Freud was a famous European psychologist and neurologist, and the founder of the school of psychoanalysis. When he was exploring the causes of neurosis, he gradually moved from the theory of physiological causes to the theory of psychological causes. He believed that human consciousness can be divided into three levels, namely consciousness, preconsciousness and subconsciousness. To cure neurological patients, it is necessary to explore the motivations and desires in the field of consciousness (mainly sexual impulses and desires) through the patient's free association. This is the way to draw out the firepower. In 1895, Freud and Chogeier published the book "Studies on Hysteria". The publication of this book laid the foundation for Freud's psychoanalytic theory. From 1896 to 1897, during Freud's repeated and in-depth self-analysis, he discovered that when he was a child, he was passionately in love with his mother. At the same time, he was jealous and hostile to his father. From this, he created the theory of the "Oedipus Complex". Breuer disagreed with Freud's views on sexuality, so Fuggyde and another scholar, Fliess, studied the issue in the form of correspondence. In the late 1990s, reactionaries brutally persecuted Jews in Russia and Poland. This persecution of the Jews affected all of Europe. Floyd was also ostracized and attacked by racists. But he still conducts research and discussion on psychological issues in a difficult environment. In 1900, he published the book "The Interpretation of Dreams". This is his masterpiece of psychoanalysis. There were 600 copies of this book printed, but it was met with lukewarm reception after its release, and it took 8 years to sell out. Despite this, Freud had become a famous and unique psychologist at home and abroad in the early 20th century. In 1909, he was invited by the president of Clark University in the United States to attend the school's 20th anniversary. He was awarded an honorary doctorate. Since then, his theory has received increasing attention and has had a wide impact on the world. Freud was a unique school of thought and made great contributions to psychological research. The shortcomings of his psychoanalysis are (1) one-sided exaggeration of the role of the subconscious and belittlement of the role of consciousness, which inevitably leads to irrationalism. (2) Overemphasis on the role of sexual instinct actually equates humans with animals and reduces humans to animals. Freud's main works include "The Interpretation of Dreams", "Introduction to Psychoanalysis" and "New Introduction to Psychoanalysis".
Freud’s psychoanalysis method is to reveal the hidden thoughts and feelings deep in the heart by analyzing people’s psychological phenomena. He has a complete theory on this. First, he "affirmed that mental processes themselves are unconscious, and those conscious mental processes are just some isolated actions and parts of the entire mental life." The unconscious is the subconscious. He emphasized the subconscious mind as the main aspect of mental activity. Mental activity is like an iceberg. What is hidden under the water is the vast majority of the iceberg, which belongs to the subconscious field, while the conscious field above the water only accounts for a very small part of the iceberg. Consciousness is the psychological part that allows people to understand themselves and the environment, while subconsciousness is the hidden and deep part of the heart that people are not aware of. Second, he believes that sexual instinctive impulses play an extremely important role in the causes of neurological and psychological diseases, and it is these sexual impulses that "contribute to the highest cultural, artistic and social achievements of the human spirit." A contribution whose value cannot be overestimated”. He believed that the subconscious realm was generally associated with the sexual instinct. He repeatedly argued that the subconscious mind is a special mental state, a special psychological process. Mental activities in the subconscious realm are more complex and subtle than conscious mental states. Freud believed that consciousness is the highest form of human psychological state. It controls the subconscious mind and keeps it at the bottom. The complex, naughty, and active subconscious mind rushes out again and again, only to be beaten back by the caretaker again and again. Freud believed that the "three-part personality structure" is the id, ego, and superego. These are the three components of personality structure. "I" is human instinct, including life instinct and death instinct. This is a biological impulse, the source of man's primal power. It belongs to the subconscious range, and according to the principle of pleasure, it requires the satisfaction of primitive instinctive needs. Freud believed that the instinct to continue the life of individuals and races is the "life instinct", or libido. He also believed that in addition to the "life instinct", human beings also have a "death instinct". It includes "self-destruction", destructiveness, aggression and other impulses. The id includes human life instinct and death instinct. Due to different translations, It is also called "idea" or "idea". It belongs to the subconscious and is not restricted by reason, morality, law and various social habits. If it spreads freely, it may cause serious harm to society and individuals. Consequences. "Self" is the surface layer of personality structure. It is the actualized instinct. But under the influence of the social environment, the baby gradually understands that it can only be successfully satisfied under certain conditions. The essence of "id" has long formed the "ego". Instinct is always to achieve the purpose of pursuing happiness, but through its teacher - education of necessity, it accepts the principle of fact. According to Freud It is: "In the final analysis, this principle also aims at happiness, but due to the fact that it is happiness that has been extended and alleviated, the "self" is the mental adjustment factor that protects the individual. It controls the "id" to prevent the instinct from running wild. Yuan fear causes harm to society and individuals. Freud believed that "id" represents uncontrollable desire, and "ego" represents reason and foresight. "Superego" is the moralized "self".
