1, there is no one who specializes in literary creation.
2. There are no literary works in the strict sense.
2. Main literary forms and achievements
(1) myth:
Compared with western myths, China's myths are unsystematic and scattered in books such as Shan Hai Jing.
(2) Poetry:
The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in China, with a total of 305 poems, which are divided into three parts according to music: style, elegance and ode. The Book of Songs uses three expressive techniques: Fu, Bi and Xing, and initially creates the artistic tradition of poetry creation.
(3) historical prose:
Mainly taking notes and writing, including Zuo Zhuan, Mandarin, Warring States Policy, etc.
(4) the various schools of prose:
In the political and cultural environment where a hundred schools of thought contend, hundred schools of thought's essays such as The Analects of Confucius and Mencius have emerged, and Zhuangzi is the most literary.
(5) Chu Ci:
Its distinctive feature is that it has the unique style of Chu culture, with six or seven characters as the main characters, uneven length, fleXibility and changeability, and multi-purpose modal particle "xi". Qu Yuan wrote Nine Songs and Nine Chapters by using Chu Ci. His masterpiece "Songs of the South" is the most magnificent lyric poem in the history of China literature, and it is also called "Sao" with the Book of Songs. 1, overall characteristics: the value of literature has begun to be valued.
(1) A literary style, Fu, which aims at the appeal of literature has appeared.
"The first also, dripping wet like rain, if the egret xiang. Not so advanced, and vast, easy to interpret, like a white horse curtain cover car. Its waves are turbulent and clouds are chaotic, such as the disturbance of the three armies. While working, it rushed up and fluttered like a good soldier. "
(2) the prosperity of literary creation
(3) There are people who specialize in literary creation.
(4) The emergence of consciousness to distinguish literature from non-literature.
"Historical Records" used the word "Wen" when talking about Confucianism and general education.
When it is not academic, but has the meaning of words and chapters, use "literary words" or "articles"
2. Main literary forms and achievements
(1) Blessing:
Han Fu experienced several stages of development: Sao Style, Da Fu and Fu Xiao.
(2) Yuefu poems:
Yuefu poetry is the most valuable literary work in Han Dynasty. Yuefu was originally an official poetry collection institution established during the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, and the folk songs it collected were Yuefu poems. Yuefu poems are good at narration, which laid the foundation of China's narrative poems.
(3) Literati five-character poems:
Nineteen ancient poems appeared at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which marked the maturity of literati's five-character poems. Unlike Yuefu poetry, which is good at narration, Wuyan poetry is good at lyricism.
(4) Historical records:
The highest achievement of prose literature in Han Dynasty is Historical Records. Historical Records takes people as classics and things as latitude, creating a new historical book style of biographical style. He made great achievements in history and literature, and was praised by Mr. Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, Li Sao has no rhyme" 1. Overall characteristics:
(1) Attach importance to the development of literature and literary views.
The emphasis on literature is first manifested in the fact that the upper classes of society, including the emperor, are generally keen on literary creation.
Due to the emphasis on literature and the increasing variety of literary works, literature began to be distinguished from other disciplines and regarded as an independent discipline. During the reign of Emperor Wendi in the Southern Song Dynasty, a literature museum was established in a traditional Chinese school, which reflected that literature was independent at this time.
Under the above background, literary theory has shown unprecedented prosperity, and literary criticism works such as Wen Xin Diao Long and Shi Pin have appeared.
(2) Activities of literary groups
The emergence of literary groups such as "Seven Sages in the Bamboo Forest", "Twenty-four Friends" and "Eight Friends in Jingling" further promoted the prosperity of literature.
(3) Pursuing the creation of beauty
Literature is no longer regarded as a tool of politics and religion, but focuses on expressing one's inner feelings and paying more attention to the beauty of theme and style. For example, in terms of subject matter, Tao Yuanming founded pastoral poetry, and Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao completed the transformation from metaphysical poetry to landscape poetry. The pursuit of flowery rhetoric is also a common trend in this period.
(4) the combination of literature and philosophy
Due to the enhancement of writers' self-awareness, the emphasis on individual values and the universality of philosophical thinking at that time, the integration of literature and philosophy has become a remarkable new phenomenon. ,
2. Main literary forms and achievements
(1) Poetry:
Tao Yuanming is the most accomplished writer in this period. In addition, the characteristics of folk songs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties are distinct.
② Prose:
The forms are more diverse, such as essays, inscriptions, obituaries, prefaces, notes, letters and so on.
(3) Cifu:
Lyric small fu occupies the main position, and its development trend is gradually legalization.
(4) the novel:
It is customary to divide the novels of this period into two categories: "strange people" and "common people". Mystery novels tell stories about immortals and ghosts, the most famous of which is Gan Bao's Search for Gods in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Shi Shuo Xin Yu, written by Liu Yiqing in Song Dynasty, is a relatively complete novel about people. 1, the golden age in the history of poetry
(1) The expansion of the ranks of poets and the change of the dominant force.
