passage played by the main instrument alone. /kloc-this pattern was gradually stopped in the 0/9th century.
Sonata, originally Italian, comes from Latin "Sonata" (bell), as opposed to the word "cantata" (Kontha). It is one of the main genres of vocal music divertimento, and its original intention is "singing with vocal music", one is "ringing" and the other is "singing". At first, sonatas generally refer to instrumental music of various structures. It was not until the late17th century that the works of Italian composer corelli began to form several sonatas with contrasting movements. In the eighteenth century, it was shaped into three movements. Both Haydn and Mozart's piano sonatas are three movements. Later, another "minuet" movement was added to the "Performance-Symphony Suite", which was inserted between the second and third movements and became a "Performance-Symphony Suite" with four movements. Beethoven used scherzo instead of minuet, and later composers used waltz as the third movement. Sonata is similar to a set of music in structure, but it is not separated from symphony. It is one of the genres of large-scale suites.
Symphony, which originated from the Greek word "Concert", is a genre of large-scale instrumental music, also known as "symphony", and is the largest orchestral suite in music. The appearance of symphony is directly related to the overtures of French and Italian operas in 17 and 18 centuries, as well as orchestral suites and large concertos popular in various countries at that time.
The structure of a symphony is generally divided into four movements (some only use two or more movements), and the characteristics of each movement are as follows:
The first movement: sonata structure, characterized by fast and lively music and dramatic themes, shows people's struggle and creative activities. It emphasizes the contrast and dramatic development of different images and is the ideological core of the whole song. A slow sequence summarizing the basic image of the whole song is common before the movement.
The second movement: the tune is slow as a song, which is the lyric center of the symphony. Use subordinate keys in major or relative major in minor. Its musical form is often sonata form (the expansion part can be omitted), simple and complex trilogy form, or variation form. , is lyrical. The second movement often expresses philosophical thoughts, humanitarian spirit, love of life, natural scenery, etc., and the content involves profound inner feelings and philosophical thinking. It highlights people's emotions and inner experiences.
The third movement: medium speed, fast, can return to the main theme, often based on minuet or scherzo, using complex trilogy, variations and so on. , accompanied by dance.
In the movement of this classical symphony, people often describe daily life scenes such as leisure, rest, entertainment and play, as well as vivid and humorous emotions.
The fourth movement: Very fast, the main theme is mostly Rondo, Rondo sonata or sonata structure, which often shows the glory and optimism of birth, and also often shows the victory of life, customs and struggles, festivals and carnival scenes. It is the end of the whole song and has a positive nature.
Therefore, symphony is a large-scale instrumental genre with the deepest thought, the most perfect structure, the most comprehensive writing skills and the most difficult. He is good at expressing major social events, historical heroes, ever-changing nature, philosophical thinking and lofty ideals that people strive for. It always has a certain degree of drama.
Although symphonies have formed a standard basic pattern in the 16 and 17 centuries, the Vienna Classical Music School has made important contributions to the formation of symphonies in the 18 and 19 centuries, which has made instrumental music creation in Europe develop to an important stage and become the predecessor of the Vienna Classical Music School.
Haydn established the standard form of a symphony with four movements, adopted the ideal band combination method, and showed various theme development methods, which made the minuet full of folk flavor. He composed 104 symphonies all his life, and was known as the "father of symphonies".
Mozart's symphonies are beautiful, smooth and well-structured, absorbing the creative experience and folk materials of German-Austrian operas, and enriching the expressive force of the symphonies by adopting the theme style and melody development techniques with polyphonic factors. He composed forty-nine symphonies in his life. Because of his precocity, people call him "a genius among geniuses".
The symphonies of Haydn and Mozart are regarded as "treasures" in symphonic music creation.
Beethoven permeated the advanced ideas and fighting enthusiasm of the French Revolution in his symphonies. With broad development motivation and dynamic harmony, he expanded the content of the beginning part and gave the end part sufficient performance space, which made the sonata form a drama. He replaced minuets with humorous music, making the last movement a positive ending of the whole song, and even introducing chorus into the last movement, making him a pioneer of romantic music. Beethoven was a giant both ideologically and technically. His nine symphonies are regarded as the "best" in symphonic music creation.
/kloc-Since the 20th century, symphonies have made new progress with the help of romanticists, nationalists and late romanticists. Opera is a comprehensive art that integrates music (vocal music and instrumental music), drama (script and performance), literature (poetry), dance (folk dance and ballet) and stage art, and usually consists of aria, recitation and duet. As early as in ancient Greek drama, there was chorus accompaniment, and some recitations even appeared in the form of singing; In the Middle Ages, miracle dramas with religious stories as the theme and promoting religious views were also filled with incense and continued to this day. Modern western opera, which can really be called "musical", came into being at the end of16th century and the beginning of17th century with the secularization of music culture in the Renaissance.