It is an integral part of the personality structure. The "id" follows the pleasure principle, the "ego" follows the reality principle, and the "superego" follows the moral principle. When Freud was conducting psychoanalysis on patients, he found that many patients felt deeply guilty and even had a sense of guilt because they had violated social morality. It can be seen that there is a "superego" part in their personality structure. This is the difference between humans and animals. Animals have instincts. In contact with the environment, the "self" is also developed to some extent. But the "superego" is unique to humans. "Superego" includes two aspects: on the one hand, what is usually called "conscience", and on the other hand, "self-ideal". Under the influence of the social environment, especially the influence of their parents, children not only develop their "self", but also gradually develop the moral concept of distinguishing right from wrong. Freud believed that during the long childhood, growing people depended on their parents to live, leaving a sediment. This precipitate constitutes a special organ within the self, allowing the influence of parents to persist for a long time. In children, this precipitate of L1 is the personality of the parents and the social morality passed down from generation to generation. This kind of morality, conscience, and ideals constitute the "superego" in the personality. "Self" plays a very good regulating role in people. It needs to satisfy the requirements of the "id", consider whether the conditions of the real environment allow it, and also consider whether the "superego" can pass, that is, whether it conforms to social morality. Therefore, the relationship between the "id", "ego" and "superego" in personality is very close.
Modern writers all admire Freud and are more or less influenced by this psychologist. Freud emphasized the human subconscious and sexual instinct, believing that this is the driving force behind human psychological activities. He divided human mental mechanism and personality structure into three levels: consciousness, preconsciousness and subconsciousness. He conducted long-term and serious research on people's abnormal psychology and dreams. According to him, dreams are the fulfillment of wishes, which are closely related to the subconscious mind. The root cause of neurosis is also that the sexual instinct in the subconscious mind is suppressed and falls into a fantasy state. Subconsciousness and sexual instinct are also the driving force behind literary creation. Writers can vent their instincts and desires through creation. He also believed that all dreams are self-centered, and writers' creations are daydreams, and they also show self-centered characteristics in their creations. His arguments had a significant impact on the content and form of modernist literature. The characteristic of the modern school of thought in terms of content is that it emphasizes the expression of the self and the subjective world. The characters written by modernist writers were often perverted, abnormal men or women. Some are mad, some are idiots, and some are sadists or masochists. Modern writers also often describe the sexual instincts of characters. They are particularly interested in people's subconscious and describe the mysteries of the human soul, and have made deep progress in psychological description. They are keen on describing the protagonist's nightmares, hallucinations, streams of consciousness, hints, symbols, free associations, etc. For example, the famous British modernist writer Joyce's representative work of stream-of-consciousness novels "Ulysses" vividly depicts the characters' sexual instincts and abnormal psychology. The heroine of the work, Maolai, lacks rationality and only has primitive instincts and impulses. The end of the work describes her dreams and stream of consciousness while half awake and half asleep. This jumping inner monologue lasts for more than 40 pages, with no punctuation in the middle. One of them alone goes like this: "In a quarter of an hour, at this very early hour, the Chinese will get up and comb their braids. Soon the nuns will ring the bell for morning prayers. They will not be disturbed. In their sleep, except for one or two weird priests who also prayed at night, the alarm clock next door would make a big fuss when the chicken crows." What is shown here is completely the character's confusing psychological state, which is obviously influenced by Freud. "A Billion Years" written by the representative writer of French stream-of-consciousness novels is 3 million words long. It is full of memories of the protagonist, revealing the character's preconsciousness and subconsciousness. It is a dream and stream of consciousness from beginning to end.