Since the second half of the early Tang Dynasty, the court literature has gradually lost its dominant position in the poetry circle, and poetry creation has become a common social and cultural phenomenon.
(2) The expansion of social class reflected in Tang poetry.
Reminiscent of the last article, poets in the Tang Dynasty came from all walks of life and had a deep understanding of all aspects of society. Coupled with the change of dynasties, poets have the confidence and courage to intervene in social politics, so the social life level reflected in Tang poetry has been significantly expanded.
(3) the diversity of artistic styles and schools
People used to divide Tang poetry into four periods: early, prosperous, middle and late. At every stage, there are some outstanding poets who claim to be self-styled and converge into a grand situation of Tang poetry.
(4) The perfection of the artistic form of poetry.
Fundamentally speaking, the Tang people paid more attention to the beautiful structure of poetry than the previous people.
In terms of language form, language is more concise.
Example:
There are no birds in the mountains,
A thousand roads without footprints.
A boat, a bamboo cloak,
An old man was fishing in the cold river snow.
2. Other literary forms and achievements
(1) Tang Legend
The legend of the Tang Dynasty broke away from the nature of ambition and became a conscious literary creation, which marked the beginning of the mature stage of China's ancient short stories.
② Prose:
The most important prose in the Tang Dynasty is the rise of the ancient prose movement. "Ancient prose" mainly refers to prose (called "modern prose") which did not pay attention to parallel prose in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, was popular in the Six Dynasties and still dominated in the Tang Dynasty.
(3) Bianwen
The art of essays in the Tang Dynasty is rough, but it has a far-reaching influence on later vernacular novels and folk singing literature, and its significance cannot be ignored.
(4) Text:
Ci was first conceived in the Song Lou Prostitute Hall in the prosperous city of Tang Dynasty. It was a little song sung by a prostitute, accompanied by the emerging Yan music in the Tang Dynasty. Generally speaking, because Ci is a song at a banquet, its content is characterized by euphemism and lyricism, and rarely shows significant social content. 1, main literary forms and achievements
(1) Song poetry:
The difference between Song poetry and Tang poetry is that the richness of Tang poetry becomes the thinness of Song poetry, the implication of Tang poetry becomes the profundity of Song poetry, and the connection and detachment of Tang poetry becomes the twists and turns of Song poetry.
② Song Ci:
Ci developed along the two routes of "graceful" and "bold" throughout the Song Dynasty.
(3) Prose
2. The influence of changes in social structure and cultural patterns on literature;
The development of cities and businesses directly affects the evolution and development of literary concepts, literary contents and literary forms. Main literary forms and achievements
1, Zaju:
It marks the maturity of China's drama, and Yuan Zaju and Sanqu are collectively called "Yuan Qu", which is as famous as Tang Poetry and Song Poetry.
2. Sanqu:
Metric form: dense rhyme feet; Rhyme is divided according to northern spoken language; You can add an interlining.
Language style: extensive use of common sayings and spoken language; Grammatical integrity.
Exodus: The guests are drunk, and so are the servants, singing, dancing and laughing, regardless of their thirties, fifties and eighties. You kneel down, he kneels down, it's no big deal. When eating the red wheel, the dishes will be broken and the bowls will be broken. 1. Literature in the early Ming Dynasty (from the early Ming Dynasty to the end of Chenghua, 1368- 1487): Decline and neglect.
2. Literature in the Middle Ming Dynasty (Hongzhi to Qin Long 1488- 1572):
convalescence
(1) Two literary groups, "Four Talents in Wuzhong" and "The First Seven Scholars", emerged.
(2) the prosperity of popular literature
3. Literature in the Late Ming Dynasty (Wanli to the Late Ming Dynasty 1573- 1644)
Reach the climax and lose again.
(1) theoretical consciousness
(2) The poem "Public Security School"
(C) essays in the late Ming Dynasty
④ Popular literature: novel and drama A Dream of Red Mansions;
A love novel with historical depth and social critical significance
1, Bao Daiai
2. Look at the historical depth and social critical significance of Baodi's love, 1. The Modern History of China: Saving the Nation to Survive.
2. The relationship between literature and politics
"If you want the people of a new country, you must start with the novels of the new country. If you want a new morality, you must first have a new novel; If you want a new religion, you must have a new novel; If you want new politics, you must have new novels; If you want new customs, you must have new novels; If you want new literature and art, you must have new novels; Even if you want a new heart and a new personality, you must create a new novel. "
-Liang Qichao
3. Misunderstanding of Lu Xun.
"My materials are mostly taken from the unfortunate people in the sick society, which is intended to expose the suffering of the disease and attract the attention of treatment."