Symbolism, Surrealism, New Novelism, Expressionism, Absurdism, etc. in modern literature are all influenced by Freud’s theory, advocate self-expression, and often use Symbolism, fantasy, suggestion and other artistic techniques. The Symbolists believe that art does not reflect the objective world, but expresses the subjective world in a dreamy and romantic form, depicting the deepest mysteries of the author's heart. They believe that the writer's kingdom is a deep dream. Their creations are closely related to Freud's psychoanalysis. Freud's theory guided modern writers to dig deeply into people's inner world and carry out multi-level psychological descriptions, which expanded the scope of literary reflection. On the other hand, because Freud one-sidedly emphasized the subconscious and sexual instinct as the driving force of literary creation, and believed that literary creation is about self-expression, this type of argument obviously had a negative effect on modernist literature.
26. What are Freud’s views on literature and art?
27. What does Freud's "The Author and Daydream" include?
28. What is the main content of Adler's theory?
29. What is the main content of Jung’s theory?
30. What is the main content of William Jacobean psychology? What is its relationship with modernist literature?
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26. What is Freud's view on literature and art? Freud believed that subconscious mind and sexual instinct are the driving force of literary and artistic creation and are the purification and sublimation of instinctive impulses. He used Sophocles's "King Vadipus" and Shakespeare's "Hamlet" as examples to illustrate this problem. He believes that when a person is a child, the first object of sexual impulse is his or her mother. Because he loves his mother, he becomes jealous and hates his father. In "Oedipus King", King Oedipus kills his father and marries his mother, which is a kind of wish fulfillment, and it is the fulfillment of people's childhood wishes. This desire has long been suppressed into the subconscious. Once the writer discovers the sins of Oedipus Rex "through human inquiry," he "allows us to see our inner selves and discover that these desires still exist in the heart, although repressed." He believes that the shock of fate in this tragedy must be due to a similar voice deep in our hearts, which arouses our screams. Freud believed that all boys were Oedipal, and he called this suppressed subconscious emotion the "Oedipus complex." When analyzing the image of Hamlet, Freud said: "Hamlet can do everything, but he can do nothing against a person who killed his father, usurped his throne, and took away his mother's queen. That is because this person What he did was his long-suppressed childhood desires, so his hatred for his enemies was replaced by self-condemnation of his conscience, which told him that he was actually no better than the murderer who killed his father and married him. " He believes that there is also an "Oedipus knot" in Hamlet. At the same time, he also believes that all girls love their fathers and are jealous of their mothers. He called this repressed emotion the "Electra complex" because there is a story in Greek mythology in which Electra encouraged her brother to kill her mother to avenge her father. Freud emphasized that all literary and artistic works are the external expression of the writer's inner subconscious, and are manifestations of the "Oedipus complex" and the "Elektra complex" in different forms and to varying degrees. Freud believed that literature and art were intended to express the author's unsatisfied desires and to vent repressed instinctive desires in the form of art. He said: "Art is nothing more than daydreaming", and dreams are related to fantasy, because "the dreams we have at night are nothing but fantasy." The subconscious has various strong desires that are suppressed and cannot be satisfied, so they are satisfied in the form of fantasies in dreams. Art is a daydream. It is also the fulfillment of the author's wishes and the catharsis of repressed emotions and instinctive desires. In "The Interpretation of Dreams", Freud used writers such as Goethe and Holmholtz as examples to illustrate this problem. When Goethe was young, he often visited Judge Bufu's house. He fell in love with Bu Fu's daughter Charlotte. When he learned that the girl was engaged to someone else, he felt extremely painful. Later, Goethe's good friend Ye Shalei fell in love with his boss's wife and committed suicide in despair because he could not get what he wanted. Goethe was extremely excited after hearing the news. As if in a dream, he conceived the famous work "The Trouble of Being a Young Man". The repressed sexual fire or love instinct within him was sublimated into a great work of art. Freud believed that artists create because their desires are not fulfilled. He "turned away from reality and transferred all his interests, all his instinctive impulses to the creation of the fantasy life he wished for." Freud believed that literary works are often the author's "self-disclosure" and are always "self-centered". He said: "We will choose to discuss writers of romance novels, novels and short stories who are not pretentious but who are equally representative of both men and women. The works of these writers have a protagonist who is the center of attention; the author uses every means to win us over. Sympathy for the protagonist puts the protagonist under his special and loving protection. If at the end of a chapter, the protagonist is bleeding and unconscious due to serious injuries, then I will definitely find out at the beginning of the next chapter that he is. I received meticulous care and gradually recovered... I went through many hardships with the protagonist, but I felt very safe... However, in my opinion, this important characteristic of being immune to harm clearly revealed my "self". The protagonist of all daydreams and novels. He believes that the self is "the protagonist of every daydream and every story." Freud believed that artists and neurotic patients have similarities to reality. Dissatisfaction leads the artist to retreat from the reality he is dissatisfied with and dive into the world created by his imagination. The difference between him and the neurotic patient is that he still has a clear consciousness. Know how to find the way back and grasp reality again. Freud also believed that through creation, artists can imaginatively satisfy their own subconscious wishes, and can also trigger and satisfy readers' own subconscious wishes.
At the same time, the artist also uses the perceptible pleasure of formal beauty to arouse readers' aesthetic sense. Freud attached great importance to the formal beauty of literature. He believed that literary form must be dramatic, full of fantasy or imagination, vivid and concrete. When writers and artists create, they can use techniques such as shrinking, modification, transfer, inversion, and collection, just like dreaming, to make their works romantic and dramatic. Typical and symbolic. Freud's views on literature and art have many one-sided and biased views, but his use of modern psychology to study literary and artistic creation is not without merit.
27. What does Freud's "Creators and Daydreams" include? Freud said at the beginning of his article "Creators and Daydreams": "We laymen have always had a strong curiosity - Like the bishop who asked Ariosto the same question - where did he get his eccentric (i.e., author's) material and how he used it to make us feel so deeply. It makes an impression and arouses our emotions - maybe we have never thought that we can have this kind of emotion! If we ask the writer about this, the writer himself will not explain it to us, or he will not give us a satisfactory answer. explanation, it is this fact that arouses our interest all the more." And even if we clearly understand the determinants of his choice of materials, and what the nature of this art of creating fictitious images is, it still does not help us to become creators. "Freud believed that to explore this issue, we should go back to childhood to find the first traces of imaginative activities. Children love and are most enthusiastic about the games they play. During the game, he created a world of imagination. His own world, rearranging the things in his world in a new way to satisfy himself. What the creator does is just like the child in You Chengzhong, who creates a fantasy world with a very serious attitude. At the same time, it clearly separates it from the real world, retaining the relationship between children's games and poetry creation. Freud also said that when people grow up, they stop playing, and it seems that they want to give up. The happiness gained from games. But anyone who understands human psychology knows that it is more difficult for a person to give up the happiness he has experienced. Adults just turn children's "games" into "fantasies". Create what we call "daydreams" in the imaginary castle. Adults' fantasy activities are as easy to detect as children's games. Adults will always feel anxious about their fantasies and hide them. Get up and treat your fantasies as the deepest possessions in your heart: Freud believed that the driving force of fantasies is unfulfilled wishes, and every fantasy is the fulfillment of a wish. Therefore, a happy person will never fantasize. , only those who have an unfulfilled wish. Fantasy can be divided into two categories: one is ambition and the other is sexual desire. If the fantasy becomes too rich and too intense, the conditions for neurosis and psychosis are ripe. . The article also says: “The dreams we have at night are just illusions. "Language has long made a conclusion on the essential issue of dreams with its incomparable wisdom. It has given the illusory creation of fantasy a name, 'daydreaming'." Freud compared imaginative writers to "dreamers in broad daylight" and the writers' works to daydreams. A work is like a daydream, something that was done in childhood. The continuation of the game is also its substitute. Even if it is a myth, it is likely to be a sign left after the illusions of all nations' aspirations and the long-term dreams of human youth have been distorted. He believes that "self" is every white. The protagonist of the daydream and every story. The "good guy" in the story is the "self" who helps him become the protagonist of the story, while the "bad guy" is the enemy or opponent of this "self" in psychological novels. , the author seems to be sitting in the protagonist's brain, while observing the other characters from the outside. The writer of modern novels uses the method of self-observation to split his "self" into many "partial selves". The conflicting thoughts in his own spiritual life are reflected in several protagonists, and there are some novels, we might call them "weird" novels, which seem to form a very special contrast with the daydream genre. The article also writes, The daydreamer carefully hides his fantasies from others because he feels that he has reason to be ashamed of them and cannot express them. Moreover, even if he tells others about his fantasies, it may not necessarily bring happiness to others. But when a writer puts before us a play or a novel that he has created, or tells us what we think of as his personal daydream in a book, we feel great pleasure in creating. techniques to overcome our feelings of disgust, to weaken the quality of his egoistic daydreams by changing and disguising them, and to offer us enjoyment or pleasure in pure form, that is, beauty, in the expression of his fantasies, thus transforming us into Bought. We give this kind of pleasure the name "stimulant", or "premonition pleasure"; this kind of pleasure is provided to us in order to make it possible to obtain greater pleasure from a deeper spiritual source. Freund said; "I think that all the pleasure of beauty provided to us by a creator has the nature of this "premonition pleasure" and is actually a kind of enjoyment given to us by fictional works.
28． What is the main content of Adler's theory? Adler (1879-1937) was an Austrian psychiatrist. Originally a follower of Freud. Later the "personal psychology" school was established. The main contents of his theory are: 1. He emphasized the integrity and unity of personality, unlike Freud who divided personality into three parts. 2. A unified personality and various spiritual activities have certain goals. Because spiritual life has clear goals, people can adapt to each other's social environment. This spiritual goal is superiority. People regard superiority as the overall goal of their efforts, and all psychological activities are carried out around this general goal. Adler believes: "Whether he is pursuing unattainable ideals or ancient gods, violating all limits and rules, at every part of his path he is guided by his desire for superiority, his desire to compare himself to himself. Guided and driven by the belief in God's extraordinary magical power. "His goal-oriented argument emphasizes the role of consciousness and reason, which is similar to Freud's emphasis on the subconscious and irrationality. It's the opposite. 3. People’s desire for superiority is due to their inferiority complex. This feeling of inferiority originates in human childhood. When people are young, they must depend on their parents or others to survive. His weakness and ignorance gave him an inferiority complex about the world around him. His fight against the feeling of inferiority is called "compensation." To compensate, he desires to eliminate his shortcomings. Adler believes: "In this way, the child reaches the point where he has set a goal, an imaginary superior goal, whereby his poverty is transformed into wealth, his subordination into dominance, and his suffering. Transformed into happiness and joy, his ignorance is transformed into omniscience, his incompetence into artistic creation. The longer and more clearly the child feels his insecurity, the pain he suffers either from a physical weakness or from a marked psychological weakness. The more aware he is of the neglect of life, the higher the goal he has set will be: and the more faithful he will be to it." Later Adler described the struggle for the goal of personal superiority. The perspective changes to that of individuals striving to make society perfect. His opinion is that striving for personal superiority can be beneficial or harmful. If a person only pursues personal superiority, he may cause harm to society and form a superiority complex. This kind of person is extremely arrogant, arrogant, and domineering, so that everyone hates him. Adler's view of inferiority complex is still divided into two. On the one hand, a sense of inferiority can inspire people to work hard and keep moving towards their established goals. On the other hand, a sense of self-comfort is often the root cause of neurosis. He said: "Every neurosis can be understood as an attempt by the patient to get rid of his inferiority complex in order to gain a sense of superiority." Excessive inferiority complex can lead to a person's mental breakdown and neurological disorder. Adler called this an "inferiority complex." Although Adler's "personal psychology" theory is not perfect, many psychologists have criticized him. But his doctrine included materialism. He attaches great importance to the influence of social environment and personal experience on people's psychological activities, which should be affirmed.
29. What is the main content of Jung's theory? Jung (1875-1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist. He developed and revised Freud's psychoanalysis and established analytical psychology. He also believed that people have a subconscious mind, but the difference between him and Freud was that he did not regard the subconscious mind as all sexual impulses and sins like Freud. Fogeyd proposed the concept of "self", but he also proposed the concept of "self" in addition to "self". He believed that "self" is included in "self". "Self" is my consciousness Subject, and "self" is my overall subject. He believes that there are differences between people, and believes that people's spiritual world has two different tendencies, which he calls a fixed tendency. Based on these two characteristics, he divided people's psychological types into two types: introverts and extroverts. They are unwilling to reveal their thoughts and feelings to others. This kind of people like to think about problems, have rich imagination, feel shy in front of others, and shrink back when things happen. They are the complete opposite of extroverted people, who like to be lively, sociable, and affectionate with others. Straightforward, willing to help others, open-minded, and adaptable to the environment. Jung believed that people's psychological types can be divided into two categories: extroversion and introversion. On the basis of this general classification, they can also be classified according to differences in basic psychological functions. Further classification. He believed that people have four psychological functions, namely thinking, emotion, feeling and intuition. He combined the general classification with the four categories of psychological functions and further divided personality into eight types: (1) Extraverted thinking. This type of person is both extroverted and able to think rationally and calmly. His thinking is characterized by being based on objective data. According to Jung’s experience, this type is “mainly found in men. ". (2) Extraverted emotional type. This type of person is very emotional, but "her emotions are in line with the objective situation and general values." This type of person is usually a woman, enthusiastic, lively, and sociable. Respect authority and tradition and adapt themselves to the objective environment as much as possible. This type of person values ??feelings, constantly pursues new sensory experiences, has a cheerful personality, and values ??enjoyment. Jung said: "His purpose is. Concrete enjoyment, and his morality also has a similar episodic nature.
" (4) Extraverted intuitive type. This kind of person does not do things based on objective conditions and facts, but based on intuition and sense in his mind. He enthusiastically pursues new things, "He has a lot of knowledge about all kinds of things that are still in their infancy but have great potential. "They have a keen sense of future prospects." Such people are fickle in their thinking and will not stick to their opinions for a long time. Jung believed: "Businessmen, contractors, speculators, brokers, politicians, etc. usually belong to this group of people. type. " (5) Introverted thinking type, this kind of person prefers subjective thinking and is not interested in objective facts. They like to live in their own small world and suppress their emotions. (6) Emotional introverted type, this kind of person's thoughts and feelings are quite hidden and do not love People of this type are generally women. According to Jung: "Their outward demeanor is harmonious and unobtrusive; they exude a pleasant calm...". (7) Introverted sensing type, this type of person has a strong sensitivity to objective situations, has a calm personality, and is good at visual thinking. (8) Introverted intuitive type, this is a rather peculiar type. He is a dreamer, has eccentric ideas, and is divorced from reality. He values ??perception and uses personal experience to guide his life. He may be an extraordinary artist or an unappreciated genius.
30. What is the main content of Jacobean psychology? What is its relationship with modernist literature? William James (1842-1910) was a famous American psychologist. He was the founder of functional psychology and American pragmatism philosophy. One of the founders of Functional Psychology is essentially pragmatism. The characteristic of pragmatism is that "existence is useful" and the criterion for testing truth and goodness is "whether it is beneficial to me." Philosophy was applied to psychology. In 1890, he published the monograph "Principles of Psychology" which laid the foundation for the functionalist psychological theory. His psychological theory has the following main contents. 1. He believes that psychology belongs to the scope of natural science and is "about." "The science of the phenomena and conditions of psychological life". 2. Human consciousness, as the object of psychological research, is like an endless stream of water. He said: "Consciousness itself does not appear as some separated fragments. Words like 'chain' or 'train' do not adequately describe its original state. It's not something connected; it's flowing. ‘River’ or ‘stream’ are the metaphors that best describe it realistically. When we talk about it from now on, we may call it the flow of thought, the flow of consciousness, or the flow of subjective life. "He believes that consciousness is constantly changing, and "consciousness is always interested in some parts of its objects and excludes other parts." In other words, consciousness is always choosing its objects. 3. He He believes that there are three methods in psychology, namely the introspective method, the experimental method, and the comparative method. He emphasizes that "introspective observation is the first and most important observation we must rely on." …It means, of course, to peer into our own psyches and report what we find there. "In order to use experimental methods, he established a small-scale psychology laboratory at Harvard University. He believed that comparative methods could supplement the deficiencies of introspection and experimental methods. For example, psychologists often study the instincts of various animals. And compare it with human instinct. 4. James also proposed the viewpoint of instinct theory, habit theory, and emotional degradation. He attributed many complex psychological phenomena of humans to instinct, believing that "every instinct is an impulse." "Humans have more impulses than lower animals." As for the relationship between instinct and habits, his view is that "most instincts are given for the purpose of causing habits." Any habit with innate tendencies is called instinct, and some habits attributed to education are called rational actions by most people." His main point in the theory of emotions is that human emotions are not the objective world It is caused by internal changes in the body and external expressions: “We feel sad because we cry, angry because we fight, and afraid because we tremble, not because we are sad, angry, or afraid. That's why we cry, fight, or tremble. "James' psychology serves the capitalist society and has many shortcomings and fallacies. The greatest impact of his theory on modernist literature is the argument about the stream of consciousness. The stream of consciousness novel school among modernists is to write about people's consciousness. Flow. As an artistic technique, the stream of consciousness technique has been widely used in modern literature.